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Song Z, Wang X, Feng W, Armand M, Zhou Z, Zhang H. Designer Anions for Better Rechargeable Lithium Batteries and Beyond. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310245. [PMID: 38839065 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Non-aqueous electrolytes, generally consisting of metal salts and solvating media, are indispensable elements for building rechargeable batteries. As the major sources of ionic charges, the intrinsic characters of salt anions are of particular importance in determining the fundamental properties of bulk electrolyte, as well as the features of the resulting electrode-electrolyte interphases/interfaces. To cope with the increasing demand for better rechargeable batteries requested by emerging application domains, the structural design and modifications of salt anions are highly desired. Here, salt anions for lithium and other monovalent (e.g., sodium and potassium) and multivalent (e.g., magnesium, calcium, zinc, and aluminum) rechargeable batteries are outlined. Fundamental considerations on the design of salt anions are provided, particularly involving specific requirements imposed by different cell chemistries. Historical evolution and possible synthetic methodologies for metal salts with representative salt anions are reviewed. Recent advances in tailoring the anionic structures for rechargeable batteries are scrutinized, and due attention is paid to the paradigm shift from liquid to solid electrolytes, from intercalation to conversion/alloying-type electrodes, from lithium to other kinds of rechargeable batteries. The remaining challenges and key research directions in the development of robust salt anions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenfang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Michel Armand
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01510, Spain
| | - Zhibin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Impacts of Lithium Salts on the Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics in the Lithiated PEO/LAGP Composite Electrolytes. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lithium batteries utilizing solid-state electrolytes have the potential to alleviate their safety hazard, reduce packaging volume, and enable flexible design. Polymer/ceramic composite electrolytes (CPE) are more attractive because the combination is capable of remedying and/or transcending individual constituent’ properties. Recently, we fabricated a series of free-standing composite electrolyte membranes consisting of Li1.4Al0.4Ge1.6(PO4)3 (LAGP), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and lithium salts. In this study, we characterized thermal and mechanical properties of the CPEs with two representative lithium salts, i.e., lithium boron fluoride (LiBF4) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). We found that the type of lithium salt can prevail the LAGP ceramic loadings on altering the key properties. It is observed that LiTFSI, compared with LiBF4, causes more significant reduction in terms of the crystallinity of PEO, melting transition, and mechanical strengths. The differences in these aspects can be ascribed to the interactions between the polymer matrix and anions in lithium salt.
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Liu Y, Zeng Q, Chen P, Li Z, Chen A, Guan J, Wang A, Zhang L. Modified MOF‐Based Composite All‐Solid‐State Polymer Electrolyte with Improved Comprehensive Performance for Dendrite‐Free Li‐Ion Batteries. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qinghui Zeng
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Pingping Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Anqi Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jiazhu Guan
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ailian Wang
- Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry Beijing 100013 China
| | - Liaoyun Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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Feng J, Wang L, Chen Y, Wang P, Zhang H, He X. PEO based polymer-ceramic hybrid solid electrolytes: a review. NANO CONVERGENCE 2021; 8:2. [PMID: 33426600 PMCID: PMC7797403 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-020-00252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compared with traditional lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are much more environmentally friendly and much higher energy density. Besides, LIBs own the characteristics of no memory effect, high charging and discharging rate, long cycle life and high energy conversion rate. Therefore, LIBs have been widely considered as the most promising power source for mobile devices. Commonly used LIBs contain carbonate based liquid electrolytes. Such electrolytes own high ionic conductivity and excellent wetting ability. However, the use of highly flammable and volatile organic solvents in them may lead to problems like leakage, thermo runaway and parasitic interface reactions, which limit their application. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) can solve these problems, while they also bring new challenges such as poor interfacial contact with electrodes and low ionic conductivity at room temperature. Many approaches have been tried to solve these problems. This article is divided into three parts to introduce polyethylene oxide (PEO) based polymer-ceramic hybrid solid electrolyte, which is one of the most efficient way to improve the performance of SPEs. The first part focuses on polymer-lithium salt (LiX) matrices, including their ionic conduction mechanism and impact factors for their ionic conductivity. In the second part, the influence of both active and passive ceramic fillers on SPEs are reviewed. In the third part, composite SPEs' preparation methods, including solvent casting and thermocompression, are introduced and compared. Finally, we propose five key points on how to make composite SPEs with high ionic conductivity for reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Feng
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Peiyu Wang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Zhao W, Yi J, He P, Zhou H. Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Fundamentals, Challenges and Perspectives. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-019-00048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Feng W, Zhen Y, Zhao P, Li L, Cai Z. The effects of the size and content of BaTiO3 nanoparticles on solid polymer electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-04175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gao M, Wang C, Zhu L, Cheng Q, Xu X, Xu G, Huang Y, Bao J. Composite polymer electrolytes based on electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane membrane and polyethylene oxide for all-solid-state lithium batteries. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University; Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University; Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University; Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University; Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Mathematics Science; Anhui University; Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Gewen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University; Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University; Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Bao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University; Hefei People's Republic of China
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Fu X, Li C, Wang Y, Kovatch LP, Scudiero L, Liu J, Zhong W. Building Ion-Conduction Highways in Polymeric Electrolytes by Manipulating Protein Configuration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:4726-4736. [PMID: 29334456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Solid polymer electrolytes play a critical role in the development of safe, flexible, and all-solid-state energy storage devices. However, the low ion conductivity has been the primary challenge impeding them from practical applications. Here, we propose a new biotechnology to fabricate novel protein-ceramic hybrid nanofillers for simultaneously boosting the ionic conductivity, mechanical properties, and even adhesion properties of solid polymer electrolytes. This hybrid nanofiller is fabricated by coating ion-conductive soy proteins onto TiO2 nanoparticles via a controlled denaturation process in appropriate solvents and conditions. It is found that the chain configuration and protein/TiO2 interactions in the hybrid nanofiller play critical roles in improving not only the mechanical properties but also the ion conductivity, electrochemical stability, and adhesion properties. Particularly, the ion conductivity is improved by one magnitude from 5 × 10-6 to 6 × 10-5 S/cm at room temperature. To understand the possible mechanisms, we perform molecular simulation to study the chain configuration and protein/TiO2 interactions. Simulation results indicate that the denaturation environment and procedures can significantly change the protein configuration and the protein/TiO2 interactions, both of which are found to be critical for the ion conductivity and mechanical properties of the resultant solid composite electrolytes. This study indicates that biotechnology of manipulating protein configuration can bring novel and promising strategies to build unique ion channels for fast ion conduction in solid polymer electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Fu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Chunhui Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Lucas Paul Kovatch
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Louis Scudiero
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Weihong Zhong
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
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Chinnam PR, Mantravadi R, Jimenez JC, Dikin DA, Wunder SL. Lamellar, micro-phase separated blends of methyl cellulose and dendritic polyethylene glycol, POSS-PEG. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Raja M, Angulakshmi N, Thomas S, Kumar TP, Stephan AM. Thin, flexible and thermally stable ceramic membranes as separator for lithium-ion batteries. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Senthil Kumar R, Raja M, Anbu Kulandainathan M, Manuel Stephan A. Metal organic framework-laden composite polymer electrolytes for efficient and durable all-solid-state-lithium batteries. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A copper benzene dicarboxylate metal organic framework (Cu-BDC MOF) was synthesized and successfully incorporated in a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) (LiTFSI) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Senthil Kumar
- Electro Organic Division
- CSIR – Central Electrochemical Research Institute
- Karaikudi, India
| | - M. Raja
- Electrochemical Power Sources Division
- CSIR – Central Electrochemical Research Institute
- Karaikudi, India
| | - M. Anbu Kulandainathan
- Electro Organic Division
- CSIR – Central Electrochemical Research Institute
- Karaikudi, India
| | - A. Manuel Stephan
- Electrochemical Power Sources Division
- CSIR – Central Electrochemical Research Institute
- Karaikudi, India
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Cycling profile of MgAl2O4-incorporated composite electrolytes composed of PEO and LiPF6 for lithium polymer batteries. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pfaffenhuber C, Göbel M, Popovic J, Maier J. Soggy-sand electrolytes: status and perspectives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:18318-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53124d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Li WL, Gao YM, Wang SM. Gel polymer electrolyte with semi-IPN fabric for polymer lithium-ion battery. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Combined effects of ceramic filler size and ethylene oxide length on the ionic transport properties of solid polymer electrolyte derivatives of PEGMEMA. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Uvarov NF. Composite solid electrolytes: recent advances and design strategies. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li WL, Xu LX, Luo D, Yuan MY, Yang M. Preparation and characterization of a semi-interpenetrating network gel polymer electrolyte. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sun J, Bayley P, MacFarlane D, Forsyth M. Gel electrolytes based on lithium modified silica nano-particles. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Effect of MgO nanoparticles on ionic conductivity and electrochemical properties of nanocomposite polymer electrolyte. J Memb Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Akbulut O, Taniguchi I, Kumar S, Shao-Horn Y, Mayes AM. Conductivity hysteresis in polymer electrolytes incorporating poly(tetrahydrofuran). Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Electrochemical studies on nanofiller incorporated poly(vinylidene fluoride–hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF–HFP) composite electrolytes for lithium batteries. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-006-9190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Stephan AM, Nahm KS, Anbu Kulandainathan M, Ravi G, Wilson J. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) based composite electrolytes for lithium batteries. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Liao CS, Ye WB. Structure and conductive properties of poly(ethylene oxide)/layered double hydroxide nanocomposite polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhan BZ, White MA, Fancy P, Kennedy CA, Lumsden M. Functionalization of a Nano-Faujasite Zeolite with PEG-Grafted PMA Tethers Using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035062z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Zeng Zhan
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Research in Materials, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
| | - Mary Anne White
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Research in Materials, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
| | - Paul Fancy
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Research in Materials, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
| | - Catherine A. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Research in Materials, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
| | - Michael Lumsden
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Research in Materials, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
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Bloise A, Donoso J, Magon C, Rosario A, Pereira E. NMR and conductivity study of PEO-based composite polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kumar B, Rodrigues SJ, Spry RJ. Dipoles and their possible effects on conductivity in polymer-ceramic composite electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(01)00840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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