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Vileno B, Port-Lougarre Y, Giménez-Arnau E. Electron paramagnetic resonance and spin trapping to detect free radicals from allergenic hydroperoxides in contact with the skin: from the molecule to the tissue. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:241-253. [PMID: 34982482 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A major research topic consists of revealing the contribution of radical-mediated reactions in dermatological diseases related to xenobiotic-induced stress, to succeed risk assessment procedures protecting producers and consumers. Allergic contact dermatitis is the clinically relevant consequence of skin sensitization, one of the most critical occupational and environmental health issues related to xenobiotics exposure. The first key event identified for the skin sensitization process to a chemical is its aptitude to react with epidermal proteins and form antigenic structures that will further trigger the immune response. Many chemical sensitizers are suspected to react through mechanisms involving radical intermediates. This review focuses on recent progress we have accomplished over the last few years studying radical intermediates derived from skin sensitizing chemicals by electron paramagnetic resonance in combination with the spin trapping technique. Our work is carried out "from the molecule", performing studies in solution, "to the tissue", by the development of a methodology on a reconstructed human epidermis model, very close in terms of histology and metabolic/enzymatic activity to real human epidermis, that can be used as suitable biological tissue model. The benefits are to test chemicals under conditions close to human use and real-life sensitization exposures and benefit from the 3D microenvironment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Vileno
- POMAM Laboratory, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Port-Lougarre
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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D'Errico G, Vitiello G, De Tommaso G, Abdel-Gawad FK, Brundo MV, Ferrante M, De Maio A, Trocchia S, Bianchi AR, Ciarcia G, Guerriero G. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) for the study of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) on the isolated frog skin (Pelophylax bergeri): A non-invasive method for environmental monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 165:11-18. [PMID: 29655038 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological tissues of elected biosentinels represent an optimal biomarker for eco-monitoring of polluted areas. Electron spin resonance (ESR) is the most definitive method for detecting, quantifying and possibly identifying radicals in complex systems. OBJECTIVE A non-invasive method for monitoring polluted areas by the quantitative determination of ROS in frog skin biopsy is presented. METHODS We assessed by ESR spectroscopy the ROS level in adult male of Pelophylax bergeri, specie not a risk of extinction, collected from the polluted Sarno River (SA, Italy) basin. The spin-trap ESR method was validated by immunohistochemical analysis of the well-assessed pollution biomarkers cytochrome P450 aromatase 1A (CYP1A) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and by determining the poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP) and GST enzymatic activity. RESULTS ROS concentration in skin samples from frogs collected in the polluted area is significantly higher than that determined for the unpolluted reference area. Immunohistochemical analysis of CYP1A and GST supported the reliability of our approach, even in the absence of evident morphological and ultrastructural differences. PARP activity assay, connected to possible oxidative DNA damage, and the detoxification index by GST enzymatic assay give statistically significant evidence that higher levels of ROS are associated to alterations of the different biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS ROS concentration, measured by ESR on isolated frog skin, through the presented non-lethal method, is a reliable biomarker for toxicity screening and represents a useful basic datum for future modelling studies on environmental monitoring and biodiversity loss prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; CSGI, Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Vitiello
- CSGI, Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano De Tommaso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Fagr Kh Abdel-Gawad
- Water Pollution Research Department, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences (CEAS), National Research Centre, El Buhout St., Dokki, ET-12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Maria Violetta Brundo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, Corso Italia 57, I-95129 Catania, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna De Maio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Samantha Trocchia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Bianchi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Ciarcia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center for Environment (I.R.C.Env.), University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Guerriero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center for Environment (I.R.C.Env.), University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Naples, Italy
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Oliveira C, Benfeito S, Fernandes C, Cagide F, Silva T, Borges F. NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides: Past, present, and future. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1159-1187. [PMID: 29095519 DOI: 10.1002/med.21461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The biological effects attributed to nitric oxide (• NO) and nitroxyl (HNO) have been extensively studied, propelling their array of putative clinical applications beyond cardiovascular disorders toward other age-related diseases, like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, the unique properties and reactivity of the N-O bond enabled the development of several classes of compounds with potential clinical interest, among which • NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides are of particular importance. Although primarily studied for their application as cardioprotective agents and/or molecular probes for radical detection, continuous efforts have unveiled a wide range of pharmacological activities and, ultimately, therapeutic applications. These efforts are of particular significance for diseases in which oxidative stress plays a key pathogenic role, as shown by a growing volume of in vitro and in vivo preclinical data. Although in its early stages, these efforts may provide valuable guidelines for the development of new and effective N-O-based drugs for age-related disorders. In this report, we review recent advances in the chemistry of NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides and discuss its pharmacological significance and potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Oliveira
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Benfeito
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cagide
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Silva
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Aniline Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis of Primary Cultured Hepatocytes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13121188. [PMID: 27916916 PMCID: PMC5201329 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13121188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity and carcinogenicity of aniline in humans and animals have been well documented. However, the molecular mechanism involved in aniline-induced liver toxicity and carcinogenesis remains unclear. In our research, primary cultured hepatocytes were exposed to aniline (0, 1.25, 2.50, 5.0 and 10.0 μg/mL) for 24 h in the presence or absence of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA damage, cell viability, and apoptosis were detected. Levels of ROS and MDA were significantly increased and levels of GSH and CAT, activity of SOD, and mitochondrial membrane potential in hepatocytes were significantly decreased by aniline compared with the negative control group. The tail moment and DNA content of the tail in exposed groups were significantly higher than those in the negative control group. Cell viability was reduced and apoptotic death was induced by aniline in a concentration-dependent manner. The phenomena of ROS generation, oxidative damage, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA damage and apoptosis could be prevented if ROS inhibitor NAC was added. ROS generation is involved in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA injury, which may play a role in aniline-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. Our study provides insight into the mechanism of aniline-induced toxicity and apoptosis of hepatocytes.
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Garcia-Diaz M, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Use of fluorescent probes for ROS to tease apart Type I and Type II photochemical pathways in photodynamic therapy. Methods 2016; 109:158-166. [PMID: 27374076 PMCID: PMC5075498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy involves the excitation of a non-toxic dye by harmless visible light to produce a long-lived triplet state that can interact with molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage biomolecules and kill cells. ROS produced by electron transfer (Type 1) include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical (HO), while singlet oxygen (1O2) is produced by energy transfer. Diverse methods exist to distinguish between these two pathways, some of which are more specific or more sensitive than others. In this review we cover the use of two fluorescence probes: singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) detects 1O2; and 4-hydroxyphenyl-fluorescein (HPF) that detects HO. Interesting data was collected concerning the photochemical pathways of functionalized fullerenes compared to tetrapyrroles, stable synthetic bacteriochlorins with and without central metals, phenothiazinium dyes interacting with inorganic salts such as azide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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7
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On the vasoprotective mechanisms underlying novel β-phosphorylated nitrones: Focus on free radical characterization, scavenging and NO-donation in a biological model of oxidative stress. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 119:197-217. [PMID: 27162124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of new hybrid 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-N-(benzylidene)propan-2-amine oxide derivatives with different aromatic substitution (PPNs) were synthesized. These molecules were evaluated for their EPR spin trapping potential on eleven different radicals and NO-donation properties in vitro, cytotoxicity and vasoprotective effect on precontracted rat aortic rings. A subfamily of the new PPNs featured an antioxidant moiety occurring in natural phenolic acids. From the experimental screening of these hydroxyphenyl- and methoxyphenyl-substituted PPNs, biocompatible nitrones 4d, and 4g-4i deriving from caffeic, gallic, ferulic and sinapic acids, which combined improved EPR probing of ROS formation, vasorelaxant action and antioxidant potency, might be potential drug candidate alternatives to PBN and its analogues.
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Abstract
Superoxide ion (O2(•-)) is of great significance as a radical species implicated in diverse chemical and biological systems. However, the chemistry knowledge of O2(•-) is rather scarce. In addition, numerous studies on O2(•-) were conducted within the latter half of the 20th century. Therefore, the current advancement in technology and instrumentation will certainly provide better insights into mechanisms and products of O2(•-) reactions and thus will result in new findings. This review emphasizes the state-of-the-art research on O2(•-) so as to enable researchers to venture into future research. It comprises the main characteristics of O2(•-) followed by generation methods. The reaction types of O2(•-) are reviewed, and its potential applications including the destruction of hazardous chemicals, synthesis of organic compounds, and many other applications are highlighted. The O2(•-) environmental chemistry is also discussed. The detection methods of O2(•-) are categorized and elaborated. Special attention is given to the feasibility of using ionic liquids as media for O2(•-), addressing the latest progress of generation and applications. The effect of electrodes on the O2(•-) electrochemical generation is reviewed. Finally, some remarks and future perspectives are concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inas M AlNashef
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology , Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Horinouchi Y, Summers FA, Ehrenshaft M, Mason RP. Free radical generation from an aniline derivative in HepG2 cells: a possible captodative effect. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:111-7. [PMID: 25450331 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic metabolism can induce the generation of protein radicals, which are believed to play an important role in the toxicity of chemicals and drugs. It is therefore important to identify chemical structures capable of inducing macromolecular free radical formation in living cells. In this study, we evaluated the ability of four structurally related environmental chemicals, aniline, nitrosobenzene, N,N-dimethylaniline, and N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (DMNA), to induce free radicals and cellular damage in the hepatoma cell line HepG2. Cytotoxicity was assessed using lactate dehydrogenase assays, and morphological changes were observed using phase contrast microscopy. Protein free radicals were detected by immuno-spin trapping using in-cell western experiments and confocal microscopy to determine the subcellular locale of free radical generation. DMNA induced free radical generation, lactate dehydrogenase release, and morphological changes in HepG2 cells, whereas aniline, nitrosobenzene, N,N-dimethylaniline did not. Confocal microscopy showed that DMNA induced free radical generation mainly in the cytosol. Preincubation of HepG2 cells with N-acetylcysteine and 2,2'-dipyridyl significantly prevented free radical generation on subsequent incubation with DMNA, whereas preincubation with apocynin and dimethyl sulfoxide had no effect. These results suggest that DMNA is metabolized to reactive free radicals capable of generating protein radicals which may play a critical role in DMNA toxicity. We propose that the captodative effect, the combined action of the electron-releasing dimethylamine substituent, and the electron-withdrawing nitroso substituent, leads to a thermodynamically stabilized radical, facilitating enhanced protein radical formation by DMNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Horinouchi
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Fiona A Summers
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Marilyn Ehrenshaft
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Shi S, Pelton R, Fu Q, Yang S. Comparing Polymer-Supported TEMPO Mediators for Cellulose Oxidation and Subsequent Polyvinylamine Grafting. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie500280e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Shi
- Key Laboratory
of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Robert Pelton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Songtao Yang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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11
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Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Detection and characterisation of radicals in biological materials using EPR methodology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:708-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Culcasi M, Casano G, Lucchesi C, Mercier A, Clément JL, Pique V, Michelet L, Krieger-Liszkay A, Robin M, Pietri S. Synthesis and Biological Characterization of New Aminophosphonates for Mitochondrial pH Determination by 31P NMR Spectroscopy. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2487-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301866e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Culcasi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Céline Lucchesi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Mercier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Clément
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Pique
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Michelet
- CNRS UMR 8221, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay (iBiTec-S),
CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- CNRS UMR 8221, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay (iBiTec-S),
CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maxime Robin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvia Pietri
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
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Potential implication of the chemical properties and bioactivity of nitrone spin traps for therapeutics. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1171-207. [PMID: 22709256 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrone therapeutics has been employed in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases such as neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The nitrone-based compound NXY-059, which is the first drug to reach clinical trials for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, has provided promise for the development of more robust pharmacological agents. However, the specific mechanism of nitrone bioactivity remains unclear. In this review, we present a variety of nitrone chemistry and biological activity that could be implicated for the nitrone's pharmacological activity. The chemistries of spin trapping and spin adduct reveal insights on the possible roles of nitrones for altering cellular redox status through radical scavenging or nitric oxide donation, and their biological effects are presented. An interdisciplinary approach towards the development of novel synthetic antioxidants with improved pharmacological properties encompassing theoretical, synthetic, biochemical and in vitro/in vivo studies is covered.
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Nitroxide radicals and nanoparticles: a partnership for nanomedicine radical delivery. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:165-79. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This article aims to provide a research update on nitroxide radical compounds for application of anti-oxidative stress therapy. Nitroxide compounds such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpyperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) can catalytically react with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are anticipated as new anti-oxidant therapies for several diseases. However, low-molecular-weight nitroxide compounds pose several problems such as nonspecific dispersion in normal tissues, preferential renal clearance and rapid reduction of the nitroxide radical to the corresponding hydroxylamine. Nitroxide radical compounds are also known to show dose-related antihypertensive action accompanied by reflex tachycardia, increased skin temperature, and seizures. The author has recently designed novel nanoparticles, which possess nitroxide radicals in the core for novel bioimaging and nanotherapy. Nitroxide radical-containing nanoparticles (RNP) shows high safety, long blood circulation, magnetic resonance imaging and ESR imaging sensitive character and efficient therapeutic effects to several diseases such as cerebral and renal ischemia reperfusions, ulcerative colitis and Alzheimer’s disease models. RNPs are, thus, promising as new nanotherapeutic materials.
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Poliakov E, Parikh T, Ayele M, Kuo S, Chander P, Gentleman S, Redmond TM. Aromatic lipophilic spin traps effectively inhibit RPE65 isomerohydrolase activity. Biochemistry 2011; 50:6739-41. [PMID: 21736383 DOI: 10.1021/bi200532m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that RPE65 does not specifically produce 11-cis-retinol only but also 13-cis-retinol, supporting a carbocation or radical cation mechanism of isomerization. The intrinsic properties of conjugated polyene chains result in facile formation of radical cations in oxidative conditions. We hypothesized that such radical intermediates, if involved in the mechanism of RPE65, could be stabilized by spin traps. We tested a variety of hydrophilic and lipophilic spin traps for their ability to inhibit RPE65 isomerohydrolase activity. We found that the aromatic lipophilic spin traps such as N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN), 2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-2H-imidazole-1-oxide (DMPIO), and nitrosobenzene (NB) strongly inhibit RPE65 isomerohydrolase activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Poliakov
- LRCMB, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Yoshitomi T, Nagasaki Y. Nitroxyl radical-containing nanoparticles for novel nanomedicine against oxidative stress injury. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:509-18. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article discusses the preparation and characterization of pH-sensitive nitroxyl radical-containing nanoparticles (RNPs) possessing nitroxyl radicals in the core and reactive groups on the periphery, and its biomedical application. The RNPs prepared by a self-assembling amphiphilic block copolymers composed of a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segment and a hydrophobic poly(chloromethylstyrene) (PCMS) segment in which the chloromethyl groups were converted to 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyls (TEMPOs) via an amination of PEG-b-PCMS block copolymer with 4-amino-TEMPO are initially described. The cumulant average diameter of an RNP is approximately 40 nm, and the RNP has intense electron paramagnetic resonance signals. RNPs show a prolonged blood circulation time by the compartmentalization of nitroxyl radicals into the hydrophobic core, and disintegrate in response to a low pH environment, such as ischemic tissue, resulting in effectively scavenging reactive oxygen species due to an exposure of nitroxyl radicals from the RNP core. Thus, the RNP prepared was found to be effective for cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury. Therefore, RNPs are promising as high-performance therapeutic nanomedicine for oxidative stress injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yoshitomi
- Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Satellite Laboratory, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS), Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan and Master’s School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan and Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
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Gosset G, Clément JL, Culcasi M, Rockenbauer A, Pietri S. CyDEPMPOs: A class of stable cyclic DEPMPO derivatives with improved properties as mechanistic markers of stereoselective hydroxyl radical adduct formation in biological systems. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2218-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Szterk A, Stefaniuk I, Waszkiewicz-Robak B, Roszko M. Oxidative Stability of Lipids by Means of EPR Spectroscopy and Chemiluminescence. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Vollrath A, Schubert S, Windhab N, Biskup C, Schubert US. Labeled Nanoparticles Based on Pharmaceutical EUDRAGIT® S 100 Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:2053-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Fu Y, Zhang HY, Liu YH, Li XF, Huang DF, Hu YL. Synthesis of O-glycosyl α-aryl nitrones. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Stefaniak AB, Harvey CJ, Bukowski VC, Leonard SS. Comparison of free radical generation by pre- and post-sintered cemented carbide particles. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2010; 7:23-34. [PMID: 19904657 DOI: 10.1080/15459620903349073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may occur in response to cellular contact with metal particles. Generation of ROS by cobalt and/or tungsten carbide is implicated in causing hard metal lung disease (HMD) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). In this study, ROS generation and particle properties that influence radical generation were assessed for three sizes of tungsten, tungsten carbide, cobalt, admixture (tungsten carbide and cobalt powders), spray dryer, and post-sintered chamfer grinder powders using chemical (H(2)O(2) plus phosphate buffered saline, artificial lung surfactant, or artificial sweat) and cellular (RAW 264.7 mouse peritoneal monocytes plus artificial lung surfactant) reaction systems. For a given material, on a mass basis, hydroxyl (.OH) generation generally increased as particle size decreased; however, on a surface area basis, radical generation levels were more, but not completely, similar. Chamfer grinder powder, polycrystalline aggregates of tungsten carbide in a metallic cobalt matrix, generated the highest levels of .OH radicals (p < 0.05). Radical generation was not dependent on the masses of metals, rather, it involved surface-chemistry-mediated reactions that were limited to a biologically active fraction of the total available surface area of each material. Improved understanding of particle surface chemistry elucidated the importance of biologically active surface area in generation of ROS by particle mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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22
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Schreibelt G, van Horssen J, Haseloff RF, Reijerkerk A, van der Pol SMA, Nieuwenhuizen O, Krause E, Blasig IE, Dijkstra CD, Ronken E, de Vries HE. Protective effects of peroxiredoxin-1 at the injured blood-brain barrier. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:256-64. [PMID: 18452719 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in the development of neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we studied the effect of ROS on protein expression in brain endothelial cells (BECs) using proteomic techniques and show that long-term exposure to ROS induces adaptive responses in BECs to counteract an oxidative attack. ROS induce differential protein expression in BECs, among which is peroxiredoxin-1 (Prx1). To further study the role of Prx1 we established a BEC line overexpressing Prx1. Our data indicate that Prx-1 overexpression protects BECs from ROS-induced cell death, reduces adhesion and subsequent transendothelial migration of monocytes by decreasing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression, and enhances the integrity of the BEC layer. Interestingly, vascular Prx1 immunoreactivity was markedly upregulated in inflammatory lesions of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animals and active demyelinating MS lesions. These findings indicate that enhanced vascular Prx1 expression may reflect the occurrence of vascular oxidative stress in EAE and MS. On the other hand, it may function as an endogenous defense mechanism to inhibit leukocyte infiltration and counteract ROS-induced cellular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
It is now recognized that oxidative injury and mitochondrial dysfunction are responsible for many clinical disorders with unmet needs, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. As mitochondria are the major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondria are also the primary target for ROS, the ideal drug therapy needs to be targeted to mitochondria. A number of approaches have been used for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to mitochondria. This review will focus on a novel class of cell-permeable small peptides (Szeto-Schiller peptides) that selectively partition to the inner mitochondrial membrane and possess intrinsic mitoprotective properties. Studies with isolated mitochondrial preparations and cell cultures show that these SS peptides can scavenge ROS, reduce mitochondrial ROS production, and inhibit mitochondrial permeability transition. They are very potent in preventing apoptosis and necrosis induced by oxidative stress or inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. These peptides have demonstrated excellent efficacy in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion, neurodegeneration, and renal fibrosis, and they are remarkably free of toxicity. The pharmacology of the SS peptides in models of ischemia-reperfusion will be the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel H Szeto
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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24
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Rohr-Udilova N, Stolze K, Sagmeister S, Parzefall W, Marian B, Nohl H, Schulte-Hermann R, Grasl-Kraupp B. Cytotoxicity of the novel spin trapping compound 5-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (3,5-EDPO) and its derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5698-703. [PMID: 17804223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ESR spin trapping allows detection of superoxide radicals. Novel spin traps forming more stable superoxide adducts (t(1/2) ca. 12-55 min) were tested for their toxicity to cultured cells. The following toxicity ranking was obtained: 4,5-DPPO>4-BEMPO approximately 3-BEMPO>trans-3,5-EDPO>3,5-DPPO approximately 4,5-DiPPO approximately 4,5-EDPO>cis-3,5-EDPO approximately 3,5-DiPPO>DEPMPO. In conclusion, 4,5-EDPO, cis-3,5-EDPO and 3,5-DiPPO can be recommended for further investigation of superoxide in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Rohr-Udilova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Villamena FA, Xia S, Merle JK, Lauricella R, Tuccio B, Hadad CM, Zweier JL. Reactivity of superoxide radical anion with cyclic nitrones: role of intramolecular H-bond and electrostatic effects. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:8177-91. [PMID: 17564447 PMCID: PMC2527741 DOI: 10.1021/ja0702622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Limitations exist among the commonly used cyclic nitrone spin traps for biological free radical detection using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The design of new spin traps for biological free radical detection and identification using EPR spectroscopy has been a major challenge due to the lack of systematic and rational approaches to their design. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and stopped-flow kinetics were employed to predict the reactivity of functionalized spin traps with superoxide radical anion (O2*-). Functional groups provide versatility and can potentially improve spin-trap reactivity, adduct stability, and target specificity. The effect of functional group substitution at the C-5 position of pyrroline N-oxides on spin-trap reactivity toward O2*- was computationally rationalized at the PCM/B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) and PCM/mPW1K/6-31+G(d,p) levels of theory. Calculated free energies and rate constants for the reactivity of O2*- with model nitrones were found to correlate with the experimentally obtained rate constants using stopped-flow and EPR spectroscopic methods. New insights into the nucleophilic nature of O2*- addition to nitrones as well as the role of intramolecular hydrogen bonding of O2*- in facilitating this reaction are discussed. This study shows that using an N-monoalkylsubstituted amide or an ester as attached groups on the nitrone can be ideal in molecular tethering for improved spin-trapping properties and could pave the way for improved in vivo radical detection at the site of superoxide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A. Villamena
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
| | - Shijing Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
| | - John K. Merle
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
| | - Robert Lauricella
- Laboratory TRACES, JE 2421, Aix-Marseille Universite, Faculte St Jerome, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Beatrice Tuccio
- Laboratory TRACES, JE 2421, Aix-Marseille Universite, Faculte St Jerome, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | | | - Jay L. Zweier
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
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26
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Nicolescu AC, Comeau JL, Hill BC, Bedard LL, Takahashi T, Brien JF, Racz WJ, Massey TE. Aryl radical involvement in amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity: Investigation of protection by spin-trapping nitrones. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 220:60-71. [PMID: 17316728 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amiodarone (AM), an antidysrrhythmic drug, can produce serious adverse effects, including potentially fatal AM-induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT). AM-induced cytotoxicity and pulmonary fibrosis are well recognized, but poorly understood mechanistically. The hypothesis of aryl radical involvement in AM toxicity was tested in non-biological and biological systems. Photolysis of anaerobic aqueous solutions of AM, or N-desethylamiodarone (DEA) resulted in the formation of an aryl radical, as determined by spin-trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy experiments. The non-iodinated AM analogue, didesiodoamiodarone (DDIA), did not form aryl radicals under identical conditions. The toxic susceptibility of human lung epithelioid HPL1A cells to AM, DEA, and DDIA showed time- and concentration-dependence. DEA had a more rapid and potent toxic effect (LC(50)=8 microM) than AM (LC(50)=146 microM), whereas DDIA cytotoxicity was intermediate (LC(50)=26 microM) suggesting a minor contribution of the iodine atoms. Incubation of human lung epithelial cells with the spin-trapping nitrones alpha-phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone (PBN, 10 mM) or alpha-(4-pyridyl N-oxide)-N-t-butylnitrone (POBN, 5.0 mM) did not significantly protect against AM, DEA, or DDIA cytotoxicity. Intratracheal administration of AM to hamsters produced pulmonary fibrosis at day 21, which was not prevented by 4 days of treatment with 150 mg/kg/day PBN or 164 mg/kg/day POBN. However, the body weight loss in AM-treated animals was counteracted by PBN. These results suggest that, although AM can generate an aryl radical photochemically, its in vivo formation may not be a major contributor to AM toxicity, and that spin-trapping reagents do not halt the onset of AM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Nicolescu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
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27
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Abstract
Immuno-spin trapping is a highly sensitive method for detecting DNA radicals in biological systems. This technique involves three main steps: (i) in situ and real-time trapping of DNA radicals with the nitrone spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO), thus forming DMPO-DNA nitrone adducts (referred to here as nitrone adducts); (ii) purification of nitrone adducts; and (iii) analysis of nitrone adducts by heterogeneous immunoassays using Abs against DMPO. In experiments, DMPO is added prior to the formation of free radicals. It diffuses easily through all cell compartments and is present when DNA free radicals are formed as a result of oxidative damage. Due to its low toxicity, DMPO can be used in cells at high enough concentrations to out-compete the normal reactions of DNA radicals, thus ensuring a high yield of DNA nitrone adducts. Because both protein and DNA nitrone adducts are formed, it is important that the DNA be pure in order to avoid misinterpretations. Depending on the model under study, this protocol can be completed in as few as 6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario C Ramirez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Building 101, MD F0-02, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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28
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Haseloff RF, Krause E, Bigl M, Mikoteit K, Stanimirovic D, Blasig IE. Differential protein expression in brain capillary endothelial cells induced by hypoxia and posthypoxic reoxygenation. Proteomics 2006; 6:1803-9. [PMID: 16447158 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia causes functional alteration of the blood-brain barrier, formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC). Changes in protein expression and activity of selected differentially expressed enzymes were investigated in BCEC subjected to hypoxia (24 h) alone or followed by a 24-h reoxygenation. BCEC proteins were isolated, separated by 2-DE, and identified by MALDI-MS. Computer-based 2-D gel analysis identified 21 up-regulated proteins and 4 down-regulated proteins after hypoxia alone and 9 proteins that were further up-regulated after posthypoxic reoxygenation. The expression of the majority of hypoxia-induced proteins was reduced toward control levels during reoxygenation. The most prominent changes were identified for glycolytic enzymes (e.g., phosphoglycerate kinase), proteins of the ER (e.g., calreticulin), and cytoskeletal (e.g., vimentin) proteins. The results indicate that BCEC respond to hypoxia/reoxygenation by adaptive up-regulation of proteins involved in the glycolysis, protein synthesis, and stress response.
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29
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Rohr-Udilova N, Stolze K, Marian B, Nohl H. Cytotoxicity of novel derivatives of the spin trap EMPO. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:541-6. [PMID: 16289821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals are involved in different regulatory and pathological processes. The formation of superoxide in living cells or whole organisms is of major interest. ESR spin trapping allows identification of the radicals if proper spin traps are available. Our study investigates the toxicity of novel derivatives of the spin trap EMPO to cultured human lung carcinoma cells (A549), breast carcinoma cells (SKBR3), colon carcinoma cells (SW480) as well as to human fibroblasts (F2000). A dose-dependent decrease of the cell number was observed for all spin traps. At 100mM BuMPO, t-BuMPO and s-BuMPO caused pronounced cell loss (>90%) and increased LDH-release, while DEPMPO, EMPO, PrMPO and i-PrMPO caused only moderate cell loss (<60%) without any effect on the LDH-release after 24h. At 10mM and 50mM the latter agents even decreased LDH-release. 10mM and 50mM of i-PrMPO as well as 10mM PrMPO increased intracellular GSH content acting like antioxidants, whereas 50mM s-BuMPO and PrMPO decreased GSH content by 67% and 38%, respectively. Staining for apoptotic nuclei did not reveal any differences between controls and treated cultures indicating necrotic cell death possibly due to membrane toxicity. The following toxicity ranking was obtained: t-BuMPO>BuMPO>s-BuMPO>PrMPO>i-PrMPO approximately DEPMPO approximately EMPO. The least toxic compounds were DEPMPO (LD(50)=143 mM for SW480, 117 mM for A549 or 277 mM for F2000) and i-PrMPO (LD(50)=114 mM for SKBR3), the most toxic one was t-BuMPO (LD(50)=5-6mM for all cell types). In conclusion, up to 50mM i-PrMPO (t(1/2)=18.8 min) and up to 10 mM s-BuMPO (t(1/2)=26.3 min) can be recommended for further investigation of superoxide in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Rohr-Udilova
- Research Institute of Biochemical Pharmacology and Molecular Toxicology, Veterinary University of Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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30
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Rohn S, Kroh LW. Electron spin resonance - A spectroscopic method for determining the antioxidative activity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005; 49:898-907. [PMID: 15945117 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200400102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Analysis, Technical University of Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Ishii K, Takayanagi A, Shimizu S, Abe H, Sogawa K, Kobayashi N. In vitro photodynamic effects of phthalocyaninatosilicon covalently linked to 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy radicals on cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 38:920-7. [PMID: 15749388 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we have investigated the ability to sensitize the phototoxicity toward HeLa cells in vitro, of tetra-tert-butylphthalocyaninatosilicon (SiPc) covalently linked to one or two 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) radicals (R1c or R2c), which are shown as photosensitizers efficiently producing singlet oxygen (1Delta(g)). Addition of R1c or R2c encapsulated in liposomes to cultures, followed by irradiation with a 680-nm dye laser, resulted in a highly significant phototoxicity toward HeLa cells, in contrast to negligible phototoxicity observed with (dihydroxy)SiPc (R0). EPR measurements indicate that R1c and R2c exist in some degree as nitroxide radicals even in HeLa cells. Electronic absorption spectra indicate that the degree of aggregation increases in the order R2c<R1c<R0. Thus, the high phototoxicity of R1c and R2c toward HeLa cells is reasonably interpreted by both the large singlet oxygen yield and the inhibition of aggregation due to the bulky TEMPO radicals. This increase in photodynamic effect on HeLa cells is an unusual and important example for increasing the photobiological reaction yields using paramagnetic radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ishii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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32
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Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping has become an indispensable tool for the specific detection of reactive oxygen free radicals in biological systems. In this review we describe some of the advantages as well as some experimental considerations of this technique and how it can be applied to biological systems to measure oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Villamena
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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33
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Khan N, Wilmot CM, Rosen GM, Demidenko E, Sun J, Joseph J, O'Hara J, Kalyanaraman B, Swartz HM. Spin traps: in vitro toxicity and stability of radical adducts. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:1473-81. [PMID: 12757857 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the effects of DMPO, CMPO, EMPO, BMPO, and DEPMPO on functioning CHO cells and the stability of the radical adducts in the presence of cells. The potential toxic effects of the spin traps were measured by two estimates of cell viability (trypan blue exclusion and colony formation) and one of cell function (rate of oxygen consumption). We also studied the effects of the spin traps on colony formation in a second cell line, 9L tumor cells. Toxicity varied with the type of cell line and the parameter that was measured. In aqueous solutions the order of stability for all spin adducts was SO(3) > OH > CH(3), while in cell suspensions it was SO(3) > OH approximately CH(3). The radical adducts of the new spin traps have significantly increased stability as compared to DMPO. These results indicate that the new spin traps potentially offer increased stability of spin adducts in functioning cells. It also is clear that it is necessary to carry out appropriate studies of the stability and toxicity in the system that is to be studied for any particular use of these spin traps. It then should be feasible to select the spin trap(s) best suited for the proposed study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Khan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, EPR Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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34
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Brezová V, Tarábek P, Dvoranová D, Staško A, Biskupič S. EPR study of photoinduced reduction of nitroso compounds in titanium dioxide suspensions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Blasig IE, Mertsch K, Haseloff RF. Nitronyl nitroxides, a novel group of protective agents against oxidative stress in endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier. Neuropharmacology 2002; 43:1006-14. [PMID: 12423670 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitronyl nitroxides (NN) effectively decompose free radicals (. As brain endothelium, forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is both the main source and the target of reactive species during cerebral oxidative stress, we studied the effect of NN on brain endothelial cells injured by the mediator of oxidative stress H(2)O(2) (. H(2)O(2) caused hydroxyl radical generation, lipid peroxidation, membrane dysfunction, membrane leak and cell death, concentration dependently. Due to 0.5 mM H(2)O(2), oxy-radical-induced membrane phospholipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) increased to 0.61+/-0.04 nmol/mg protein vs control (0.32+/-0.03, p<0.05), cells lost cytosolic proteins into the medium and viability decreased to 28+/-2% of control (p<0.05). Permeability through the endothelial monolayer (measure for the tightness of the BBB) rose to 250+/-40% after 0.15 mM H(2)O(2) (p<0.001). Addition of 10 microM of the NN 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-diphenyl-4-methoxy-2-imidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl (NN-2), 1 mM phenylbutyl nitrone (PBN), or 10 microM of the lazaroid U83836E improved cell viability during incubation with 0.5 mM H(2)O(2) to 57+/-1%, 49+/-2%, and 42+/-3% (p<0.05, vs drug-free H(2)O(2) group). The permeability enhancement by 0.15 mM H(2)O(2) was reduced to 171+/-21%, 170+/-25%, and 118+/-32% (p<0.05 vs drug-free H(2)O(2) group). Generally, the assumption is supported that during cerebral oxidative stress the protection should also be directed to the cells of the BBB, which can be provided by antioxidative approaches. NN represent a new group of antioxdatively acting cytoprotectiva improving the survival and function of the endothelium against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Blasig
- Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Delbrück-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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36
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Fuchs J, Groth N, Herrling T. In vitro and in vivo assessment of the irritation potential of different spin traps in human skin. Toxicology 2000; 151:55-63. [PMID: 11074300 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
No clinical data are available on the acute cutaneous toxicity of spin traps which are frequently used in combination with the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique for detection of free radicals and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute dermatotoxicity of the following spin traps in human skin: C-phenyl-N-tert.-butyl nitrone (PBN), C-(4-pyridinyl-N-oxide)-N-tert.-butylnitrone (POBN), 5, 5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-N-oxide(DMPO), 5 diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-l-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO), diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (MGD). The corrosivity of the test substances was first assessed in human skin in vitro by measurement of transcutaneous electrical resistance (TER). In this assay all spin traps were non-corrosive at 500 mM concentration. Subsequently cutaneous irritation of the spin traps was determined at different concentrations (50, 250 and 500 mM) in human skin according to a routine four h human patch test in comparison to the standardized irritant sodium laurylsulfate (SLS, 20%). The response was evaluated clinically as well as by a biophysical method analyzing transepidermal water loss (TEWL). PBN and DEPMPO caused a transient and weak inflammatory reaction at 500 mM in four of 17 and in two of 17 volunteers, respectively. DMPO, POBN, DDC, MGID, and the iron complexes of DDC and MGD were clinically non-irritant at all concentrations tested and no delayed-acute inflammatory reactions were observed. However, the TEWL values were significantly increased by all spin traps except DMPO at 500 mM, indicating disturbed epidermal barrier function. We conclude that the spin traps investigated have a low potential to cause acute skin toxicity and may be used safely for in vivo EPR studies in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fuchs
- Zentrum der Dermatologie und Venerologie, Klinikum der J.W. Goethe Universität, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
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Maurelli E, Culcasi M, Delmas-Beauvieux MC, Miollan M, Gallis JL, Tron T, Pietri S. New perspectives on the cardioprotective phosphonate effect of the spin trap 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide: an hemodynamic and 31P NMR study in rat hearts. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 27:34-41. [PMID: 10443917 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The spin trap 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO) is an improved ESR probe to assess superoxide (O2*-) formation in the postischemic heart. We recently found that DEPMPO pretreatment improves recovery of cardiac function with the concomitant inhibition of postischemic O2*- production. By perfusing diethyl methylphosphonate MeP(O)(OEt)2 to ischemic-reperfused isolated rat hearts, we provide hemodynamic evidence that this preservation, which exerts during ischemia, is in fact specific to the phosphonate group. Using 31P NMR on intact rat hearts, it was also found that the "phosphonate effect" of DEPMPO is related to the preservation of ATP levels during ischemia, when compared to 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. This mechanism may be a means of reducing the potency of cardiac tissue to produce O2*- during reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maurelli
- Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6517 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universités d'Aix-Marseille I & III, Marseille, France
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Gorman AM, Heavey B, Creagh E, Cotter TG, Samali A. Antioxidant-mediated inhibition of the heat shock response leads to apoptosis. FEBS Lett 1999; 445:98-102. [PMID: 10069381 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the induction of heat shock proteins (hsps) during stress response. Exposure of HL-60 human myelocytic cells to 42 degrees C induced both hsp72 and hsp27. In the presence of the antioxidant molecules pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or 1,10-phenanthroline induction of hsp72 and 27 was significantly decreased, while N-acetyl-L-cysteine caused a slight reduction. Prevention of hsp induction was associated with heat sensitization and increased caspase activity, indicating that the cells were undergoing apoptosis. These data suggest that ROS contribute to the induction of hsps and furthermore, that hsp induction and apoptosis are mutually exclusive events within the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gorman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Abstract
Phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) is the parent of a family of nitrones used as spin-trapping agents to trap free radicals. PBN's pharmacological effects in animal models are extensive, ranging from protection against death after endotoxin shock, protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury, to increasing the life span of mice. Recent additions to the list include protection from bacterial meningitis, thalidomide-induced teratogenicity, drug-induced diabetogenesis, and choline-deficient hepatocarcinogenesis. Because PBN reacts with oxygen radicals to produce less reactive species, it has been suggested that this is the basis of its pharmacological effects. However, there has been no hard evidence for this notation. Nevertheless, many investigators have used the presence of PBN's pharmacologic effect as evidence for free radical involvement in their models. Mechanistic studies on the PBN's antisepsis action revealed that PBN inhibits expression of various pro-inflammatory genes, suggesting that the protective action involves more than a straightforward free radical-scavenging mechanism. Previous and recent developments in the investigations on the pharmacologic properties of PBN are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kotake
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City 73104, USA.
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