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Song XN, Wang GW, Ma Y, Jiang SZ, Yue WW, Wang CK, Luo Y. Theoretical Identification of Three C66 Fullerene Isomers and Related Chlorinated Derivatives by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Near-edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9932-9940. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Neng Song
- School
of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-Wei Wang
- School
of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Ma
- School
of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shou-Zhen Jiang
- School
of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Yue
- School
of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Kui Wang
- School
of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Wang Y, Díaz-Tendero S, Martín F, Alcamí M. Key Structural Motifs To Predict the Cage Topology in Endohedral Metallofullerenes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1551-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Alegret N, Abella L, Azmani K, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Poblet JM. Different Factors Govern Chlorination and Encapsulation in Fullerenes: The Case of C66. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:7562-70. [PMID: 26176335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
C66 is one of the smallest fullerenes that is able to encapsulate more than one metal atom, as in Sc2@C66, as well as to get chlorinated at a low level, C66Cl10 or C66Cl6. We show here, with the help of computations at density functional theory level, that these two means of obtaining derivatives of non-isolated pentagon rule fullerenes are dictated by different factors. Chlorination takes place at temperatures lower than 2000 K, once the neutral fullerenes are formed. Encapsulation is, however, mainly governed by the charge transfer, although the Sc···Sc distance is also playing a role in the stability of Sc2@C66.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Alegret
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laura Abella
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Khalid Azmani
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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4
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Yamada M, Akasaka T. Emergence of Highly Elaborated π-Space and Extending Its Functionality Based on Nanocarbons: New Vistas in the Fullerene World. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20140295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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5
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Gao CL, Li X, Tan YZ, Wu XZ, Zhang Q, Xie SY, Huang RB. Synthesis of Long-Sought C66with Exohedral Stabilization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7853-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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Yamada M, Kurihara H, Suzuki M, Guo JD, Waelchli M, Olmstead MM, Balch AL, Nagase S, Maeda Y, Hasegawa T, Lu X, Akasaka T. Sc2@C66 Revisited: An Endohedral Fullerene with Scandium Ions Nestled within Two Unsaturated Linear Triquinanes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7611-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5035649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
- Life
Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
- Life
Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
- Foundation for Advancement
of International Science, Ibaraki 305-0821, Japan
| | - Jing Dong Guo
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | | | - Marilyn M. Olmstead
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alan L. Balch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hasegawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Xing Lu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
- Life
Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
- Foundation for Advancement
of International Science, Ibaraki 305-0821, Japan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430074, China
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7
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Gao CL, Li X, Tan YZ, Wu XZ, Zhang Q, Xie SY, Huang RB. Synthesis of Long-Sought C66with Exohedral Stabilization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Nagase S. Theory and Calculations of Molecules Containing Heavier Main Group Elements and Fullerenes Encaging Transition Metals: Interplay with Experiment. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Lu X, Feng L, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Current status and future developments of endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 41:7723-60. [PMID: 22907208 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), a new class of hybrid molecules formed by encapsulation of metallic species inside fullerene cages, exhibit unique properties that differ distinctly from those of empty fullerenes because of the presence of metals and their hybridization effects via electron transfer. This critical review provides a balanced but not an exhaustive summary regarding almost all aspects of EMFs, including the history, the classification, current progress in the synthesis, extraction, isolation, and characterization of EMFs, as well as their physiochemical properties and applications in fields such as electronics, photovoltaics, biomedicine, and materials science. Emphasis is assigned to experimentally obtained results, especially the X-ray crystallographic characterizations of EMFs and their derivatives, rather than theoretical calculations, although the latter has indeed enhanced our knowledge of metal-cage interactions. Finally, perspectives related to future developments and challenges in the research of EMFs are proposed. (381 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
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11
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HAO CE, LI HONGJIANG, JIA GUORONG, LI SHENMIN, QIU JIESHAN. ELECTRON TRANSFER MAKES D 3h (78:5) CAGE EASY TO FORM M2@ C78( M = La, Ce): A RELATIVISTIC DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY STUDY. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633612500137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Applying relativistic density functional theory to isomers of C 78 and M 2@ C 78( M = La , Ce ), we calculate and analyze the relative energies and HOMO–LUMO gaps of neutral and hexaanion ( -6 charged) C 78 isomers. Our results indicate that the [Formula: see text] (5) isomer is the most stable, and it illustrate that electron transfer plays an important role in controlling the stability of endohedral metallofullerenes. We also calculate the electronic structures of there neutral isomers, and based on their LUMO + 2 and LUMO + 3 gaps, we explain why it is easier to encage two metal atoms in D3h′ (78:5). To further elucidate this issue, we theoretically characterize M 2@ C 78( M = La , Ce ) and compare the relative energies and the HOMO–LUMO gap of the two isomers M 2@ C 78 (4) and the M 2@ C 78 (5) ( M = La , Ce ). The results indicate that M 2@ C 78 (5) is more stable than M 2@ C 78 (4). Furthermore, the good agreement between the experimental and computed 13C NMR chemical shift of the isomer M 2@ C 78 (5) provided strong evidence that M 2@ C 78 forms a D3h′ (78:5) cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- CE HAO
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - HONGJIANG LI
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - GUORONG JIA
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - SHENMIN LI
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, P. R. China
| | - JIESHAN QIU
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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12
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Zhao X, Gao WY, Yang T, Zheng JJ, Li LS, He L, Cao RJ, Nagase S. Violating the Isolated Pentagon Rule (IPR): Endohedral Non-IPR C98 Cages of Gd2@C98. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:2039-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201585j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Wei-Yin Gao
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Le-Sheng Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Ling He
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Rui-Jun Cao
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Department of Theoretical and
Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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13
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Dodziuk H. Endohedral Fullerene Complexes and In-Out Isomerism in Perhydrogenated Fullerenes. THE MATHEMATICS AND TOPOLOGY OF FULLERENES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0221-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Camacho C, Witek HA, Cimiraglia R. The low-lying states of the scandium dimer. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:244306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3442374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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15
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Jin P, Zhou Z, Hao C, Gao Z, Tan K, Lu X, Chen Z. NC unit trapped by fullerenes: a density functional theory study on Sc3NC@C2n (2n = 68, 78 and 80). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12442-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b923106d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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17
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Jin P, Hao C, Gao Z, Zhang SB, Chen Z. Endohedral Metalloborofullerenes La2@B80 and Sc3N@B80: A Density Functional Theory Prediction. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:11613-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9019848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Ce Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Zhanxian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Shengbai B. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
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18
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Yamada M, Wakahara T, Tsuchiya T, Maeda Y, Akasaka T, Mizorogi N, Nagase S. Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study of Endohedral Dimetallofullerene Having a Non-IPR Fullerene Cage: Ce2@C72. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:7627-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jp804260d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan, and Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Wakahara
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan, and Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuchiya
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan, and Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan, and Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan, and Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Naomi Mizorogi
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan, and Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan, and Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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19
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Khamatgalimov AR, Kovalenko VI. The structure of fullerene C66, which does not obey the rule of isolated pentagons, and endohedral metallofullerene Sc2@C66: Quantum-chemical calculations. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024408070194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Gao X, Zhao Y. The way of stabilizing non-IPR fullerenes and structural elucidation of C54Cl8. J Comput Chem 2007; 28:795-801. [PMID: 17226829 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new non-IPR chlorofullerene C(54)Cl(8) was isolated experimentally (Science 2004, 304, 699). To explore the ways to stabilize non-IPR fullerenes, the authors studied all of the possible isomers of C(54) fullerene and some of the C(54)Cl(8) isomers at PM3, B3LYP/3-21G, and B3LYP/6-31G* levels. Combined with analysis of pentagon distributions, bond resonance energies, and steric strains, C(54):540 with the least number of 5/5 bonds was determined to be the thermodynamically best isomer for the C(54)Cl(8). Based on C(54):540, the most probable structure of the experimental C(54)Cl(8) was elucidated. The results suggested one of the necessary conditions of stabilizing non-IPR fullerenes: chemical derivatizations of either endohedral complexation or exohedral addition need to sufficiently stabilize all of the kinetically unstable 5/5 bonds of the cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfa Gao
- Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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21
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Wu X, Lu X. Dimetalloendofullerene U2@C60 Has a U−U Multiple Bond Consisting of Sixfold One-Electron-Two-Center Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:2171-7. [PMID: 17256861 DOI: 10.1021/ja067281g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) have been extensively studied since their discovery in 1985. Metal-metal bonds, nevertheless, have never been explicitly observed in EMFs synthesized so far. In this contribution, we show by means of all-electron relativistic density functional computations that the dimetalloendofullerene, U(2)@C(60), has an unprecedented U-U multiple bond consisting solely of sixfold ferromagnetically coupled one-electron-two-center bonds with the electronic configuration (5fpi(u))(2)(5fsigma(g))(1)(5fdelta(g))(2)(5fphi(u))(1), which are dominated by the uranium 5f atomic orbitals. This bonding scheme is completely distinct from the metal-metal bonds discovered thus far in the d- and f-block polynuclear metal complexes. This finding initiates a connection of the metal-metal multiple bonding chemistry and the fullerene chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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22
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Thilgen C, Diederich F. Structural Aspects of Fullerene ChemistryA Journey through Fullerene Chirality. Chem Rev 2006; 106:5049-135. [PMID: 17165683 DOI: 10.1021/cr0505371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Thilgen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Beavers CM, Zuo T, Duchamp JC, Harich K, Dorn HC, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Tb3N@C84: An Improbable, Egg-Shaped Endohedral Fullerene that Violates the Isolated Pentagon Rule. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:11352-3. [PMID: 16939248 DOI: 10.1021/ja063636k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure of isomer 2 of Tb3N@C84 has been determined through single-crystal X-ray diffraction on Tb3N@C84.NiII(OEP).2(C6H6). The carbon cage has a distinct egg shape due to the presence of a single pair of fused pentagons at one apex of the molecule. Thus, although 24 IPR structures are available to the C84 cage, Nature utilizes one of the 51 568 isomeric structures that do not conform to the IPR for this unusual molecule. The Tb3N portion of isomer 2 of Tb3N@C84 is strictly planar. One Tb atom is nestled within the fold of the fused pentagons, while the other Tb atoms are disordered over four pairs of sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Beavers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Hoshikawa A, Igawa N, Yamauchi H, Ishii Y. Observation of hydrogen in deuterated methane hydrate by maximum entropy method with neutron powder diffraction. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:34505. [PMID: 16863360 DOI: 10.1063/1.2215606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of deuterated methane hydrate (structure I, space group: Pm(-)3n) was investigated by neutron powder diffraction at temperatures of 7.7-185 K. The scattering amplitude density distribution was examined by a combination of Rietveld method and maximum entropy method (MEM). The distribution of the D atoms in both D(2)O and CD(4) molecules was clarified from three-dimensional graphic images of the scattering amplitude density. The MEM results showed that there were low-density sites for the D atom of D(2)O in a particular location within the D(2)O cage at low temperatures. The MEM provided more reasonable results because of the decrease in the R factor that is attainable by this method. Accordingly, the low-density sites for the D atom of D(2)O probably exist within the D(2)O cage. This suggests that a spatial disorder of the D atom of D(2)O occurs at these sites and that hydrogen bonds between D(2)O molecules become partially weakened. With regard to the CD(4) molecules, there were high-density sites for the D atom of CD(4), and the density distribution of the C and D atoms was observed separately in the scattering amplitude density image. Consequently, the C-D bonds of CD(4) were not observed clearly because the CD(4) molecules had an orientational disorder. The D atoms of CD(4) were displaced from the line between the C and O atoms, and were located near the face center of the polygon in the cage. Accordingly, the D atoms of CD(4) were not bonded to specific O atoms. This result is consistent with the hydrophobicity of the CD(4) molecule. We also report the difference between the small and the large cages in the density distribution map and the temperature dependence of the scattering amplitude density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Hoshikawa
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
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Díaz-Tendero S, Martín F, Alcamí M. Structure and electronic properties of fullerenes C(52)q+: is C(52)2+ an exception to the pentagon adjacency penalty rule? Chemphyschem 2006; 6:92-100. [PMID: 15688652 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200400273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The structure, vibrational spectra and electronic properties of the neutral, singly and doubly charged C52 fullerenes were studied by means of the Hartree-Fock method and density functional theory. Different isomers were considered, in particular those with the lowest possible number (five or six) of adjacent pentagons, and an isomer with a four-atom ring. For neutral and singly charged species, the most stable isomer is that with the lowest number of adjacent pentagons, namely five. However, for C(52)2+, the most stable structure has six adjacent pentagons. This finding, which contradicts the pentagon adjacency penalty rule, is a consequence of complete filling of the HOMO pi shell and the near-perfect sphericity of the most stable isomer. The simulated vibrational spectra show important differences in the positions and intensities of the vibrations for the different isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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Nishibori E, Narioka S, Takata M, Sakata M, Inoue T, Shinohara H. A C2Molecule Entrapped in the Pentagonal-Dodecahedral Y2Cage in Y2C2@C82(III). Chemphyschem 2006; 7:345-8. [PMID: 16463328 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Nishibori
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan).
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Slanina Z, Chen Z, Schleyer PVR, Uhlík F, Lu X, Nagase S. La2@C72 and Sc2@C72: Computational Characterizations. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:2231-4. [PMID: 16466260 DOI: 10.1021/jp055894u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The La2@C72 and Sc2@C72 metallofullerenes have been characterized by systematic density functional computations. On the basis of the most stable geometry of 39 C72 hexaanions and the computed energies of the best endofullerene candidates, the experimentally isolated La2@C72 species was assigned the structure coded #10611. The good agreement between the computed and the experimental 13C chemical shifts for La2@C72 further supports the literature assignment (Kato, H.; Taninaka, A.; Sugai, T.; Shinohara, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7782). The geometry, IR vibrational frequencies, and 13C chemical shifts of Sc2@C72 were predicted to assist its future experimental characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Slanina
- Department of Theoretical Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan.
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Tan K, Lu X. Electronic Structure and Redox Properties of the Open-Shell Metal−Carbide Endofullerene Sc3C2@C80: A Density Functional Theory Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:1171-6. [PMID: 16420022 DOI: 10.1021/jp056145f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations have shown that the open-shell metal-carbide endofullerene Sc3C2@C80 has the valence state (Sc3+)3(C2)(3-)@C80(6-). A lot of low-lying isomers differing in geometries and locations of the endohedral [(Sc3+)3(C2)(3-)] cluster have been located, indicating unusual dual intramolecular dynamic behaviors of this endofullerene at room temperature. The electrochemical redox properties of this endofullerene have been elucidated in terms of electronic structure theory. Its redox states are found to follow the general charge-state formula (Sc3+)3C2(3-q)-@C80(6-) (q is the charge of the whole molecule ranging from +1 to -3), demonstrating the high charge flexibility of the endohedral metal-carbide cluster. The structure of the endohedral [(Sc3+)3C2(3-q)-)] cluster varies with the redox processes, shifting from a planar structure (for q = 0 and -1) to a trifoliate structure (for q = +1, -2, -3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Soild Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Lu X, Chen Z. Curved pi-conjugation, aromaticity, and the related chemistry of small fullerenes (< C60) and single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3643-96. [PMID: 16218563 DOI: 10.1021/cr030093d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Tan K, Lu X. Ti2C80 is more likely a titanium carbide endohedral metallofullerene (Ti2C2)@C78. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:4444-6. [PMID: 16136245 DOI: 10.1039/b507855e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We show by means of density functional calculations that the previously synthesized metallofullerene Ti2C80 does not take the form of Ti2@C80, but is a titanium carbide endohedral metallofullerene, Ti2C2@C78, that has a C78(6-)(D3h) cage which follows faithfully the stable closed-shell electronic rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & Center for Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Abstract
The title compound has been produced by using the radio frequency (RF) method. Barium and carbon were evaporated simultaneously under dynamic flow of helium at different temperatures. About 0.5 mg of pure Ba@C(74) was isolated via a three-step high-pressure liquid chromatography separation. For the first time, the structure of a monometallofullerene has been analyzed by means of single-crystal synchrotron diffraction on microcrystals of Ba@C(74).Co(OEP).2C(6)H(6) (Co(II)(OEP): cobalt(II) octaethylporphyrin) at 100 K. The monometallofullerene exhibits a high degree of localization of the endohedral metal ion, with just two split positions for Ba and two orientations of the C(74)-cage. The barium atom is localized inside the C(74)-cage and displaced off-center, toward the Co(OEP) molecule (d approximately 127 pm). The shortest Ba-C distance is 265 pm. The Co(OEP) molecules form dimers in which the coordination of the cobalt is (4 + 1). Due to the all-syn conformation of the ethyl groups, each Co(OEP) molecule of the dimer coordinates one C(74)-fullerene. The units (Ba@C(74))[Co(OEP)](2)(Ba@C(74)) are arranged in a distorted primitive hexagonal packing. The free space between these complex units is filled by benzene molecules of crystallization. The Ba L(III) XANES spectrum of a thin film sample of Ba@C(74) exhibits a pronounced double maximum structure at about E = 5275 eV. The comparison of the shape resonances of the experimental data with simulated XANES spectra, based on different exo- and endohedral structure models, confirm that the Ba atom is located inside the C(74)-cage (D(3)(h)()) in an off-center position. The Ba atom is shifted by about 130-150 pm from the geometric center of the C(74)-cage. This is in good agreement with quantum chemical results. Thus, despite the disorder still present, a consistent and conclusive structure model for the title compound has been derived by employing a combination of X-ray diffraction, XANES spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reich
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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UHV-STM/STS Studies of Endohedral La-Metallofullerenes on Hydrogen Terminated Si(100)2×1. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2004.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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