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Veyel D, Kierszniowska S, Kosmacz M, Sokolowska EM, Michaelis A, Luzarowski M, Szlachetko J, Willmitzer L, Skirycz A. System-wide detection of protein-small molecule complexes suggests extensive metabolite regulation in plants. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42387. [PMID: 28205532 PMCID: PMC5304321 DOI: 10.1038/srep42387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein small molecule interactions are at the core of cell regulation controlling metabolism and development. We reasoned that due to the lack of system wide approaches only a minority of those regulatory molecules are known. In order to see whether or not this assumption is true we developed an effective approach for the identification of small molecules having potential regulatory role that obviates the need of protein or small molecule baits. At the core of this approach is a simple biochemical co-fractionation taking advantage of size differences between proteins and small molecules. Metabolomics based analysis of small molecules co-fractionating with proteins identified a multitude of small molecules in Arabidopsis suggesting the existence of numerous, small molecules/metabolites bound to proteins representing potential regulatory molecules. The approach presented here uses Arabidopsis cell cultures, but is generic and hence applicable to all biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Veyel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Monika Kosmacz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Aenne Michaelis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marcin Luzarowski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jagoda Szlachetko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lothar Willmitzer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
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2
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Structural diversity of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell Signal 2012; 25:168-77. [PMID: 22975687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A, PK-A) plays a key role in the control of eukaryotic cellular activity. The enzymology of PK-A in the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans is deceptively simple. Single genes encode the catalytic (C) subunit (kin-1), the regulatory (R) subunit (kin-2) and an A-kinase anchor protein (AKAP) (aka-1); nonetheless, PK-A is able to facilitate a comprehensive array of cAMP-mediated processes in this model multicellular organism. We have previously demonstrated that, in C. elegans, as many as 12 different isoforms of the C-subunit arise as a consequence of alternative splicing strategies. Here, we report the occurrence of transcripts encoding novel isoforms of the PK-A R-subunit in C. elegans. In place of exons 1 and 2, these transcripts include coding sequences from novel B or Q exons directly linked to exon 3, thereby generating isoforms with novel N-termini. R-subunits containing an exon B-encoded N-terminal polypeptide sequence were detected in extracts prepared from mixed populations of C. elegans. Of note is the observation that R-subunit isoforms containing exon B- or exon Q-encoded polypeptide sequences lack the dimerisation/docking domains conventionally seen in R-subunits. This means that they are unlikely to participate in the formation of tetrameric PK-A holoenzymes and, additionally, they are unlikely to interact with AKAP(s). It is therefore possible that, in C. elegans, in addition to tetrameric (R(2)C(2)) PK-A holoenzymes, there is also a sub-population of dimeric (RC) PK-A enzymes that are not tethered by AKAPs. Furthermore, inspection of the N-terminal sequence encoded by exon B suggests that this isoform is a likely target for N-myristoylation. Although unusual, a number of similarly N-myristoylatable R-subunits, from a range of different species, are present in the databases, suggesting that this may be a more generally observed feature of R-subunit structure. The occurrence of R-subunit isoforms, without dimerisation/docking domains (with or without N-myristoylatable N-termini) in other species would suggest that the control of PK-A activity may be more complex than hitherto thought.
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Hanke SE, Bertinetti D, Badel A, Schweinsberg S, Genieser HG, Herberg FW. Cyclic nucleotides as affinity tools: phosphorothioate cAMP analogues address specific PKA subproteomes. N Biotechnol 2010; 28:294-301. [PMID: 21147280 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
cAMP (adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate) is a general second messenger controlling distinct targets in eukaryotic cells. In a (sub)proteomic approach, two classes of phosphorothioate cAMP affinity tools were used to isolate and to identify signalling complexes of the main cAMP target, cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA). Agonist analogues (here: Sp-cAMPS) bind to the regulatory subunits of PKA (PKA-R), together with their interaction partners, and cause dissociation of a holoenzyme complex comprising PKA-R and catalytic subunits of PKA (PKA-C). Antagonist analogues (here: Rp-cAMPS) bind to the holoenzyme without dissociating the complex and were developed to identify interaction partners that bind to the entire complex or to PKA-C. More than 80 different proteins were isolated from tissue extracts including several PKA isoforms and known as well as potentially new interaction partners. Nevertheless, unspecific binding of general nucleotide binding proteins limited the outcome of this chemical proteomics approach. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was employed to optimise the entire workflow of pull down proteomics and to quantify the effects of different nucleotides (ATP, ADP, GTP and NADH) on PKA-R binding to affinity material. We could demonstrate that the addition of NADH to lysates improved specificity in pull down experiments. Using a combination of SPR studies and pull down experiments it was shown unambiguously that it is possible to specifically elute protein complexes with cAMP or cGMP from cAMPS analogue matrices. The side-by-side analysis of the PKA-R interactome and the holoenzyme complexed with interacting proteins will contribute to a further dissection of the multifaceted PKA signalling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E Hanke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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Bertinetti D, Schweinsberg S, Hanke SE, Schwede F, Bertinetti O, Drewianka S, Genieser HG, Herberg FW. Chemical tools selectively target components of the PKA system. BMC CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:3. [PMID: 19216744 PMCID: PMC2660902 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6769-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background In the eukaryotic cell the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a key enzyme in signal transduction and represents the main target of the second messenger cAMP. Here we describe the design, synthesis and characterisation of specifically tailored cAMP analogs which can be utilised as a tool for affinity enrichment and purification as well as for proteomics based analyses of cAMP binding proteins. Results Two sets of chemical binders were developed based on the phosphorothioate derivatives of cAMP, Sp-cAMPS and Rp-cAMPS acting as cAMP-agonists and -antagonists, respectively. These compounds were tested via direct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses for their binding properties to PKA R-subunits and holoenzyme. Furthermore, these analogs were used in an affinity purification approach to analyse their binding and elution properties for the enrichment and improvement of cAMP binding proteins exemplified by the PKA R-subunits. As determined by SPR, all tested Sp-analogs provide valuable tools for affinity chromatography. However, Sp-8-AEA-cAMPS displayed (i) superior enrichment properties while maintaining low unspecific binding to other proteins in crude cell lysates, (ii) allowing mild elution conditions and (iii) providing the capability to efficiently purify all four isoforms of active PKA R-subunit in milligram quantities within 8 h. In a chemical proteomics approach both sets of binders, Rp- and Sp-cAMPS derivatives, can be employed. Whereas Sp-8-AEA-cAMPS preferentially binds free R-subunit, Rp-AHDAA-cAMPS, displaying antagonist properties, not only binds to the free PKA R-subunits but also to the intact PKA holoenzyme both from recombinant and endogenous sources. Conclusion In summary, all tested cAMP analogs were useful for their respective application as an affinity reagent which can enhance purification of cAMP binding proteins. Sp-8-AEA-cAMPS was considered the most efficient analog since Sp-8-AHA-cAMPS and Sp-2-AHA-cAMPS, demonstrated incomplete elution from the matrix, as well as retaining notable amounts of bound protein contaminants. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that an affinity resin based on Rp-8-AHDAA-cAMPS provides a valuable tool for chemical proteomics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bertinetti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Sonja Schweinsberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Susanne E Hanke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Frank Schwede
- Biolog Life Science Institute, Flughafendamm 9a, P.O. Box 107125, Bremen, Germany
| | - Oliver Bertinetti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | | | | | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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Carlson GM, Bechtel PJ, Graves DJ. Chemical and regulatory properties of phosphorylase kinase and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 50:41-115. [PMID: 227235 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122952.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Weber B, Weber W, Buck F, Hilz H. Isolation of the myc transcription factor nucleoside diphosphate kinase and the multifunctional enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by cAMP affinity chromatography. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1995; 27:215-24. [PMID: 7767789 DOI: 10.1016/1357-2725(94)00078-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP affinity chromatography applied to various mammalian tissue extracts yielded two proteins in addition to the regulatory subunits of protein kinase. This paper characterizes these proteins and provides a simple procedure for their preparation. The polypeptides (36 kDa and a 19 kDa/21 kDa doublet) were isolated from the cAMP matrix by sequential elution with cAMP solutions of increasing concentrations. Microsequencing was accomplished following chemical or enzymic degradation of isolated polypeptides. Partial amino acid sequences of the 36 kDa protein and analyses of its enzymic activity indicated identity with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase whilst the lower MW protein proved to be identical with mammalian nucleoside diphosphate kinase subunits. In both cases, binding to cAMP appeared to occur at the nucleotide (NAD and ATP, respectively) sites. In conclusion, we present a one step-procedure, applicable to tissue and cell extracts, which allows the simultaneous isolation of both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase. This procedure may help to elucidate the multiple functions of these two important enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Weber
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätskrankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Zhang XP, Gunasekera A, Ebright YW, Ebright RH. Derivatives of CAP having no solvent-accessible cysteine residues, or having a unique solvent-accessible cysteine residue at amino acid 2 of the helix-turn-helix motif. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1991; 9:463-73. [PMID: 1667734 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.1991.10507929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) is a helix-turn-helix motif sequence-specific DNA binding protein. CAP contains a unique solvent-accessible cysteine residue at amino acid 10 of the helix-turn-helix motif. In published work, we have constructed a prototype semi-synthetic site-specific DNA cleavage agent from CAP by use of cysteine-specific chemical modification to incorporate a nucleolytic chelator-metal complex at amino acid 10 of the helix-turn-helix motif [Ebright, R., Ebright, Y., Pendergrast, P.S. and Gunasekera, A., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 2882-2886 (1990)]. Construction of second-generation semi-synthetic site-specific DNA cleavage agents from CAP requires the construction of derivatives of CAP having unique solvent-accessible cysteine residues at sites within CAP other than amino acid 10 of the helix-turn-helix motif. In the present work, we have constructed and characterized two derivatives of CAP having no solvent-accessible cysteine residues: [Ser178]CAP and [Leu178]CAP. In addition, in the present work, we have constructed and characterized one derivative of CAP having a unique solvent-accessible cysteine residue at amino acid 2 of the helix-turn-helix motif: [Cys170;Ser178]CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08855
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Flockhart DA, Corbin JD. Regulatory mechanisms in the control of protein kinases. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 12:133-86. [PMID: 7039969 DOI: 10.3109/10409238209108705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Weber W, Schwoch G, Wielckens K, Gartemann A, Hilz H. cAMP receptor proteins and protein kinases in human lymphocytes: fundamental alterations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 120:585-92. [PMID: 6977446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Studies on functional domains of the regulatory subunit of bovine heart adenosine 3‘:5‘-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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11
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Bywater R, Gustavsson JG. The synthesis and characterisation of a cyclic AMP-Sepharose 4B matrix with affinity for cyclic AMP-dependent proteins. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1980; 2:49-61. [PMID: 6252260 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(80)90073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel synthesis route for the preparation of a cyclic AMP-containing affinity adsorbent is described. This involves the use of a simple single-vessel, two-step, solid-phase reaction in which 5'-AMP, originally coupled to the matrix in the form of 5'-AMP-Sepharose 4B, is cyclised by a sequence involving activation of the phosphate moiety, followed by intramolecular condensation to give a 3',5'-phosphodiester. Physicochemical evidence, including 31P NMR studies, shows that this cyclisation takes place leaving no trace of original phosphomonoesters. The gel retains its excellent chromatographic properties, but now its specificity is directed towards cAMP-dependent proteins. Protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) binds to the gel, the catalytic subunit only being eluted when a simple buffer 0.2 M phosphate/1 mM theophylline is applied to column, whilst the regulatory unit is eluted using 20% ethylene glycol of 2% Pharmalyte, pH 5-8. This gel should find a use in the purification of protein kinase subunits and, by inference, of other cAMP-dependent proteins.
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12
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Potter R, Taylor S. Relationships between structural domains and function in the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinases I and II from porcine skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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Weber W, Vogel CW, Hilz H. A new cAMP affinity matrix for the rapid purification of protein kinase regulatory subunits. FEBS Lett 1979; 99:62-6. [PMID: 220095 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)80249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Potter RL, Stafford PH, Taylor S. Regulatory subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase I from porcine skeletal muscle: purification and proteolysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 190:174-80. [PMID: 213029 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Corbin J, Sugden P, West L, Flockhart D, Lincoln T, McCarthy D. Studies on the properties and mode of action of the purified regulatory subunit of bovine heart adenosine 3‘:5‘-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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16
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Molecular properties and mode of action of homogeneous preparation of stimulatory modulator of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase from the heart. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Rieke E, Hoppe J, Wagner KG. Mechanism of activation of protein kinase I from rabbit skeletal muscle. Investigation with agarose-immobilized cAMP derivatives. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 83:419-26. [PMID: 204480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Weber W, Hilz H. Adenosine-3':5'-monophosphate-binding proteins from bovine kidney. Isolation by affinity chromatography and limited proteolysis of the regulatory subunit of protein kinase II. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 83:215-25. [PMID: 203461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography on cyclic AMP columns allowed a two-step isolation of the cyclic-AMP-binding proteins from bovine kidney cytosol. An AMP-binding protein (apparent molecular weight approximately 60 000) and large amounts of a low affinity binding protein ('P35'; apparent subunit size approximately 35 000) were obtained in practically pure form besides the high affinity binding proteins of the R type. Among the R proteins the dimer R2 of the regulatory subunit of protein kinase II (apparent subunit size approximately 54 000) represented the bulk material. Small amounts of monomer, of higher aggregates, and of a protein 'P49' (subunit size approximately 49 000) presumably identical with the regulatory subunit of protein kinase I were also detected. The R protein fraction of kidney also contained a high affinity binding protein of smaller size (designated as R'; molecular weight approximately 37 000) which appeared to be derived from protein R2 of protein kinase II by limited proteolysis. At all stages of purification, R protein and its aggregates could be quantitatively transformed into R' protein (or a closely related polypeptide) by several proteases including the relatively unspecific proteinase K. The degradation product exhibited unchanged cyclic-AMP-binding capacities but had largely lost the ability to inhibit the catalytic subunit C of protein kinase, to be phosphorylated by C, and to form a dimer. Preliminary experiments indicate that protein R' may be a natural component of kidney tissue.
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Todhunter JA, Purich DL. Autophosphorylation of cardiac 3',5'-cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase. Kinetic evidence for the regulatory subunit directly acting at the active site in the R2C2 complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 485:87-94. [PMID: 911867 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the autophosphorylation reaction of bovine heart cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (ATP: protein phosphotranferase, EC 2.7.1.31) has been further examined using a kinetic approach. The reaction is first order in both ATP and protein kinase when both are present at comparable concentrations. Dilution has no effect on the fraction of regulatory subunit phosphorylated over a given interval of time, and this finding is in accord with the autophosphorylation proceeding via an intramolecular (or, more appropriately in this case, by an intracomplex) reaction. The possibility of regulatory subunit phosphorylation by uncomplex catalytic subunit or another R2C2 complex (the protein kinase complex of two catalytic subunits and the regulatory dimer) was clearly eliminated. These results are compatible with a subunit geometry permitting the regulatory subunit to bind at the protein substrate region of the kinase's active site and to undergo subsequent phosphorylation.
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20
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Schwechheimer K, Hofmann F. Properties of regulatory subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (peak I) from rabbit skeletal muscle prepared by urea treatment of the holoenzyme. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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21
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Purification and subunit composition of guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase from bovine lung. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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22
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Studies on the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine aorta. Possible existence of a catalytic subunit. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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23
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Lasser M, Daniel V. Altered regulation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in a mouse lymphoma cell line. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 482:41-51. [PMID: 193571 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cyclic AMP to inhibit growth, cause cytolysis and induce synthesis of cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase in S49.1 mouse lymphoma cells is deficient in cells selected on the basis of their resistance to killing by 2 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The properties of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) in the cyclic AMP-sensitive (S) and cyclic AMP-resistant (R) lymphoma cells were comparatively studied. The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity or R cells cytosol exhibits an apparent Ka for activation by cyclic AMP 100-fold greater than that of the enzyme from the parental S cells. The free regulatory and catalytic subunits from both S and R kinase are thermolabile, when associated in the holoenzyme the two subunits are more stable to heat inactivation in R kinase than in S kinase. The increased heat stability of R kinase is observed however only for the enzyme in which the catalytic and cyclic AMP-binding activities are expressed at high cyclic AMP concentrations (10(-5)--10(-4) M), the activities expressed at low cyclic AMP concentrations (10(-9)--10(-6) M) being thermolabile. The regulatory subunit of S kinase can be stabilized against heat inactivation by cyclic AMP binding both at 2-10(-7) and 10(-5) M cyclic AMP concentrations. In contrast, the regulatory subunit-cyclic AMP complex from R kinase is stable to heat inactivation only when formed in the presence of high cyclic AMP concentrations (10(-5)M). The findings indicate that the transition from a cyclic AMP-sensitive to a cyclic AMP-resistant lymphoma cell phenotype is related to a structural alteration in the regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase which has affected the protein's affinity for cyclic AMP and its interaction with the catalytic subunit.
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24
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Taylor SS, Lee CY, Swain L, Stafford PH. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase: purification of the holoenzyme by affinity chromatography. Anal Biochem 1976; 76:45-52. [PMID: 187080 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Ramseyer J, Kanstein CB, Walton GM, Gill G. The use of affinity chromatography in purification of cyclic nucleotide receptor proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 446:358-70. [PMID: 186111 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(76)90003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biospecific affinity chromatography has been used to purify specific cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP receptor proteins. Several variables are important for successful purification of the cyclic AMP receptor protein, the most critical being the length of the aliphatic spacer side arm. 8-(2-Aminoethyl)-amino-cyclic AMP coupled to the aliphatic spacer side arm. 8-(2-Aminoethyl)-amino-cyclic AMP coupled to agarose specifically retains the cyclic AMP receptor protein by interaction with the immobilized nucleotide. Binding of the cyclic AMP receptor subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase to the immobilized nucleotide results in dissociation of the catalytic protein phosphokinase subunit which is not retained. The retained cyclic AMP receptor protein is subsequently eluted by cyclic AMP. Homogeneous cyclic AMP receptor protein prepared from rabbit skeletal muscle by affinity chromatography has been characterized. The molecular weight of the native protein as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at varying acrylamide concentrations is 76 800 and 82 000, respectively. The protein is asymmetric with frictional and axial ratios of 1.64 and 12. SDS and urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicate that the native cyclic AMP receptor is composed of two identical subunits of 42 700 molecular weight. The native protein dimer binds 2 moles of cyclic AMP per mole of protein and is active in suppressing activity of isolated catalytic subunits of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Cyclic GMP receptor protein from bovine lung has been purified using the same affinity chromatography media. Since cyclic nucleotide binding to cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase does not result in dissociation of regulatory receptor and catalytic phosphotransferase subunits, the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme is retained on the column and can be subsequently specifically eluted with cyclic GMP.
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Dills WL, Beavo JA, Bechtel PJ, Myers KR, Sakai LJ, Krebs EG. Binding of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit to immobilized cyclic nucleotide derivatives. Biochemistry 1976; 15:3724-31. [PMID: 182216 DOI: 10.1021/bi00662a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several cyclic nucleotide derivatives with aminoalkyl side chains attached to the purine ring were synthesized and their interactions with adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase were studied before and after immobilization to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The soluble N6-substituted derivatives were as effective as cAMP itself in activating protein kinase and were more effective than 8-substituted cAMP derivatives, whereas the 2-substituted cAMP derivatives and the cGMP derivatives were the least effective. All of the synthetic derivatives tested were poor substrates for beef heart phosphodiesterase being hydrolyzed at rates less than 2% for that of cAMP itself. Utilizing methodology developed to evaluate the affinity of protein kinase for immogilized cyclic nucleotides it was found that all of the immobilized cyclic nucleotides interacted with protein kinase in a biospecific manner as judged by the following criteria: (1) the immobilized cyclic nucleotides competed with cAMP for the binding sites on protein kinase; (2) the analogous spacer-arm did not compete; and (3) the effects of enzyme concentration, MgATP, and cleavage of the cyclic phosphate ring on the interactions of protein kinase with the immobilized cyclic nucleotides were the same as previously shown for free cAMP. In addition, the immobilized ligands were bound with the same order of effectiveness as the analogous soluble ligand. The observed Ka for the activation of 0.005 muM protein kinase by N6-H2N(CH2)2-cAMP was increased from 0.23 to 3 muM by the process of immobilization. This increase was unaffected by the coupling density and spacer-arm length. The observed Kb for 0.10 muM protein kinase binding to immobilized N6-H2N(CH2)2-cAMP was increased as the molecular sieving exclusion limit of the matrix used was decreased indicating that at least part of this decrease in apparent affinity upon immobilization is due to exclusion of the enzyme from a portion of the matrix and therefore of the immobilized ligand molecules.
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Gill GN, Kanstein CB. Guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate receptor protein: separation from adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate receptor protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 63:1113-22. [PMID: 165815 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dills WL, Beavo JA, Bechtel PJ, Krebs EG. Purification of rabbit skeletal muscle protein kinase regulatory subunit using cyclic adenosine-3':5'-monophosphate affinity chromatography. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 62:70-7. [PMID: 163082 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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