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Park SH, Lee DH, Kim JL, Kim BR, Na YJ, Jo MJ, Jeong YA, Lee SY, Lee SI, Lee YY, Oh SC. Metformin enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis by Mcl-1 degradation via Mule in colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59503-59518. [PMID: 27517746 PMCID: PMC5312327 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is an anti-diabetic drug with a promising anti-cancer potential. In this study, we show that subtoxic doses of metformin effectively sensitize human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), which induces apoptosis. Metformin alone did not induce apoptosis, but significantly potentiated TRAIL-induced apoptosis in CRC cells. CRC cells treated with metformin and TRAIL showed activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of caspase activation. We attempted to elucidate the underlying mechanism, and found that metformin significantly reduced the protein levels of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) in CRC cells and, the overexpression of Mcl-1 inhibited cell death induced by metformin and/or TRAIL. Further experiments revealed that metformin did not affect mRNA levels, but increased proteasomal degradation and protein stability of Mcl-1. Knockdown of Mule triggered a significant decrease of Mcl-1 polyubiquitination. Metformin caused the dissociation of Noxa from Mcl-1, which allowed the binding of the BH3-containing ubiquitin ligase Mule followed by Mcl-1ubiquitination and degradation. The metformin-induced degradation of Mcl-1 required E3 ligase Mule, which is responsible for the polyubiquitination of Mcl-1. Our study is the first report indicating that metformin enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through Noxa and favors the interaction between Mcl-1 and Mule, which consequently affects Mcl-1 ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hye Park
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Lim Kim
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Na
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jee Jo
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon A Jeong
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Young Lee
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Il Lee
- Department of Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Yook Lee
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheul Oh
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Pervin S, Tran A, Tran L, Urman R, Braga M, Chaudhuri G, Singh R. Reduced association of anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 with E3 ligase Mule increases the stability of Mcl-1 in breast cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:428-37. [PMID: 21730980 PMCID: PMC3172901 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mechanisms that increase resistance to apoptosis help promote cellular transformation. Cancer cells have deregulated apoptotic pathways, where increased expression and stability of anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 increases resistance to apoptosis. Pathways that increase the stability of proteins in cancer cells remain poorly understood. Methods: Using human mammary epithelial and established breast cancer cell lines, we assessed the mechanisms that increase the stability of anti-apoptotic proteins in breast cancer cells by caspase assay, western blot, small-inhibitory RNA treatment and immunoprecipitation. Results: While breast cancer cells were resistant to de novo inhibition of protein synthesis, a rapid proteosome-mediated degradation of Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 induced apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells. Although Mule, an E3 ligase that targets Mcl-1 for degradation was expressed in mammary epithelial and breast cancer cell lines, rapid increase of polyubiquitinated Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 was detected only in mammary epithelial cells. Only transient formation of the Mule–Mcl-1 complex was detected in breast cancer cells. Downregulation of pERK1/2 in breast cancer cells reduced Mcl-1 levels and increased Mcl-1/Mule complex. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that reduced Mule/Mcl-1 complex has a significant role in increasing the stability of Mcl-1 in breast cancer cells and increased resistance to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pervin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, 3084 Hawkins Building, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
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Rieber M, Strasberg Rieber M. DN-R175H p53 mutation is more effective than p53 interference in inducing epithelial disorganization and activation of proliferation signals in human carcinoma cells: Role of E-cadherin. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:1604-12. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pereira AMM, Strasberg-Rieber M, Rieber M. Invasion-associated MMP-2 and MMP-9 are Up-regulated Intracellularly in Concert with Apoptosis Linked to Melanoma Cell Detachment. Clin Exp Metastasis 2005; 22:285-95. [PMID: 16170665 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-005-8672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases, like MMP-2 and MMP-9 gelatinases, show multiple functions as extracellular/cell-surface enzymes, and are broadly recognised for their matrix-degrading ability and involvement in cell motility. Given that adherent cells have reduced attachment during migration and also detach from their substratum during apoptosis, we now investigated whether extracellular matrix-bound gelatinases and intracellular MMP-2 and MMP-9 are modified with progression of death-inducing stimuli. This report shows that melanoma cells undergoing death in response to 2-acetyl furanonaphtoquinone (FNQ) as evidenced by greater Annexin V binding, increased cytosolic expression of pro-MMP-2 and intracellular activation of particulate MMP-9. These changes were associated with early activation of a substrate-attached 40 kDa gelatinase reciprocal with changes in extracellular matrix-bound activated MMP-2. A subsequent activation of secreted MMP-9 and induction of apoptosis-associated fragmentation of poly ADP-Ribose polymerase (PARP) correlated with cell detachment. Our data suggests that intracellularly activated gelatinases may cleave survival-associated substrates other than gelatin that share the Gly-Leu/Iso-Pro like collagen-binding acetylcholinesterase, thereby linking them to apoptosis associated with cell detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Mendes Pereira
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Centre for Microbiology and Cell Biology, IVIC, Apartado 21827, Caracas, 1020 A, Venezuela.
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