Effects of temperature on the dissociative electron attachment to N2O

Kinetics of associative detachment of O- + N2 and dissociative attachment of e- + N2O up to 1300 K: chemistry relevant to modeling of transient luminous events

The rate constants of O- + N2 → N2O + e- from 800 K to 1200 K and the reverse process e- + N2O → O- + N2 from 700 K to 1300 K are measured using a flowing afterglow - Langmuir probe apparatus. The rate constants for O- + N2 are well described by 3 × 10-12 e-0.28 eV kT-1 cm3 s-1. The rate constants for e- + N2O are somewhat larger than previously reported and are well described by 7 × 10-7 e-0.48 eV kT-1 cm3 s-1. The resulting equilibrium constants differ from those calculated using the fundamental thermodynamics by factors of 2-3, likely due to significantly non-thermal product distributions in one or both reactions. The potential surfaces of N2O and N2O- are calculated at the CCSD(T) level. The minimum energy crossing point is identified 0.53 eV above the N2O minimum, similar to the activation energy for the electron attachment to N2O. A barrier between N2O- and O- + N2 is also identified with a transition state at a similar energy of 0.52 eV. The activation energy of O- + N2 is similar to one vibrational quantum of N2. The calculated potential surface supports the notion that vibrational excitation will enhance reaction above the same energy in translation, and vibrational-state specific rate constants are derived from the data. The O- + N2 rate constants are much smaller than literature values measured in a drift tube apparatus, supporting the contention that those values were overestimated due to the presence of vibrationally excited N2. The result impacts the modeling of transient luminous events in the mesosphere.

Thermal rate constants for electron attachment to N2O: An example of endothermic attachment

Rate constants for dissociative electron attachment to N₂O yielding O^- have been measured as a function of temperature from 400 K to 1000 K. Detailed modeling of kinetics was needed to derive the rate constants at temperatures of 700 K and higher. In the 400 K-600 K range, upper limits are given. The data from 700 K to 1000 K follow the Arrhenius equation behavior described by 2.4 × 10^-8 e^{-0.288 eV/kT} cm³ s^-1. The activation energy derived from the Arrhenius plot is equal to the endothermicity of the reaction. However, calculations at the CCSD(T)/complete basis set level suggest that the lowest energy crossing between the neutral and anion surfaces lies 0.6 eV above the N₂O equilibrium geometry and 0.3 eV above the endothermicity of the dissociative attachment. Kinetic modeling under this assumption is in modest agreement with the experimental data. The data are best explained by attachment occurring below the lowest energy crossing of the neutral and valence anion surfaces via vibrational Feshbach resonances.

Lewis Acid-Mediated One-Electron Reduction of Nitrous Oxide

The one-electron reduction of nitrous oxide (N₂ O) was achieved using strong Lewis acids E(C₆ F₅ )₃ (E=B or Al) in combination with metallocenes. In the case of B(C₆ F₅ )₃ , electron transfer to N₂ O required a powerful reducing agent such as Cp*₂ Co (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl). In the presence of Al(C₆ F₅ )₃ , on the other hand, the reactions could be performed with weaker reducing agents such as Cp*₂ Fe or Cp₂ Fe (Cp=cyclopentadienyl). The Lewis acid-mediated electron transfer from the metallocene to N₂ O resulted in cleavage of the N-O bond, generating N₂ and the oxyl radical anion [OE(C₆ F₅ )₃ ]^⋅- . The latter is highly reactive and engages in C-H activation reactions. It was possible to trap the radical by addition of the Gomberg dimer, which acts as a source of the trityl radical.

Infrared spectroscopic studies on the cluster size dependence of charge carrier structure in nitrous oxide cluster anions

We report infrared photodissociation spectra of nitrous oxide cluster anions of the form (N2O)(n)O(-) (n = 1-12) and (N2O)n(-) (n = 7-15) in the region 800-1600 cm(-1). The charge carriers in these ions are NNO2(-) and O(-) for (N2O)(n)O(-) clusters with a solvation induced core ion switch, and N2O(-) for (N2O)n(-) clusters. The N-N and N-O stretching vibrations of N2O(-) (solvated by N2O) are reported for the first time, and they are found at (1595 ± 3) cm(-1) and (894 ± 5) cm(-1), respectively. We interpret our infrared spectra by comparison with the existing photoelectron spectroscopy data and with computational data in the framework of density functional theory.

Dissociative electron attachment to N2O using velocity slice imaging

The structure and dynamics of the negative ion resonances leading to dissociative electron attachment in N2O are studied using the velocity slice imaging technique. Distinct momentum distributions are observed in the O(-) channel for the dominant resonances below 4 eV which are considerably different than those reported so far. Also the relatively weak but distinct resonances at 8.1 eV and 13.2 eV are studied for their dynamics for the first time. For each of these resonances two different channels of dissociation are observed with differing angular distributions.

Induction of Strand Breaks in DNA films by Low Energy Electrons and Soft X-ray under Nitrous Oxide Atmosphere

Five-monolayer (5ML) plasmid DNA films deposited on glass and tantalum substrates were exposed to Al K_α X-rays of 1.5 keV under gaseous nitrous oxide (N₂O) at atmospheric pressure and temperature. Whereas the damage yields for DNA deposited on glass are due to soft X-rays, those arising from DNA on tantalum are due to both the interaction of low energy photoelectrons from the metal and X-rays. Then, the differences in the yields of damage on glass and tantalum substrates, essentially arises from interaction of essentially low-energy electrons (LEEs) with DNA molecules and the surrounding atmosphere. The G-values (i.e., the number of moles of product per Joule of energy absorbed) for DNA strand breaks induced by LEEs (G_LEE) and the lower limit of G-values for soft X-ray photons (G_XL) were calculated and the results compared to those from previous studies under atmospheric conditions and other ambient gases, such as N₂ and O₂. Under N₂O, the G-values for loss of supercoiled DNA are 103±15 nmol/J for X-rays, and 737±110 nmol/J for LEEs. Compared to corresponding values in an O₂ atmosphere, the effectiveness of X-rays to damage DNA in N₂O is less, but the G value for LEEs in N₂O is more than twice the corresponding value for an oxygenated environment. This result indicates a higher effectiveness for LEEs relative to N₂ and O₂ environments in causing SSB and DSB in an N₂O environment. Thus, the previously observed radiosensitization of cells by N₂O may not be only due to OH^• radicals but also to the reaction of LEE with N₂O molecules near DNA. The previous experiments with N₂ and O₂ and the present one demonstrate the possibility to investigate damage induced by LEEs to biomolecules under various type of surrounding atmospheres.

Low energy (0-4 eV) electron impact to N(2)O clusters: Dissociative electron attachment, ion-molecule reactions, and vibrational Feshbach resonances

Electron attachment to clusters of N(2)O in the energy range of 0-4 eV yields the ionic complexes [(N(2)O)(n)O](-), [(N(2)O)(n)NO](-), and (N(2)O)(n) (-) . The shape of the ion yields of the three homologous series differs substantially reflecting the different formation mechanisms. While the generation of [(N(2)O)(n)O](-) can be assigned to dissociative electron attachment (DEA) of an individual N(2)O molecule in the target cluster, the formation of [(N(2)O)(n)NO](-) is interpreted via a sequence of ion molecule reactions involving the formation of O(-) via DEA in the first step. The nondecomposed complexes (N(2)O)(n) (-) are preferentially formed at very low energies (below 0.5 eV) as a result of intramolecular stabilization of a diffuse molecular anion at low energy. The ion yields of [(N(2)O)(n)O](-) and (N(2)O)(n) (-) versus electron energy show sharp peaks at the threshold region, which can be assigned to vibrational Feshbach resonances mediated by the diffuse anion state as already observed in an ultrahigh resolution electron attachment study of N(2)O clusters [E. Leber, S. Barsotti, J. Bömmels, J. M. Weber, I. I. Fabrikant, M.-W. Ruf, and H. Hotop, Chem. Phys. Lett. 325, 345 (2000)].

Nitrous oxide as a 1,3-dipole: a theoretical study of its cycloaddition mechanism

The 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrous oxide and substituted alkynes have been studied at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. The reaction is controlled by LUMO (dipole)--HOMO (dipolarofile) and involves aromatic transition structures. The shape of the potential energy surface and the regioselectivity are not affected by the polarity of the solvents, except in the case of N2O + HC triple bond CSiH3. Different reactivity criteria including FMO coefficients product C, local softness differences Delta, magnetic susceptibility anisotropy chi(anis), and nucleus-independent chemical shifts NICS were used to predict the regioselectivity in all studied cases; the C, Delta criteria turn out to give the best results among them. The aromaticity of the transition structure is not a factor in determining the regiochemistry of the cycloaddtition reactions.