1
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Zayakin IA, Petunin PV, Postnikov PS, Dmitriev AA, Gritsan NP, Dorovatovskii P, Korlyukov A, Fedin MV, Bogomyakov AS, Akyeva AY, Novikov RA, Shangin PG, Syroeshkin MA, Burykina JV, Tretyakov EV. Toward New Horizons in Verdazyl-Nitroxide High-Spin Systems: Thermally Robust Tetraradical with Quintet Ground State. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13666-13675. [PMID: 38709144 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
High-spin organic tetraradicals with significant intramolecular exchange interactions have high potential for advanced technological applications and fundamental research, but examples reported to date exhibit limited stability and processability. In this work, we designed the first tetraradical based on an oxoverdazyl core and nitronyl nitroxide radicals and successfully synthesized it using a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of an oxoverdazyl radical bearing three iodo-phenylene moieties with a gold(I) nitronyl nitroxide-2-ide complex in the presence of a recently developed efficient catalytic system. The molecular and crystal structures of the tetraradical were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The tetraradical possesses good thermal stability with decomposition onset at ∼125 °C in an inert atmosphere; in a toluene solution upon prolonged heating at 90 °C in air, no decomposition was observed. The resulting unique verdazyl-nitroxide conjugate was thoroughly studied using a range of experimental and theoretical techniques, such as SQUID magnetometry of polycrystalline powders, EPR spectroscopy in various matrices, cyclic voltammetry, and high-level quantum chemical calculations. All collected data confirm the high thermal stability of the resulting tetraradical and quintet multiplicity of its ground state, which makes the synthesis of this important paramagnet a new milestone in the field of creating high-spin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Zayakin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V Petunin
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | | | - Alexey A Dmitriev
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Nina P Gritsan
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | | | - Alexander Korlyukov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, 28 Vavilov Str., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Artem S Bogomyakov
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Ya Akyeva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Roman A Novikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel G Shangin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A Syroeshkin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Julia V Burykina
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny V Tretyakov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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Tretyakov E, Gorbunov D, Gritsan N, Keerthi A, Baumgarten M, Schollmeyer D, Ivanov M, Sergeeva A, Fedin M. Synthesis and photoinduced behavior of DPP-anchored nitronyl nitroxides: a multifaceted approach. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6178-6189. [PMID: 38375011 PMCID: PMC10875417 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00916a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding and controlling spin dynamics in organic dyes is of significant scientific and technological interest. The investigation of 2,5-dihydropyrrolo[4,3-c]pyrrolo-1,4-dione derivatives (DPPs), one of the most widely used dyes in many fields, has so far been limited to closed-shell molecules. We present a comprehensive joint experimental and computational study of DPP derivatives covalently linked to two nitronyl nitroxide radicals (DPPTh-NN2). Synthesis, single crystal X-ray diffraction study, photophysical properties, magnetic properties established using steady-state and pulse EPR, fast spin dynamics, and computational modelling using density functional theory and ab initio methods of electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of DPPTh-NN2 are presented. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of DPPTh-NN2 and computational modeling of its electronic structure suggest that effective conjugation along the backbone leads to noticeable spin-polarization transfer. Calculations using ab initio methods predict a weak exchange interaction of radical centers through a singlet ground state of DPPTh with a small singlet-triplet splitting (ΔEST) of about 25 cm-1 (∼0.07 kcal mol-1). In turn, a strong ferromagnetic exchange interaction between the triplet state of DPPTh chromophore and nitronyl nitroxides (with J ∼ 250 cm-1) was predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Tretyakov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Ave. 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Gorbunov
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion 3 Institutskaya Str. Novosibirsk 630090 Russian Federation
| | - Nina Gritsan
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion 3 Institutskaya Str. Novosibirsk 630090 Russian Federation
| | - Ashok Keerthi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester Oxford Road M13 9PL UK
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz D-55128 Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Mikhail Ivanov
- International Tomography Center 3a Institutskaya Str. Novosibirsk 630090 Russian Federation
| | - Anna Sergeeva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Ave. 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center 3a Institutskaya Str. Novosibirsk 630090 Russian Federation
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3
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Tretyakov EV, Zayakin IA, Dmitriev AA, Fedin MV, Romanenko GV, Bogomyakov AS, Akyeva AY, Syroeshkin MA, Yoshioka N, Gritsan NP. A Nitronyl Nitroxide-Substituted Benzotriazinyl Tetraradical. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303456. [PMID: 37988241 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
High-spin organic tetraradicals with significant intramolecular exchange interactions have high potential for advanced technological applications and fundamental research, but those synthesized to date possess limited stability and processability. In this work, we have designed a tetraradical based on the Blatter's radical and nitronyl nitroxide radical moieties and successfully synthesized it by using the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of a triiodo-derivative of the 1,2,4-benzotriazinyl radical with gold(I) nitronyl nitroxide-2-ide complex in the presence of a newly developed efficient catalytic system. The molecular and crystal structure of the tetraradical was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The tetraradical possesses good thermal stability with decomposition onset at ∼150 °C under an inert atmosphere and exhibits reversible redox waves at -0.54 and 0.45 V versus Ag/AgCl. The magnetic properties of the tetraradical were characterized by SQUID magnetometry of polycrystalline powders and EPR spectroscopy in various matrices. The collected data, analyzed by using high-level quantum chemical calculations, confirmed that the tetraradical has a triplet ground state and a nearby excited quintet state. The unique high stability of the prepared triazinyl-nitronylnitroxide tetraradical is a new milestone in the field of creating high-spin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny V Tretyakov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor A Zayakin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Dmitriev
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3a, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Galina V Romanenko
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3a, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Artem S Bogomyakov
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3a, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Ya Akyeva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A Syroeshkin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Naoki Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nina P Gritsan
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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Yu H, Sun J, Heine T. Predicting Magnetic Coupling and Spin-Polarization Energy in Triangulene Analogues. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37263582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Triangulene and its analogue metal-free magnetic systems have garnered increasing attention since their discovery. Predicting the magnetic coupling and spin-polarization energy with quantitative accuracy is beyond the predictive power of today's density functional theory (DFT) due to their intrinsic multireference character. Herein, we create a benchmark dataset of 25 magnetic systems with nonlocal spin densities, including the triangulene monomer, dimer, and their analogues. We calculate the magnetic coupling (J) and spin-polarization energy (ΔEspin) of these systems using complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and coupled-cluster methods as high-quality reference values. This reference data is then used to benchmark 22 DFT functionals commonly used in material science. Our results show that, while some functionals consistently correctly predict the qualitative character of the ground state, achieving quantitative accuracy with small relative errors is currently not feasible. PBE0, M06-2X, and MN15 are predicting the correct electronic ground state for all systems investigated here and also have the lowest mean absolute error for predicting both ΔEspin (0.34, 0.32, and 0.31 eV) and J (11.74, 12.66, and 10.64 meV). They may therefore also serve as starting points for higher-level methods such as the GW or the random phase approximation. As other functionals fail for the prediction of the ground state, they cannot be recommended for metal-free magnetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Yu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Thomas Heine
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04316 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University and IBS CNM, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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5
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Yamaguchi K, Shoji M, Isobe H, Kawakami T, Miyagawa K, Suga M, Akita F, Shen JR. Geometric, electronic and spin structures of the CaMn4O5 catalyst for water oxidation in oxygen-evolving photosystem II. Interplay between experiments and theoretical computations. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Fedyushin PA, Serykh AA, Vinogradov AS, Mezhenkova TV, Platonov VE, Nasyrova DI, Samigullina AI, Fedin MV, Zayakin IA, Tretyakov EV. Biradical with a polyfluorinated terphenylene backbone. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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7
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Zayakin IA, Korlyukov AA, Gorbunov DE, Gritsan NP, Akyeva AY, Syroeshkin MA, Stass DV, Tretyakov EV, Egorov MP. Au–Au Chemical Bonding in Nitronyl Nitroxide Gold(I) Derivatives. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Zayakin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Avenue 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A. Korlyukov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Street 28, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry E. Gorbunov
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- A.V. Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Nina P. Gritsan
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Ya. Akyeva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Avenue 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A. Syroeshkin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Avenue 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri V. Stass
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny V. Tretyakov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Avenue 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail P. Egorov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Avenue 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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8
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Mukoyoshi M, Maesato M, Kawaguchi S, Kubota Y, Cho K, Kitagawa Y, Kitagawa H. Systematic Tuning of the Magnetic Properties in Mixed-Metal MOF-74. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7226-7230. [PMID: 35506706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, mixed-metal metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been attracting much attention in various fields. In this study, we have systematically investigated the magnetic properties of CoxNi1-x-MOF-74 [Co2xNi2(1-x)(dhtp), where H4dhtp = 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid] with two different kinds of metals (Co and Ni) across the composition range 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Bimetallic CoxNi1-x-MOF-74 (x = 0.752, 0.458, and 0.233) were successfully synthesized and confirmed to have homogeneous metal distributions. Weak ferromagnetic (canted antiferromagnetic) behavior was exhibited, while homometallic Co-MOF-74 and Ni-MOF-74 are antiferromagnetic. We also investigated the effects of C2H4 sorption on the magnetic properties and found that C2H4-adsorbed Co0.5Ni0.5-MOF-74 exhibited a change in the interchain magnetic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Mukoyoshi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Maesato
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kubota
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Keigo Cho
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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9
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Tretyakov EV, Ovcharenko VI, Terent'ev AO, Krylov IB, Magdesieva TV, Mazhukin DG, Gritsan NP. Conjugated nitroxide radicals. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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The Density Functional Theory Account of Interplaying Long-Range Exchange and Dispersion Effects in Supramolecular Assemblies of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Spin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010045. [PMID: 35011275 PMCID: PMC8746733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons with fused benzene rings and regular triangular shapes, called n-triangulenes according to the number of rings on one edge, form groundstates with n-1 unpaired spins because of topological reasons. Here, we focus on methodological aspects emerging from the density functional theory (DFT) treatments of dimer models of the n = 2 triangulene (called also phenalenyl), observing that it poses interesting new problems to the issue of long-range corrections. Namely, the interaction comprises simultaneous spincoupling and van der Waals effects, i.e., a technical conjuncture not considered explicitly in the benchmarks calibrating long-range corrections for the DFT account of supramolecular systems. The academic side of considering dimer models for calculations and related analysis is well mirrored in experimental aspects, and synthetic literature revealed many compounds consisting of stacked phenalenyl cores, with intriguing properties, assignable to their long-range spin coupling. Thus, one may speculate that a thorough study assessing the performance of state-of-the-art DFT procedures has relevance for potential applications in spintronics based on organic compounds.
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11
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Robertson CM, Winter SM, Howard JAK, Probert MR, Oakley RT. Low temperature insights into the crystal and magnetic structure of a neutral radical ferromagnet. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10238-10241. [PMID: 34528050 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03842g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the radical ferromagnet 1a at 2 K reveals a contraction in the unit cell c constant which, at the molecular level, translates into a decrease in slippage of the radical π-stacks and an increase in ferromagnetic exchange interactions along the stacking axis. The results of BS-DFT calculations using long-range corrected functionals are consistent with an overall ferromagnetic topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Stephen M Winter
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | | | - Michael R Probert
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Richard T Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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12
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Buta MC, Frecus B, Enache M, Humelnicu I, Toader AM, Cimpoesu F. Intra- and Inter-Molecular Spin Coupling in Phenalenyl Dimeric Systems. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6893-6901. [PMID: 34353026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenalenyl is a triangular aromatic molecule made of three fused benzene rings, carrying an unpaired electron, and many of its derivatives show crystal structures with stacked radicals. Here, we investigate the inter-molecular binding in phenalenyl dimers by state-of-the-art computational methods and phenomenological models. Aside from being important for the supramolecular assembly of such radical molecules, the theoretical insight is relevant in methodological aspects, due to the interplay of long-range exchange coupling effects and van der Waals forces. We used comparative wave function-based and density functional theories. Drawing the potential energy surfaces as a function of inter-planar separation and mutual rotation of the monomer units, we found an interesting pattern which is not discovered in previous computational reports on the title systems. The dependence can be nicely interpreted by a transparent phenomenological model based on an orbital overlap paradigm of exchange coupling. We also brought forth a simplified phenomenological valence bond (VB) model of inter-molecular coupling, which is realized on the background of the VB spin model inside of the aromatic monomers and calibrated with the corresponding ab initio data. As the systems can be considered good candidates with potential applications in spintronics and organic magnetism, the theoretical rationalization opens up prospective ways to realize such promises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Buta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Frecus
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Enache
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionel Humelnicu
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Department, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Bulevardul Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana M Toader
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Fanica Cimpoesu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Tretyakov EV, Petunin PV, Zhivetyeva SI, Gorbunov DE, Gritsan NP, Fedin MV, Stass DV, Samoilova RI, Bagryanskaya IY, Shundrina IK, Bogomyakov AS, Kazantsev MS, Postnikov PS, Trusova ME, Ovcharenko VI. Platform for High-Spin Molecules: A Verdazyl-Nitronyl Nitroxide Triradical with Quartet Ground State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8164-8176. [PMID: 34019759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermally resistant air-stable organic triradicals with a quartet ground state and a large energy gap between spin states are still unique compounds. In this work, we succeeded to design and prepare the first highly stable triradical, consisting of oxoverdazyl and nitronyl nitroxide radical fragments, with a quartet ground state. The triradical and its diradical precursor were synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of diiodoverdazyl with nitronyl nitroxide-2-ide gold(I) complex. Both paramagnetic compounds were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, EPR spectroscopy in various matrices, and cyclic voltammetry. In the diradical, the verdazyl and nitronyl nitroxide centers demonstrated full reversibility of redox process, while for the triradical, the electrochemical reduction and oxidation proceed at practically the same redox potentials, but become quasi-reversible. A series of high-level CASSCF/NEVPT2 calculations was performed to predict inter- and intramolecular exchange interactions in crystals of di- and triradicals and to establish their magnetic motifs. Based on the predicted magnetic motifs, the temperature dependences of the magnetic susceptibility were analyzed, and the singlet-triplet (135 ± 10 cm-1) and doublet-quartet (17 ± 2 and 152 ± 19 cm-1) splitting was found to be moderate. Unique high stability of synthesized verdazyl-nitronylnitroxide triradical opens new perspectives for further functionalization and design of high-spin systems with four or more spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny V Tretyakov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V Petunin
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave. 30, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana I Zhivetyeva
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry E Gorbunov
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Nina P Gritsan
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri V Stass
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Rimma I Samoilova
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Yu Bagryanskaya
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Inna K Shundrina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Artem S Bogomyakov
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim S Kazantsev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel S Postnikov
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave. 30, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Marina E Trusova
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave. 30, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Victor I Ovcharenko
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
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14
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Kliuikov A, Bukrynov O, Čižmár E, Váhovská L, Vitushkina S, Samoľová E, Potočňák I. Syntheses, structures and magnetic properties of two isostructural dicyanamide-bridged 2D polymers. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00726b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complexes [Co(biq)(μ1,5-dca)2]n (1) and [Ni(biq)(μ1,5-dca)2]n (2) (biq is 2,2′-biquinoline, dca is dicyanamide anion, N(CN)2−) have been characterized by crystal structure analysis, and spectral and magnetic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Kliuikov
- P. J. Šafárik University in Košice
- Faculty of Science
- Institute of Physics
- SK-041 54 Košice
- Slovakia
| | - Oleksandr Bukrynov
- V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- UA-61022 Kharkiv
- Ukraine
| | - Erik Čižmár
- P. J. Šafárik University in Košice
- Faculty of Science
- Institute of Physics
- SK-041 54 Košice
- Slovakia
| | - Lucia Váhovská
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice
- Department of Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Biophysics
- SK-041 84 Košice
- Slovakia
| | - Svitlana Vitushkina
- V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- UA-61022 Kharkiv
- Ukraine
| | - Erika Samoľová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 182 21 Prague 8
- Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Potočňák
- P. J. Šafárik University in Košice
- Faculty of Science
- Institute of Chemistry
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- SK-041 54 Košice
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15
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Kadilenko EM, Gritsan NP, Tretyakov EV, Fokin SV, Romanenko GV, Bogomyakov AS, Gorbunov DE, Schollmeyer D, Baumgarten M, Ovcharenko VI. A black-box approach to the construction of metal-radical multispin systems and analysis of their magnetic properties. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16916-16927. [PMID: 33188374 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03184d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An interaction of M(hfac)2 (M = Mn or Ni) with N-(bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-3-oxido-1-oxyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methylene)-2-methyl-propan-2-amine oxide (a nitronyl nitroxide diradical with the >C[double bond, length as m-dash]N(O)-tert-Bu coupler) was investigated under various conditions. It was found that prolongation of reaction time caused transformation of the initial diradical into new diradicals with the unique >C[double bond, length as m-dash]N-OH coupling unit and formation of binuclear Mn(ii) and Ni(ii) complexes, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. The resulting binuclear heterospin complexes have a complicated magnetic structure with six paramagnetic centers and a number of exchange interaction channels between them, as well as between neighboring complexes. To adequately describe the magnetic properties of these complexes, high-level ab initio calculations of their electronic structure and parameters of the spin-Hamiltonian were carried out. The accuracy of the conventional broken-symmetry density functional theory approach in the calculation of the exchange interaction parameters was also verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Kadilenko
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 3 Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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16
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Synthesis of Nitroxide Diradical Using a New Approach. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112701. [PMID: 32545156 PMCID: PMC7321179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A new synthetic pathway to diradical organic systems is proposed. The effectiveness of this approach was exemplified by the synthesis of a new nitroxide diradical. An interaction of perfluorobiphenyl with lithium tert-butylamide, followed by oxidation of the thusly formed N4,N4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-octafluorobiphenyl-4,4′-diamine with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, led to the polyfluorinated nitroxide diradical, N,N′-(perfluorobiphenyl-4,4′-diyl)bis(N-tert-butyl(oxyl)amine), with a good total yield. The polyfluorinated diradical is stable and can be isolated in free form and completely characterized. The structure of the nitroxide diradical was proved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. According to the X-ray diffraction data, the diradical is considerably twisted: dihedral angles between the planes of the nitroxide groups and aromatic cycles are 65.1° and 69.5°, and between aromatic cycles 52.6°. Quantum chemical calculations predict well-balanced size of both intramolecular and intermolecular exchange interactions with J from −2.65 to −1.14 cm−1.
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17
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Puskarevsky NA, Smolentsev AI, Dmitriev AA, Vargas-Baca I, Gritsan NP, Beckmann J, Zibarev AV. Bis(2,1,3-benzotelluradiazolidyl)2,1,3-benzotelluradiazole: a pair of radical anions coupled by TeN chalcogen bonding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1113-1116. [PMID: 31894772 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08110k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of 2,1,3-benzotelluradiazole (3) yielded a crystalline solid that features a trimeric dianion formally composed of two [3]˙- and one 3 bridged by unusually asymmetric TeN chalcogen bonds. The solid is diamagnetic due to strong antiferromagnetic coupling, as revealed by CASSCF/CASPT2 and BS-DFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay A Puskarevsky
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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18
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Importance of the iron-sulfur component and of the siroheme modification in the resting state of sulfite reductase. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110928. [PMID: 31756559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The active site of sulfite reductase (SiR) consists of an unusual siroheme-Fe4S4 assembly coupled via a cysteinate sulfur, and serves for multi-electron reduction reactions. Clear explanations have not been demonstrated for the reasons behind the choice of siroheme (vs. other types of heme) or for the single-atom coupling to an Fe4S4 center (as opposed to simple adjacency or to coupling via chains consisting of more than one atom). Possible explanations for these choices have previously been invoked, relating to the control of the spin state of the substrate-binding (siro)heme iron, modulation of the trans effect of the (Fe4S4-bound) cysteinate, or modulation of the redox potential. Reported here is a density functional theory (DFT) investigation of the structural interplay (in terms of geometry, molecular orbitals and magnetic interactions) between the siroheme and the Fe4S4 center as well as the importance of the covalent modifications within siroheme compared to the more common heme b, aiming to verify the role of the siroheme modification and of the Fe4S4 cluster at the SiR active site, with focus on previously-formulated hypotheses (geometrical/sterics, spin state, redox and electron-transfer control). A calibration of various DFT methods/variants for the correct description of ground state spin multiplicity is performed using a set of problematic cases of bioinorganic Fe centers; out of 11 functionals tested, M06-L and B3LYP offer the best results - though none of them correctly predict the spin state for all test cases. Upon examination of the relative energies of spin states, reduction potentials, energy decomposition (electrostatic, exchange-repulsion, orbital relaxation, correlation and dispersion interactions) and Mayer bond indices in SiR models, the following main roles of the siroheme and cubane are identified: (1) the cubane cofactor decreases the reduction potential of the siroheme and stabilizes the siroheme-cysteine bond interaction, and (2) the siroheme removes the quasi-degeneracy between the intermediate and high-spin states found in ferrous systems by preserving the latter as ground state; the higher-spin preference and the increased accessibility of multiple spin states are likely to be important in selective binding of the substrate and of the subsequent reaction intermediates, and in efficient changes in redox states throughout the catalytic cycle.
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19
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Konieczny P, Gonzalez-Guillén AB, Luberda-Durnaś K, ČiŽmár E, Pełka R, Oszajca M, Łasocha W. 1D coordination polymer (OPD) 2Co IISO 4 showing SMM behaviour and multiple relaxation modes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7560-7570. [PMID: 30941384 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel one-dimensional CoII coordination polymer (OPD)2CoIISO4 was formed from alternating tetrahedral sulphate anions, Co centers and molecules of 1,2-phenylenediamine (OPD). The thermal stability of the structure was confirmed up to ∼230 °C using thermogravimetry and non-ambient powder X-ray diffraction in air. The distorted pseudo-octahedral coordination sphere of CoII ions promotes strong magnetic anisotropy. Therefore (OPD)2CoIISO4 was subjected to thorough characterization with ab initio and DFT calculations along with dc magnetic measurements both of which point to strong easy-axis anisotropy (D/kB≈-87 K, E/kB≈ 23 K). The analysis of ac susceptibility revealed field assisted magnetic relaxation in two field regimes: a low field one with one relaxation time and a high field one where three relaxation times were distinguished. The main role in relaxations of the fastest process (τ1) was attributed to the direct and Raman processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Konieczny
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland.
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20
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Huang J, Wang Y, Xu L, Liu Y, Zhou G, Li J, Li Z. Theoretical insights into the effect of heterocycles of the molecular framework on photochromic magnetic properties of diarylethene compounds. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangen Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJinggangshan University Ji'an China
| | - Yin‐Feng Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJinggangshan University Ji'an China
| | - Ling Xu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJinggangshan University Ji'an China
| | - Yun‐Meng Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJinggangshan University Ji'an China
| | - Guangpei Zhou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJinggangshan University Ji'an China
| | - Jia Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJinggangshan University Ji'an China
| | - Zhi‐Ru Li
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University Changchun China
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21
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Yutronkie NJ, Bates D, Dube PA, Winter SM, Robertson CM, Brusso JL, Oakley RT. Three-Dimensional Magnetic Exchange Networks in Trigonal Bisdithiazolyl Radicals. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:419-427. [PMID: 30570252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine-bridged bisdithiazolyl radical PhBPMe is polymorphic, crystallizing from cold acetonitrile in a trigonal α-phase, space group P3121, and from hot dichloroethane in an orthorhombic β-phase, space group Pca21. The crystal structures of both phases consist of slipped π-stacks of undimerized radicals aligned laterally into herringbone arrays. In the β-phase, there are two independent radicals in the asymmetric unit, and the resulting π-stacks form corrugated layers interspersed by methyl and phenyl groups which block the approach of neighboring radicals. In the α-phase, the methyl/phenyl groups and the radical π-stacks separately form spirals about 31 axes, the latter giving rise to a 3D network of close radical/radical contacts. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements on the β-phase indicate strong antiferromagnetic coupling. Weaker but predominantly antiferromagnetic interactions (θ = -20.7 K) are observed in the α-phase. A high temperature series expansion analysis of the magnetic data for the α-phase affords antiferromagnetic exchange energies for the one- and two-step radical/radical interactions about the 31 spirals ( J1 = -1.2 K, J2 = -10.9 K, respectively), with weak ferromagnetic interactions along the π-stacks ( Jπ = +1.8 K). Despite the presence of a 3D network based on the dominant J2 interactions, which affords two independent bipartite sublattices, no evidence of bulk antiferromagnetic order has been observed above T = 2 K. The magnetic results are discussed in light of exchange energies calculated using density functional theory broken symmetry methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Yutronkie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Demetris Bates
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Dube
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4M1 , Canada
| | - Stephen M Winter
- Institut für Theoretische Physik , Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main 60438 , Germany
| | - Craig M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Jaclyn L Brusso
- Department of Chemistry , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Richard T Oakley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
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22
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Hfidhi N, Korb M, Fitta M, Čižmár E, Lang H, Naïli H. Magneto-electronic properties and structural features of unusual bis(μ-aqua) bis(μ-sulfato) bridges in binuclear cobalt-based 4-aminopyridine. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Shoji M, Isobe H, Yamanaka S, Umena Y, Kawakami K, Kamiya N, Yamaguchi K. Theoretical Elucidation of Geometrical Structures of the CaMn4O5 Cluster in Oxygen Evolving Complex of Photosystem II Scope and Applicability of Estimation Formulae of Structural Deformations via the Mixed-Valence and Jahn–Teller Effects. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiq.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Potočňák I, Bukrynov O, Ráczová K, Čiǽmár E, Vitushkina S, Váhovská L, Dušek M, Štarha P. Low-dimensional compounds containing cyanido groups. Part XXXV. Structure, spectral, thermal and magnetic properties of a binuclear Cu II-biquinoline complex with bridging and terminal dicyanamide ligands. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 74:1469-1476. [PMID: 30398203 DOI: 10.1107/s205322961801375x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
From the system CuCl2-biq-NaN(CN)2 (biq is 2,2'-biquinoline), the binuclear molecular complex bis(μ-dicyanamido-κ2N1:N5)bis[(2,2'-biquinoline-κ2N,N')(dicyanamido-κN1)copper(II)], [Cu2(C2N3)4(C18H12N2)2] or [Cu2(biq)2(dca)2(μ1,5-dca)2] (1) [dca is dicyanamide, N(CN)2-] was isolated and characterized by crystal structure analysis, and spectral, thermal and magnetic measurements. IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the biq and dca ligands in 1. Its solid-state structure consists of discrete centrosymmetric binuclear copper(II) units with double end-to-end dca bridges. Each CuII atom is in a distorted square-pyramidal environment with the equatorial plane formed by two nitrile N atoms from bridging dca groups, one of the two N atoms of the chelate biq molecule and one nitrile N atom from a terminal dca ligand, whereas the second biq N atom occupies the axial position. Thermal decomposition of 1 in an air atmosphere proceeds gradually, with copper(I) cyanide being the final decomposition product. Magnetic measurements revealed the formation of alternating spin chains and a relatively strong exchange interaction within the binuclear units was also confirmed by Broken Symmetry DFT (density functional theory) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Potočňák
- P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Moyzesova 11, Košice, SK-041 54, Slovak Republic
| | - Oleksandr Bukrynov
- V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Svobody sq. 4, Kharkiv, UA-61022, Ukraine
| | - Katarína Ráczová
- P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Faculty of Science, Institute of Physics, Park Angelinum 9, Košice, SK-041 54, Slovak Republic
| | - Erik Čiǽmár
- P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Faculty of Science, Institute of Physics, Park Angelinum 9, Košice, SK-041 54, Slovak Republic
| | - Svitlana Vitushkina
- V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Svobody sq. 4, Kharkiv, UA-61022, Ukraine
| | - Lucia Váhovská
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry, Komenského 73, Košice, SK-041 84, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Dušek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Praha 8, CZ-182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Štarha
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
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25
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Huang J, Wang YF, Zhou G, Li J, Li ZR. Theoretical insights into the magneto-structural correlation: Comparison between series of copper(I) and silver(I) metal complexes with nitronyl nitroxide radicals. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - T. B. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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27
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Shuku Y, Hirai Y, Semenov NA, Kadilenko E, Gritsan NP, Zibarev AV, Rakitin OA, Awaga K. 3D molecular network and magnetic ordering, formed by multi-dentate magnetic couplers, bis(benzene)chromium(i) and [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c][1,2,5]thiadiazolidyl. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:9897-9902. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02214c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The bis(benzene)chromium(i) salt of [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c][1,2,5]thiadiazolyl radical-anion formed a 3D network structure and realized a magnetically ordered state below 8 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Shuku
- Department of Chemistry and IRCCS
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Yuta Hirai
- Department of Chemistry and IRCCS
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Nikolay A. Semenov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Evgeny Kadilenko
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Department of Physics
| | - Nina P. Gritsan
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Department of Physics
| | - Andrey V. Zibarev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Department of Physics
| | - Oleg A. Rakitin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Kunio Awaga
- Department of Chemistry and IRCCS
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
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28
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Roemelt M, Krewald V, Pantazis DA. Exchange Coupling Interactions from the Density Matrix Renormalization Group and N-Electron Valence Perturbation Theory: Application to a Biomimetic Mixed-Valence Manganese Complex. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 14:166-179. [PMID: 29211960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The accurate description of magnetic level energetics in oligonuclear exchange-coupled transition-metal complexes remains a formidable challenge for quantum chemistry. The density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) brings such systems for the first time easily within reach of multireference wave function methods by enabling the use of unprecedentedly large active spaces. But does this guarantee systematic improvement in predictive ability and, if so, under which conditions? We identify operational parameters in the use of DMRG using as a test system an experimentally characterized mixed-valence bis-μ-oxo/μ-acetato Mn(III,IV) dimer, a model for the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. A complete active space of all metal 3d and bridge 2p orbitals proved to be the smallest meaningful starting point; this is readily accessible with DMRG and greatly improves on the unrealistic metal-only configuration interaction or complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) values. Orbital optimization is critical for stabilizing the antiferromagnetic state, while a state-averaged approach over all spin states involved is required to avoid artificial deviations from isotropic behavior that are associated with state-specific calculations. Selective inclusion of localized orbital subspaces enables probing the relative contributions of different ligands and distinct superexchange pathways. Overall, however, full-valence DMRG-CASSCF calculations fall short of providing a quantitative description of the exchange coupling owing to insufficient recovery of dynamic correlation. Quantitatively accurate results can be achieved through a DMRG implementation of second order N-electron valence perturbation theory (NEVPT2) in conjunction with a full-valence metal and ligand active space. Perspectives for future applications of DMRG-CASSCF/NEVPT2 to exchange coupling in oligonuclear clusters are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roemelt
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-University Bochum , 44780 Bochum, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Coal Research, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Vera Krewald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios A Pantazis
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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29
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Haraguchi M, Tretyakov E, Gritsan N, Romanenko G, Gorbunov D, Bogomyakov A, Maryunina K, Suzuki S, Kozaki M, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T, Nishihara S, Inoue K, Okada K. (Azulene-1,3-diyl)-bis(nitronyl nitroxide) and (Azulene-1,3-diyl)-bis(iminonitroxide) and Their Copper Complexes. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2929-2941. [PMID: 28940948 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to diradicals connected by alternant hydrocarbons, only a few studies on those connected by nonalternant hydrocarbons have been reported. The syntheses, structures, and magnetic properties of azulene-1,3-diyl linked bis(nitronyl nitroxide) (NN2 Az) and bis(iminonitroxide) (IN2 Az) diradicals and their Cu(hfac)2 (hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate) complexes were investigated. NN2 Az was shown to have an intramolecular ferromagnetic interaction with Jobs /kB =+10.0 K (H=-2JS1 ⋅S2 ) between (nitronyl nitroxide) spins, whereas IN2 Az was estimated to have a much weaker intramolecular magnetic interaction. The reactions of NN2 Az and IN2 Az with Cu(hfac)2 gave a 1:2 [{Cu(hfac)2 }2 (NN2 Az)] complex and a 1:1 [Cu(hfac)2 (IN2 Az)]⋅C6 H12 complex, respectively. [{Cu(hfac)2 }2 (NN2 Az)] showed strong intramolecular antiferromagnetic interactions (J1-Cu-R /kB ≈-800 K, J2-Cu-R /kB ≈-500 K) between the CuII spins and the coordinating NN spins, whereas [Cu(hfac)2 (IN2 Az)] exhibited a ferromagnetic exchange interaction (Jobs-Cu-R /kB =+114 K) between the CuII spin and the imino-coordinated iminonitroxide spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Haraguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Evgeny Tretyakov
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ak. Lavrentiev Avenue 9, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nina Gritsan
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 3 ul. Institutskaya, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Romanenko
- International Tomography Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3a ul. Institutskaya, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Gorbunov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 3 ul. Institutskaya, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Artem Bogomyakov
- International Tomography Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3a ul. Institutskaya, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Kseniya Maryunina
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Center for Chiral Science and Institute for Advanced Materials Research, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiomi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Sadafumi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Center for Chiral Science and Institute for Advanced Materials Research, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Katsuya Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Center for Chiral Science and Institute for Advanced Materials Research, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Keiji Okada
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,The Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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30
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Ferbinteanu M, Stroppa A, Scarrozza M, Humelnicu I, Maftei D, Frecus B, Cimpoesu F. On The Density Functional Theory Treatment of Lanthanide Coordination Compounds: A Comparative Study in a Series of Cu-Ln (Ln = Gd, Tb, Lu) Binuclear Complexes. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:9474-9485. [PMID: 28782949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nontrivial aspects of electron structure in lanthanide complexes, considering ligand field (LF) and exchange coupling effects, have been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, taking as a prototypic case study a series of binuclear complexes [LCu(O2COMe)Ln(thd)2], where L2- = N,N'-2,2-dimethyl-propylene-di(3-methoxy-salicylidene-iminato) and Ln = Tb, Lu, and Gd. Particular attention has been devoted to the Cu-Tb complex, which shows a quasi-degenerate nonrelativistic ground state. Challenging the limits of density functional theory (DFT), we devised a practical route to obtain different convergent solutions, permuting the starting guess orbitals in a manner resembling the run of the β electron formally originating from the f8 configuration of the Tb(III) over seven molecular orbitals (MOs) with predominant f-type character. Although the obtained states cannot be claimed as the DFT computed split of the 7F multiplet, the results are yet interesting numeric experiments, relevant for the ligand field effects. We also performed broken symmetry (BS) DFT estimation of exchange coupling in the Cu-Gd system, using different settings, with Gaussian-type and plane-wave bases, finding a good match with the coupling parameter from experimental data. We also caught BS-type states for each of the mentioned series of different states emulated for the Cu-Tb complex, finding almost equal exchange coupling parameters throughout the seven LF-like configurations, the magnitude of the J parameter being comparable with those of the Cu-Gd system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Ferbinteanu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bucharest , Dumbrava Rosie 23, Bucharest 020462, Romania
| | - Alessandro Stroppa
- SPIN Institute of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , L'Aquila 67100, Italy.,International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, and Physics Department, Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Marco Scarrozza
- SPIN Institute of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Ionel Humelnicu
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Department, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University , 11 Bd. Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dan Maftei
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Department, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University , 11 Bd. Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Frecus
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Splaiul Independentei 202, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | - Fanica Cimpoesu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Splaiul Independentei 202, Bucharest 060021, Romania
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31
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Mailman A, Wong JWL, Winter SM, Claridge RCM, Robertson CM, Assoud A, Yong W, Steven E, Dube PA, Tse JS, Desgreniers S, Secco RA, Oakley RT. Fine Tuning the Performance of Multiorbital Radical Conductors by Substituent Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1625-1635. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mailman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joanne W. L. Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stephen M. Winter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Craig M. Robertson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Abdeljalil Assoud
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wenjun Yong
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Eden Steven
- Department
of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Paul A. Dube
- Brockhouse
Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - John S. Tse
- Department
of Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Serge Desgreniers
- Department
of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Richard A. Secco
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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32
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Arauzo A, Bartolomé E, Benniston AC, Melnic S, Shova S, Luzón J, Alonso PJ, Barra AL, Bartolomé J. Slow magnetic relaxation in a dimeric Mn2Ca2 complex enabled by the large Mn(iii) rhombicity. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:720-732. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A large single-ion transverse anisotropy at Mn(iii) sites induces slow magnetic relaxation at zero magnetic field of the ferromagnetic Mn dimers in a singular Mn2Ca2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Arauzo
- Servicio de Medidas Físicas
- Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Elena Bartolomé
- Escola Universitària Salesiana de Sarrià (EUSS)
- 08017 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Andrew C. Benniston
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle-upon-Tyne
- UK
| | - Silvia Melnic
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academy of Sciences of Moldova
- Chisinau
- Moldova
| | - Sergiu Shova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry “Petru Poni” Iasi
- 700487 Iasi
- Romania
| | - Javier Luzón
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa
- Academia General Militar
- Zaragoza
- Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada
| | - Pablo J. Alonso
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada
- CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Anne-Laure Barra
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses
- CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes
- 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | - Juan Bartolomé
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada
- CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
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33
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Chulanova EA, Pritchina EA, Malaspina LA, Grabowsky S, Mostaghimi F, Beckmann J, Bagryanskaya IY, Shakhova MV, Konstantinova LS, Rakitin OA, Gritsan NP, Zibarev AV. New Charge-Transfer Complexes with 1,2,5-Thiadiazoles as Both Electron Acceptors and Donors Featuring an Unprecedented Addition Reaction. Chemistry 2016; 23:852-864. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Chulanova
- Department of Natural Sciences; Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion; Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Elena A. Pritchina
- Department of Natural Sciences; Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Lorraine A. Malaspina
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography; University of Bremen; 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography; University of Bremen; 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Farzin Mostaghimi
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography; University of Bremen; 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography; University of Bremen; 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Irina Yu. Bagryanskaya
- Department of Natural Sciences; Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | | | - Lidia S. Konstantinova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russia
- Education and Research Center for Nanotechnology; South Ural State University; 454080 Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Oleg A. Rakitin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russia
- Education and Research Center for Nanotechnology; South Ural State University; 454080 Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Nina P. Gritsan
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion; Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Physics; Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Andrey V. Zibarev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Physics; Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
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34
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Postulka L, Winter SM, Mihailov AG, Mailman A, Assoud A, Robertson CM, Wolf B, Lang M, Oakley RT. Spin Frustration in an Organic Radical Ion Salt Based on a Kagome-Coupled Chain Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10738-41. [PMID: 27537064 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electro-oxidation of the quinoidal bisdithiazole BT in dichloroethane in the presence of [Bu4N][GaBr4] affords the 1:1 radical ion salt [BT][GaBr4], crystals of which belong to the trigonal space group P3. The packing pattern of the radical cations provides a rare example of an organic kagome basket structure, with S = 1/2 radical ion chains located at the triangular corners of a trihexagonal lattice. Magnetic measurements over a wide temperature range from 30 mK to 300 K suggest strongly frustrated AFM interactions on the scale of J/kb ∼ 30 K, but reveal no anomalies that would be associated with magnetic order. These observations are discussed in terms of the symmetry allowed magnetic interactions within and between the frustrated layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Postulka
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Stephen M Winter
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Adam G Mihailov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Abdeljalil Assoud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Craig M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Wolf
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Michael Lang
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Richard T Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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35
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Lekin K, Ogata K, Maclean A, Mailman A, Winter SM, Assoud A, Mito M, Tse JS, Desgreniers S, Hirao N, Dube PA, Oakley RT. Pushing TC to 27.5 K in a heavy atom radical ferromagnet. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13877-13880. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07142b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the solid state the iodo-substituted bisdiselenazolyl radical 1c orders as a bulk ferromagnet with TC = 10.5 K. With the application of pressure TC rises rapidly, reaching a value of 27.5 K at 2.4 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lekin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Kazuma Ogata
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu Institute of Technology
- Kitakyushu 804-8550
- Japan
| | - Adrian Maclean
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | | | | | - Masaki Mito
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu Institute of Technology
- Kitakyushu 804-8550
- Japan
| | - John S. Tse
- Department of Physics
- University of Saskatchewan
- Saskatoon
- Canada
| | - Serge Desgreniers
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides Denses
- Department of Physics
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Naohisa Hirao
- Materials Science Division
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute
- SPring-8
- Sayo
- Japan
| | - Paul A. Dube
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
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36
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Shit M, Maity S, Bera S, Weyhermüller T, Ghosh P. Coordination of o-benzosemiquinonate, o-iminobenzosemiquinonate, 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline anion radicals to oxidovanadium(iv). NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02220k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Coordination of semiquinonate and heterocyclic α-diimine anion radicals to oxidovanadium(iv) is authenticated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan Shit
- Department of Chemistry
- R. K. Mission Residential College
- Kolkata-103
- India
| | - Suvendu Maity
- Department of Chemistry
- R. K. Mission Residential College
- Kolkata-103
- India
| | - Sachinath Bera
- Department of Chemistry
- R. K. Mission Residential College
- Kolkata-103
- India
| | | | - Prasanta Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- R. K. Mission Residential College
- Kolkata-103
- India
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37
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Baniasadi F, Tehranchi MM, Fathi MB, Safari N, Amani V. Intra-molecular magnetic exchange interaction in the tripyridinium bis[tetrachloroferrate(iii)] chloride molecular magnet: a broken symmetry-DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:19119-25. [PMID: 26126887 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02770e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of magnetic ordering in magnetic molecular conductors is the subject of ongoing research studies in the fields of condensed matter physics, chemistry and material sciences. Following the photo-magnetic behavior already observed in individual (FeCl4)2(py·H)3Cl molecules at room temperature, magnetic ordering is studied in this work. Calculations are performed using spin projected broken symmetry via density functional theory within the scheme of the B3LYP approximation. The value of the intra-molecular magnetic coupling constant is obtained as J = 13.2062 kJ mol(-1). A field dependent magnetization experiment is conducted to validate the magnitude and the sign of the exchange constant. Reasonable consistency of experimental and theoretical results confirms the presence of a positive intra-molecular indirect exchange interaction. This work paves the way for possible introduction of a new molecule in the development of advanced molecular electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baniasadi
- Physics Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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38
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Pushkarevsky NA, Semenov NA, Dmitriev AA, Kuratieva NV, Bogomyakov AS, Irtegova IG, Vasilieva NV, Bode BE, Gritsan NP, Konstantinova LS, Woollins JD, Rakitin OA, Konchenko SN, Ovcharenko VI, Zibarev AV. Synthesis and Properties of the Heterospin (S1 = S2 = 1/2) Radical-Ion Salt Bis(mesitylene)molybdenum(I) [1,2,5]Thiadiazolo[3,4-c][1,2,5]thiadiazolidyl. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:7007-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bela E. Bode
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - J. Derek Woollins
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg A. Rakitin
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Andrey V. Zibarev
- Department of Chemistry, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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39
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Dinsdale DR, Lough AJ, Lemaire MT. Structure and magnetic properties of an unusual homoleptic iron(III) thiocyanate dimer. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:11077-82. [PMID: 25996241 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00743g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the structural and variable temperature magnetic susceptibility properties of an unusual homoleptic bimetallic iron(III) thiocyanate tetraanion. This work represents the first structurally characterized bis(μ-1,3-thiocyanato) dimer of iron(III). A weak antiferromagnetic exchange interaction is observed between the two iron(III) ions, which is supported by broken symmetry density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Dinsdale
- Department of Chemistry, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada.
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40
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Tolstikov S, Tretyakov E, Fokin S, Suturina E, Romanenko G, Bogomyakov A, Stass D, Maryasov A, Fedin M, Gritsan N, Ovcharenko V. C(sp(2))-coupled nitronyl nitroxide and iminonitroxide diradicals. Chemistry 2015; 20:2793-803. [PMID: 24677167 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Spin-labelled compounds are widely used in chemistry, physics, biology and the materials sciences but the synthesis of stable high-spin organic molecules is still a challenge. We succeeded in synthesising heteroatom analogues of the 1,1,2,3,3-pentamethylenepropane (PMP) diradicals with two nitronyl nitroxide (DR1) and with two iminonitroxide (DR2) fragments linked through the C(sp2) atom of the nitrone group. According to magnetic susceptibility measurements, EPR data and ab initio calculations at the (8,6)CASSCF and (8,6)NEVPT2 levels, DR1 and DR2 have singlet ground states. The singlet–triplet energy splitting (2J) is low (J/k=−7.4 for DR1 and −6.0 K for DR2), which comes from the disjoint nature of these diradicals. The reaction of [Cu(hfac)2] with DR1 gives rise to different heterospin complexes in which the diradical acts as a rigid ligand, retaining its initial conformation. For the [{Cu(hfac)2}2(DR1)(H2O)] complex, sufficiently strong ferromagnetic interactions (J1/k=42.7 and J2/k=14.1 K) between two coordinating CuII ions and DR1 were revealed. In [{Cu(hfac)2}2(DR1)(H2O)][Cu(hfac)2(H2O)], the very strong and antiferromagnetic (J/k=−416.1 K) exchange interaction between one of the coordinating CuII ions and DR1 is caused by the very short equatorial CuO bond length (1.962 Å).
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41
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Winter SM, Hill S, Oakley RT. Magnetic Ordering and Anisotropy in Heavy Atom Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3720-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Winter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Stephen Hill
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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42
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Maity S, Kundu S, Weyhermüller T, Ghosh P. Tris(2,2'-azobispyridine) complexes of copper(II): X-ray structures, reactivities, and the radical nonradical bis(ligand) analogues. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:1300-13. [PMID: 25650719 DOI: 10.1021/ic502750u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tris(abpy) complexes of types mer-[Cu(II)(abpy)3][PF6]2 (mer-1(2+)[PF6(–)]2) and ctc-[Cu(II)(abpy)2(bpy)][PF6]2 (ctc-2(2+)[PF6(–)]2) were successfully isolated and characterized by spectra and single-crystal X-ray structure determinations (abpy = 2,2′-azobispyridine; bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine). Reactions of mer-1(2+) and ctc-2(2+) ions with catechol, o-aminophenol, p-phenylenediamine, and diphenylamine (Ph–NH–Ph) in 2:1 molar ratio afford [CuI(abpy)2](+) (3(+)) and corresponding quinone derivatives. The similar reactions of [Cu(II)(bpy)3](2+) and [Cu(II)(phen)3](2+) with these substrates yielding [Cu(I)(bpy)2](+) and [Cu(I)(phen)2](+) imply that these complexes undergo reduction-induced ligand dissociation reactions (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). The average −N═N– lengths in mer-1(2+)[PF6(–)]2 and ctc-2(2+)[PF6(–)]2 are 1.248(4), while that in 3(+)[PF6(–)]·2CH2Cl2 is relatively longer, 1.275(2) Å, due to dCu → πazo* back bonding. In cyclic voltammetry, mer-1(2+) exhibits one quasi-reversible wave at −0.42 V due to Cu(II)/Cu(I) and abpy/abpy(•–) couples and two reversible waves at −0.90 and −1.28 V due to abpy/abpy(•–) couple, while those of ctc-2(2+) ion appear at −0.44, −0.86, and −1.10 V versus Fc(+)/Fc couple. The anodic 3(2+)/3(+) and the cathodic 3(+)/3 redox waves at +0.33 and −0.40 V are reversible. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra and density functional theory (DFT) calculations authenticated the existence of abpy anion radical (abpy(•–)) in 3, which is defined as a hybrid state of [Cu(I)(abpy(0.5•–))(abpy(0.5•–))] and [Cu(II)(abpy(•–))(abpy(•–))] states. 3(2+) ion is a neutral abpy complex of copper(II) of type [Cu(II)(abpy)2](2+). 3 exhibits a near-IR absorption band at 2400–3000 nm because of the intervalence ligand-to-ligand charge transfer, elucidated by time-dependent DFT calculations in CH2Cl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Maity
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College , Narendrapur, Kolkata-103, India
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Lankelma M, de Boer J, Ferbinteanu M, Dantas Ramos AL, Tanasa R, Rothenberg G, Tanase S. A novel one-dimensional chain built of vanadyl ions and pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylate. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:11380-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01628b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Stand in line – a vanadium salt and a pyrazine ligand self-assemble to a linear coordination polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lankelma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- Science Park 904
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Boer
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- Science Park 904
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Marilena Ferbinteanu
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Department
- University of Bucharest
- Bucharest 020462
- Romania
| | - André Luis Dantas Ramos
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- Science Park 904
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Radu Tanasa
- Department of Physics & CARPATH
- “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi
- Iasi 700506
- Romania
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- Science Park 904
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Stefania Tanase
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- Science Park 904
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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44
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Vignesh KR, Langley SK, Murray KS, Rajaraman G. What controls the magnetic exchange interaction in mixed- and homo-valent Mn7 disc-like clusters? A theoretical perspective. Chemistry 2014; 21:2881-92. [PMID: 25524418 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) studies have been undertaken to compute the magnetic exchange and to probe the origin of the magnetic interactions in two hetero- and two homo-valent heptanuclear manganese disc-like clusters, of formula [Mn(II) 4 Mn(IV) 3 (tea)(teaH2 )3 (peolH)4 ] (1), [Mn(II) 4 Mn(III) 3 F3 (tea)(teaH)(teaH2 )2 (piv)4 (Hpiv)(chp)3 ] (2), [Mn(II) 7 (pppd)6 (tea)(OH)3 ] (3) and [Mn(II) 7 (paa)6 (OMe)6 ] (4) (teaH3 =triethanolamine, peolH4 =pentaerythritol, Hpiv=pivalic acid, Hchp=6-chloro-2-hydroxypyridine, pppd=1-phenyl-3-(2-pyridyl) propane-1,3-dione; paaH=N-(2-pyridinyl)acetoacetamide). DFT calculations yield J values, which reproduce the magnetic susceptibility data very well for all four complexes; these studies are also highlighting the likely ageing/stability problems in two of the complexes. It is found that the spin ground states, S, for complexes 1-4 are drastically different, varying from S=29/2 to S=1/2. These values are found to be controlled by the nature of the oxidation state of the metal ions and minor differences present in the structures. Extensive magneto-structural correlations are developed for the seven building unit dimers present in the complexes, with the correlations unlocking the reasons behind the differences in the magnetic properties observed. Independent of the oxidation state of the metal ions, the Mn-O-Mn/Mn-F-Mn angles are found to be the key parameters, which significantly influence the sign as well as the magnitude of the J values. The magneto-structural correlations developed here, have broad applicability and can be utilised to understand the magnetic properties of other Mn clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuduva R Vignesh
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076 (India)
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45
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Yang H, Sun XM, Ren XM. Syntheses, crystal structures and magnetic properties of two halogen bridged dinuclear copper(II) complexes [(4,4′-diethylester-2,2′-biquinoline)2Cu2(μ-X)2X2] (X−=Cl−, Br−). Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Ab initio study of exchange coupling for the consistent understanding of the magnetic ordering at room temperature in V[TCNE] x. Theor Chem Acc 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Wong JWL, Mailman A, Lekin K, Winter SM, Yong W, Zhao J, Garimella SV, Tse JS, Secco RA, Desgreniers S, Ohishi Y, Borondics F, Oakley RT. Pressure Induced Phase Transitions and Metallization of a Neutral Radical Conductor. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:1070-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja411057x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne W. L. Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kristina Lekin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stephen M. Winter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wenjun Yong
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jianbao Zhao
- Department
of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Subrahmanyam V. Garimella
- Department
of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - John S. Tse
- Department
of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Richard A. Secco
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Serge Desgreniers
- Department
of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yasuo Ohishi
- Materials
Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | | | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Ferbinteanu M, Cimpoesu F, Tanase S. Metal-Organic Frameworks with d–f Cyanide Bridges: Structural Diversity, Bonding Regime, and Magnetism. LANTHANIDE METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2014_156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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49
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Yamaguchi K, Shoji M, Isobe H, Kitagawa Y, Yamada S, Kawakami T, Yamanaka S, Okumura M. Theory of chemical bonds in metalloenzymes XVI. Oxygen activation by high-valent transition metal ions in native and artificial systems. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Phan H, Lekin K, Winter SM, Oakley RT, Shatruk M. Photoinduced solid state conversion of a radical σ-dimer to a π-radical pair. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15674-7. [PMID: 24107231 DOI: 10.1021/ja4055806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation in the solid state of the hypervalent 4c-6e S···S-S···S bridged σ-dimer of a bisdithiazolyl radical leads to its photodissociation into a pair of π-radicals. The transformation has been monitored by optical spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. As a result of the large electronic reorganization involved in the dimer-to-radical interconversion, the photogenerated S = 1/2 radical state is remarkably thermally stable, persisting to 242 K before reverting to the S = 0 dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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