Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in amniotic fluid: implications in prenatal screening for cystic fibrosis

Expression and nature of the alkaline phosphatase gene in cultured osteosarcoma cells

The molecular mechanism for the differences in specific activity of alkaline phosphatase in six human osteosarcoma cell lines was investigated. Five of the lines expressed only the tissue-non-specific or liver/bone/kidney isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase. The sixth line had the lowest levels of alkaline phosphatase and this was determined to be a mixture of liver/bone/kidney isoenzyme and at least one other form. The mRNA of liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase was identified by Northern analysis in the three cell lines that expressed the largest amount of alkaline phosphatase catalytic activity. This mRNA was indistinguishable in size from that seen in control mRNA from normal kidney (2.5 kb). Southern analysis demonstrated that EcoRI or HindIII restriction fragment patterns and the intensity of the bands, of the liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase gene in the osteosarcoma cell lines were identical to that of the control DNA from normal peripheral blood leukocytes. Thus, the gene coding for liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase appears to be intact in all of these osteosarcoma cells and it is unlikely that rearrangement, deletion or amplification of the gene is responsible for its activation or inactivation. Slot blot analysis revealed varying amounts of the transcripts of the liver/bone/kidney isoenzyme in each of the cell lines. The best fit line of a plot of the log of the level of mRNA of alkaline phosphatase vs. the log of the specific activity of liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase was constructed. This gave a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.92 (P < 0.008), demonstrating a significant relationship between the two variables. It is likely that the regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity is at the transcriptional process rather than the translational or post-translational processes and that the specific activity of the enzyme may be controlled by the amount of steady-state mRNA of the liver/bone/kidney isoenzyme.

Human fetal intestinal alkaline phosphatase: molecular heterogeneity and immunological detection in amniotic fluids

Human fetal intestinal alkaline phosphatase (fIALP) is present in amniotic fluids as free dimers (Mr 140,000) or membrane-bound through phosphatidylinositol residues. Extraction of corresponding particulate material with Triton X-100, resulted in release of tetrameric high Mr fIALP forms (Mr 380,000). In individual amniotic fluids, as well as in meconeum, both dimeric and tetrameric fIALP are sialylated to various extents. When measured by a double sandwich-ELISA, up to 10-fold higher fIALP antigen levels were found in amniotic fluids than when determined by an enzyme antigen immunoassay, based upon fIALP enzyme activity measurements. Frequency analysis of fIALP antigen levels, showed a more symmetrical distribution than analysis of fIALP enzyme activities; likewise, the lower 95% confidence limit, calculated for the fIALP antigen distribution curve, overlapped less with the bulk of values. In cystic fibrosis amniotic fluids, measurements of fIALP antigen levels resulted in a lower false-negativity outcome than fIALP enzyme activity measurements, whereas in amniotic fluids of trisomy pregnancies fIALP enzyme activities and fIALP antigen levels were equally unpredictive.