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Metallo-antiviral aspirants: Answer to the upcoming virusoutbreak. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY REPORTS 2023; 8:100104. [PMID: 37035854 PMCID: PMC10070197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2023.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
In light of the current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, about one million research papers (articles, reviews, communications, etc.) were published in the last one and a half years. It was also noticed that in the past few years; infectious diseases, mainly those of viral origin, burdened the public health systems worldwide. The current wave of the Covid-19 pandemic has unmasked critical demand for compounds that can be swiftly mobilized for the treatment of re-emerging or emerging viral infections. With the potential chemical and structural characteristics of organic motifs, the coordination compounds might be a promising and flexible option for drug development. Their therapeutic consequence may be tuned by varying metal nature and its oxidation number, ligands characteristics, and stereochemistry of the species formed. The emerging successes of cisplatin in cancer chemotherapy inspire researchers to make new efforts for studying metallodrugs as antivirals. Metal-based compounds have immense therapeutic potential in terms of structural diversity and possible mechanisms of action; therefore, they might offer an excellent opportunity to achieve new antivirals. This review is an attempt to summarize the current status of antiviral therapies against SARS-CoV-2 from the available literature sources, discuss the specific challenges and solutions in the development of metal-based antivirals, and also talk about the possibility to accelerate discovery efforts in this direction.
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3-arylthioimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives: A theoretical and experimental study of its photophysical properties. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Akram F, Haq IU, Aqeel A, Ahmed Z, Shah FI, Nawaz A, Zafar J, Sattar R. Insights into the evolutionary and prophylactic analysis of SARS-CoV-2: A review. J Virol Methods 2022; 300:114375. [PMID: 34838536 PMCID: PMC8610842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In late 2019, following the emergence of a β-originated SARS-CoV-2, phylogenetic and evolutionary approaches have been demonstrated to strengthen the diagnostic and prophylactic stratagem of COVID-19 at an unprecedented level. Despite its clinical prominence, the SARS-CoV-2 gene set remains largely irrefutable by impeding the dissection of COVID-19 biology. However, many pieces of molecular and serological evidence have predicted that SARS-CoV-2 related viruses carry their roots from bats and pangolins of South East Asia. Analysis of viral genome predicts that point mutations at a rate of 10-4 nucleotides per base in the receptor-binding domain allow the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 genomic variants at regular intervals. Research in the evolution of molecular pathways involved in emergence of pandemic is critical for the development of therapeutics and vaccines as well as the prevention of future zoonosis. By determining the phyletic lineages of the SARS-CoV-2 genomic variants and those of the conserved regions in the accessory and spike proteins of all the SARS-related coronaviruses, a universal vaccine against all human coronaviruses could be formulated which would revolutionize the field of medicine. This review highlighted the current development and future prospects of antiviral drugs, inhibitors, mesenchymal stem cells, passive immunization, targeted immune therapy and CRISPR-Cas-based prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2. However, further investigations on Covid-19 pathogenesis is required for the successful fabrication of successful antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Aqeel
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Iftikhar Shah
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Javaria Zafar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rukhma Sattar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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Tripathi N, Tripathi N, Goshisht MK. COVID-19: inflammatory responses, structure-based drug design and potential therapeutics. Mol Divers 2022; 26:629-645. [PMID: 33400086 PMCID: PMC7782055 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the global health emergency. Here, we explore the diverse mechanisms of SARS-CoV-induced inflammation. We presume that SARS-CoV-2 likely contributes analogous inflammatory responses. Possible therapeutic mechanisms for reducing SARS-CoV-2-mediated inflammatory responses comprise FcR inactivation. Currently, there is no specific remedy available against the SARS-CoV-2. Consequently, recognizing efficacious antiviral leads to combat the virus is crucially desired. The coronavirus (CoV) main protease (Mpro also called 3CLpro), which plays an indispensable role in viral replication and transcription, is an interesting target for drug design. This review compiles the latest advances in biological and structural research, along with development of inhibitors targeting CoV Mpros. It is anticipated that inhibitors targeting CoV Mpros could be advanced into wide-spectrum antiviral drugs in case of COVID-19 and other CoV-related diseases. The crystal structural and docking results have shown that Ebselen, N3, TDZD-8 and α-ketoamide (13b) inhibitors can bind to the substrate-binding pocket of COVID-19 Mpro. α-ketoamide-based inhibitor 13b inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in human Calu3 lung cells. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the treatment with Ebselen, TDZD-8 and N3 reduced the amounts of SARS-CoV-2, respectively, 20.3-, 10.19- and 8.4-fold compared to the treatment in the absence of inhibitor. Moreover, repurposing of already present drugs to treat COVID-19 serves as one of the competent and economic therapeutic strategies. Several anti-malarial, anti-HIV and anti-inflammatory drugs as mentioned in Table 2 were found effective for the COVID-19 treatment. Further, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was found more potent than chloroquine (CQ) in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Furthermore, convalescent plasma from patients who have recuperated from viral infections can be employed as a therapy without the appearance of severe adverse events. Hence, it might be valuable to examine the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma transfusion in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Neeraj Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed To University), Chandigarh, Punjab, 160012, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Goshisht
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Tokapal, Bastar, Chhattisgarh, 494442, India.
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Zucolotto Cocca LH, Pelosi A, Sciuti LF, M. G. Abegão L, Kamada K, Piguel S, Renato Mendonça C, De Boni L. Two-photon brightness of highly fluorescent imidazopyridine derivatives: Two-photon and ultrafast transient absorption studies. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gopalakrishnan S, Sridharan S, Nayak SR, Nayak J, Venkataraman S. Central hubs prediction for bio networks by directed hypergraph - GA with validation to COVID-19 PPI. Pattern Recognit Lett 2022; 153:246-253. [PMID: 34975182 PMCID: PMC8709727 DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Network structures have attracted much interest and have been rigorously studied in the past two decades. Researchers used many mathematical tools to represent these networks, and in recent days, hypergraphs play a vital role in this analysis. This paper presents an efficient technique to find the influential nodes using centrality measure of weighted directed hypergraph. Genetic Algorithm is exploited for tuning the weights of the node in the weighted directed hypergraph through which the characterization of the strength of the nodes, such as strong and weak ties by statistical measurements (mean, standard deviation, and quartiles) is identified effectively. Also, the proposed work is applied to various biological networks for identification of influential nodes and results shows the prominence the work over the existing measures. Furthermore, the technique has been applied to COVID-19 viral protein interactions. The proposed algorithm identified some critical human proteins that belong to the enzymes TMPRSS2, ACE2, and AT-II, which have a considerable role in hosting COVID-19 viral proteins and causes for various types of diseases. Hence these proteins can be targeted in drug design for an effective therapeutic against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyanarayanan Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Mathematics, School of Arts, Science, Humanities and Education, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Supriya Sridharan
- Department of Mathematics, School of Arts, Science, Humanities and Education, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Nayak
- Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Janmenjoy Nayak
- Department of Computer Science, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, 757003
| | - Swaminathan Venkataraman
- Department of Mathematics, School of Arts, Science, Humanities and Education, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
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Glotov OS, Chernov AN, Scherbak SG, Baranov VS. Genetic Risk Factors for the Development of COVID-19 Coronavirus Infection. RUSS J GENET+ 2021; 57:878-892. [PMID: 34483599 PMCID: PMC8404752 DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421080056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic has spread to 215 countries around the world and caused tens of millions of infections and more than a million deaths worldwide. In the midst of COVID-19 infection, it is extremely important to identify new protein and gene targets that may be highly sensitive diagnostic and prognostic markers of the severity and outcome of the disease for combating this pandemic. Identification of individual genetic predisposition allows personalizing programs of medical rehabilitation and therapy. It has now been shown that the transmissibility and severity of COVID-19 infection can be affected by gene variants in both the human body (ACE2, HLA-B*4601, FcγRIIA, MBL, TMPRSS2, TNFA, IL6, blood group A antigen, etc.) and the virus itself (ORF8 in RNA polymerase, ORF6 in RNA primase, S, N, E proteins). The presence of mutations in the proteins of the virus can change the affinity and specificity for the binding of targeted drugs to them, being the molecular basis of individual differences in the response of the human body to antiviral drugs and/or vaccines. The review summarizes the data on the variants of the genomes of the coronavirus and humans associated with an individual predisposition to an increased or decreased risk of transmission, severity, and outcome of COVID-19 infection. Targeted drugs and vaccines being developed for the therapy of COVID-19 infection are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. S. Glotov
- City Hospital no. 40, Sestroretsk, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A. N. Chernov
- City Hospital no. 40, Sestroretsk, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S. G. Scherbak
- City Hospital no. 40, Sestroretsk, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V. S. Baranov
- Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Ojha PK, Kar S, Krishna JG, Roy K, Leszczynski J. Therapeutics for COVID-19: from computation to practices-where we are, where we are heading to. Mol Divers 2021; 25:625-659. [PMID: 32880078 PMCID: PMC7467145 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
After the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic caused by the H1N1 virus, the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) brought us to the time of serious global health catastrophe. Although no proven therapies are identified yet which can offer a definitive treatment of the COVID-19, a series of antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic, immunosuppressant drugs have shown clinical benefits based on repurposing theory. However, these studies are made on small number of patients, and, in majority of the cases, have been carried out as nonrandomized trials. As society is running against the time to combat the COVID-19, we present here a comprehensive review dealing with up-to-date information of therapeutics or drug regimens being utilized by physicians to treat COVID-19 patients along with in-depth discussion of mechanism of action of these drugs and their targets. Ongoing vaccine trials, monoclonal antibodies therapy and convalescent plasma treatment are also discussed. Keeping in mind that computational approaches can offer a significant insight to repurposing based drug discovery, an exhaustive discussion of computational modeling studies is performed which can assist target-specific drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Probir Kumar Ojha
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jillella Gopala Krishna
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Educational and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, India
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA.
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Omolo CA, Soni N, Fasiku VO, Mackraj I, Govender T. Update on therapeutic approaches and emerging therapies for SARS-CoV-2 virus. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173348. [PMID: 32634438 PMCID: PMC7334944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in over 7,273,958 cases with almost over 413,372 deaths worldwide as per the WHO situational report 143 on COVID-19. There are no known treatment regimens with proven efficacy and vaccines thus far, posing an unprecedented challenge to identify effective drugs and vaccines for prevention and treatment. The urgency for its prevention and cure has resulted in an increased number of proposed treatment options. The high rate and volume of emerging clinical trials on therapies for COVID-19 need to be compared and evaluated to provide scientific evidence for effective medical options. Other emerging non-conventional drug discovery techniques such as bioinformatics and cheminformatics, structure-based drug design, network-based methods for prediction of drug-target interactions, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) and phage technique could provide alternative routes to discovering potent Anti-SARS-CoV2 drugs. While drugs are being repurposed and discovered for COVID-19, novel drug delivery systems will be paramount for efficient delivery and avoidance of possible drug resistance. This review describes the proposed drug targets for therapy, and outcomes of clinical trials that have been reported. It also identifies the adopted treatment modalities that are showing promise, and those that have failed as drug candidates. It further highlights various emerging therapies and future strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 and delivery of Anti-SARS-CoV2 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin A Omolo
- United States International University-Africa, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, P. O. Box 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Nikki Soni
- United States International University-Africa, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, P. O. Box 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Victoria Oluwaseun Fasiku
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Irene Mackraj
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thirumala Govender
- United States International University-Africa, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, P. O. Box 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya.
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10
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has today multiplied globally and various governments are attempting to stop the outbreak of the disease escalation into a worldwide health crisis. At this juncture, readiness, candor, clarity, and partaking of data are of paramount importance to speed up factual evaluation and starting pattern control activities, including serendipitous findings. Owing to the involvement of COVID-19, many facts regarding virulence, pathogenesis, and the real viral infection source and/or transmission mode still need to be addressed. The infected patients often present clinical symptoms with fever, dyspnea, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, and dry cough, as well as pulmonary, infiltrates on imaging. Extensive measures to decrease person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 are being implemented to prevent, recognize, and control the current outbreak as it is very similar to SARS-CoV in its clinical spectrum, epidemiology, and pathogenicity. In response to this fatal disease and disruptive outbreak, it is extremely vital to expedite the drug development process to treat the disease and vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19 that would help us defeat this pandemic expeditiously. This paper sums up and unifies the study of virological aspects, disease transmission, clinically administered techniques, therapeutics options, managements, future directions, designing of vaccines, and news dissemination pertaining to COVID-19.
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Liu C, Zhou Q, Li Y, Garner LV, Watkins SP, Carter LJ, Smoot J, Gregg AC, Daniels AD, Jervey S, Albaiu D. Research and Development on Therapeutic Agents and Vaccines for COVID-19 and Related Human Coronavirus Diseases. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:315-331. [PMID: 32226821 PMCID: PMC10467574 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 803] [Impact Index Per Article: 200.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Liu
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yingzhu Li
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Linda V. Garner
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Steve P. Watkins
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Linda J. Carter
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeffrey Smoot
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Anne C. Gregg
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Angela D. Daniels
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Susan Jervey
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dana Albaiu
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Baladi T, Granzhan A, Piguel S. Microwave-Assisted C-2 Direct Alkenylation of Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines: Access to Fluorescent Purine Isosteres with Remarkably Large Stokes Shifts. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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