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Mira-Pascual L, Patlaka C, Desai S, Paulie S, Näreoja T, Lång P, Andersson G. A Novel Sandwich ELISA for Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase 5a and 5b Protein Reveals that Both Isoforms are Secreted by Differentiating Osteoclasts and Correlate to the Type I Collagen Degradation Marker CTX-I In Vivo and In Vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 106:194-207. [PMID: 31654098 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 (TRAP) exists as two isoforms, 5a and 5b. 5b is a marker of osteoclast number and 5a of chronic inflammation; however, its association with bone resorption is unknown. In this study, a double-TRAP 5a/5b sandwich ELISA measuring 5a and 5b protein in the same sample was developed. TRAP 5a and 5b protein levels were evaluated as osteoclast differentiation/activity markers in serum and in culture, and their correlation to the resorption marker CTX-I was examined. Serum TRAP 5a and 5b concentrations in healthy men were 4.4 ± 0.6 ng/ml and 1.3 ± 0.2 ng/ml, respectively, and they correlated moderately to each other suggesting that their secretion is coupled under healthy conditions. A correlation was also observed between serum TRAP 5a and 5b with CTX-I, suggesting that both TRAP isoforms associate with osteoclast number. During osteoclast differentiation on plastic/bone, predominantly 5b increased in media/lysate from M-CSF/RANKL-stimulated CD14+ PBMCs. However, substantial levels of 5a were detected at later stages suggesting that both isoforms are secreted from differentiating OCs. More TRAP 5b was released on bone indicating a connection to osteoclast resorptive activity, and a peak in TRAP 5b/5a-ratio coincided with rapid CTX-I release. At the end of the culture period of M-CSF + RANKL-stimulated CD14+ PBMCs, there was a correlation between the secretion of TRAP 5a and 5b proteins with CTX-I. The correlation of not only 5b but also 5a with collagen degradation, both in serum and osteoclast cultures indicates that a considerable proportion of the TRAP 5a originates from osteoclasts and may reflect a hitherto undisclosed regulatory mechanism during bone resorption and bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Mira-Pascual
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé, 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Patlaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé, 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suchita Desai
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé, 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tuomas Näreoja
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé, 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pernilla Lång
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé, 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran Andersson
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé, 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
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Huang YJ, Huang TW, Chao TY, Sun YS, Chen SJ, Chu DM, Chen WL, Wu LW. Elevated serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5a levels in metabolic syndrome. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78144-78152. [PMID: 29100456 PMCID: PMC5652845 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tartrate-resistant phosphatase isoform 5a is expressed in tumor-associated macrophages and is a biomarker of chronic inflammation. Herein, we correlated serum tartrate-resistant phosphatase isoform 5a levels with metabolic syndrome status and made comparisons with traditional markers of inflammation, including c-reactive protein and interleukin-6. Methods One hundred healthy volunteers were randomly selected, and cut-off points for metabolic syndrome related inflammatory biomarkers were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. Linear and logistic regression models were subsequently used to correlate inflammatory markers with the risk of metabolic syndrome. Results Twenty-two participants met the criteria for metabolic syndrome, and serum tartrate-resistant phosphatase isoform 5a levels of >5.8 μg/L were associated with metabolic syndrome (c-statistics, 0.730; p = 0.001; 95% confidence interval, 0.618-0.842). In addition, 1 μg/L increases in tartrate-resistant phosphatase isoform 5a levels were indicative of a 1.860 fold increase in the risk of metabolic syndrome (p = 0.012). Conclusions Elevated serum tartrate-resistant phosphatase isoform 5a levels are associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome, with a cut-off level of 5.8 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jhih Huang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Tsai-Wang Huang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Tsu-Yi Chao
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C).,Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Yu-Shan Sun
- Division of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital Penghu Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Shyi-Jou Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Der-Ming Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C).,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C).,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Li-Wei Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C).,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C).,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
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Shu S, Bai Y, Wang G, Xiao X, Fan Z, Zhang J, Zhao C, Zhao Y, Xia C, Zhang H. Differentially expressed serum proteins associated with calcium regulation and hypocalcemia in dairy cows. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:893-901. [PMID: 27809461 PMCID: PMC5411855 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective Hypocalcemia is an important metabolic disease of dairy cows during the transition period, although the effect of hypocalcemia on biological function in dairy cows remains unknown. Methods In this study, proteomic, mass spectrum, bioinformatics and western blotting were employed to identify differentially expressed proteins related to serum Ca concentration. Serum samples from dairy cows were collected at three time points: 3rd days before calving (day −3), the day of calving (day 0), and 3rd days after calving (day +3). According to the Ca concentration on day 0, a total of 27 dairy cows were assigned to one of three groups (clinical, subclinical, and healthy). Samples collected on day −3 were used for discovery of differentially expressed proteins, which were separated and identified via proteomic analysis and mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to determine the function of the identified proteins (gene ontology and pathway analysis). The differentially expressed proteins were verified by western blot analysis. Results There were 57 differential spots separated and eight different proteins were identified. Vitamin D-binding protein precursor (group-specific component, GC), alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) protein, and apolipoprotein A-IV were related to hypocalcemia by bioinformatics analysis. Due to its specific expression (up-regulated in clinical hypocalcemia and down-regulated in subclinical hypocalcemia), A2M was selected for validation. The results were consistent with those of proteomic analysis. Conclusion A2M was as an early detection index for distinguishing clinical and subclinical hypocalcemia. The possible pathogenesis of clinical hypocalcemia caused by GC and apolipoprotein A-IV was speculated. The down-regulated expression of GC was a probable cause of the decrease in calcium concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Shu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xinhuan Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Ziling Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Cheng Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hongyou Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
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Abstract
This review will focus on the systematization of knowledge about structure of macroglobulin signaling system, which includes macroglobulin family proteins (alpha-2-macroglobulin, alpha-2-glycoprotein, pregnancy associated plasma protein A), their receptors (LRP, grp78), ligands (proteinases, cytokines, hormones, lipids, et al.) transforming and transcriptional factors for regulation of macroglobulins synthesis. After reviewing the functions of macroglobulin signaling system, and mechanisms of their realization, we discuss the complex and significant role of this system in different physiological and pathological processes.
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Tang SJ, Meikle MC, MacLaine JK, Wong RWK, Rabie BM. Altered serum levels of the osteoclast-specific TRACP 5b isoform in Chinese children undergoing orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod 2012; 35:169-74. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjs013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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The use of biochemical markers of bone remodeling in multiple myeloma: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Leukemia 2010; 24:1700-12. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fagerlund KM, Ylipahkala H, Tiitinen SL, Janckila AJ, Hamilton S, Mäentausta O, Väänänen HK, Halleen JM. Effects of proteolysis and reduction on phosphatase and ROS-generating activity of human tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 449:1-7. [PMID: 16620768 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts and macrophages express high amounts of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), an enzyme with unknown biological function. TRACP contains a disulfide bond, a protease-sensitive loop peptide, and a redox-active iron that can catalyze formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We studied the effects of proteolytic cleavage by trypsin, reduction of the disulfide bond by beta-mercaptoethanol, and reduction of the redox-active iron by ascorbate on the phosphatase and ROS-generating activity of baculovirus-generated recombinant human TRACP. Ascorbate alone and trypsin in combination with beta-mercaptoethanol increased k(cat)/K(m) of the phosphatase activity seven- to ninefold. The pH-optimum was changed from 5.4-5.6 to 6.2-6.4 by ascorbate and trypsin cleavage. Trypsin cleavage increased k(cat)/K(m) of the ROS-generating activity 2.5-fold without affecting the pH-optimum (7.0). These results suggest that the protease-sensitive loop peptide, redox-active iron, and disulfide bond are important regulatory sites in TRACP, and that the phosphatase and ROS-generating activity are performed with different reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Fagerlund
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Funhoff EG, de Jongh TE, Averill BA. Direct observation of multiple protonation states in recombinant human purple acid phosphatase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 10:550-63. [PMID: 16096803 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, most spectroscopic studies on mammalian purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) have been performed at a single pH, typically pH 5. The catalytic activity of these enzymes is, however, pH dependent, with optimal pH values of 5.5-6.2 (depending on the form). For example, the pH optimum of PAPs isolated as single polypeptides is around pH 5.5, which is substantially lower that of proteolytically cleaved PAPs (ca. pH 6.2). In addition, the catalytic activity of single polypeptide PAPs at their optimal pH values is four to fivefold lower than that of the proteolytically cleaved enzymes. In order to elucidate the chemical basis for the pH dependence of these enzymes, the spectroscopic properties of both the single polypeptide and proteolytically cleaved forms of recombinant human PAP (recHPAP) and their complexes with inhibitory anions have been examined over the pH range 4 to 8. The EPR spectra of both forms of recHPAP are pH dependent and show the presence of three species: an inactive low pH form (pH<pK( a,1)), an active form (pK( a,1)<pH<pK( a,2)), and an inactive high pH form (pH>pK( a,2)). The pK( a,1) values observed by EPR for the single polypeptide and proteolytically cleaved forms are similar to those previously observed in kinetics studies. The spectroscopic properties of the enzyme-phosphate complex (which should mimic the enzyme-substrate complex), the enzyme-fluoride complex, and the enzyme-fluoride-phosphate complex (which should mimic the ternary enzyme-substrate-hydroxide complex) were also examined. EPR spectra show that phosphate binds to the diiron center of the proteolytically cleaved form of the enzyme, but not to that of the single polypeptide form. EPR spectra also show that fluoride binds only to the low pH form of the enzymes, in which it presumably replaces a coordinated water molecule. The binding of fluoride and phosphate to form a ternary complex appears to be cooperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico G Funhoff
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 12, 1018 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Osteolytic bone disease is a frequent complication of multiple myeloma, resulting in skeletal complications that are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. A characteristic feature of myeloma bone disease is that the lesions rarely heal and bone scans are often negative in myeloma patients who have extensive lytic lesions, offering very little in the follow-up of bone disease. X-rays are also of limited value in monitoring bone destruction during anti-myeloma or anti-resorptive treatment. Biochemical markers of bone turnover, such as N- and C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX, CTX/ICTP, respectively), and newer ones such as the tartrate resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b, provide information on bone dynamics that in turn may reflect disease activity in bone. Several studies have shown bone markers to be elevated in myeloma patients and reflect the extent of bone disease, while in some of them bone resorption markers correlate with survival. These markers may also be helpful in identifying those patients likely to respond to bisphosphonate treatment, and monitoring the effectiveness of bisphosphonate therapy in the management of myeloma bone disease. This review attempts to summarize the existing data for the role of markers of bone remodeling in assessing the extent of bone destruction in myeloma and monitoring bone turnover during specific anti-myeloma treatment. We also discuss some novel markers that may be of particular interest in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, W12 0NN London, UK.
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Vääräniemi J, Halleen JM, Kaarlonen K, Ylipahkala H, Alatalo SL, Andersson G, Kaija H, Vihko P, Väänänen HK. Intracellular machinery for matrix degradation in bone-resorbing osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:1432-40. [PMID: 15312243 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2003] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In osteoclasts, TRACP co-localized with cathepsin K in transcytotic vesicles and was activated by cathepsin K in vitro, suggesting that TRACP may degrade organic matrix components in transcytotic vesicles in an event regulated by cathepsin K. INTRODUCTION TRACP is an enzyme with unknown biological function. In addition to its phosphatase activity, TRACP is capable of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Bone-resorbing osteoclasts contain large amounts of TRACP, and transgenic animal models suggest that TRACP has a role in bone resorption. Osteoclasts resorb bone by secreting acid and lysosomal enzymes such as cathepsin K into an extracellular resorption lacuna between the cell membrane and bone surface. Matrix degradation products are then endocytosed, transcytosed, and secreted through a functional secretory domain in the basolateral membrane facing bone marrow. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have studied intracellular localization of TRACP in osteoclasts with antibodies against various known endosomal and lysosomal proteins using confocal microscopy. We also studied co-localization of TRACP with cathepsin K and endocytosed bone matrix components and the effect of cathepsin K digestion on the ROS generating activity of TRACP in vitro. RESULTS Double-staining experiments of TRACP with endosomal and lysosomal markers showed that, although some endosomal staining was detected, TRACP was not present in lysosomes. However, TRACP was present in transcytotic vesicles, where it co-localized with cathepsin K. Cathepsin K digestion of TRACP in vitro increased the phosphatase activity by 5.6-fold and the ROS generating activity by 2.0-fold. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cathepsin K may activate the ROS-generating activity of TRACP in transcytotic vesicles of resorbing osteoclasts, the ROS being targeted to finalize degradation of organic bone matrix components during their transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Vääräniemi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku FIN-20520, Finland.
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