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Yuan Y, Li M, Apostolopoulos V, Matsoukas J, Wolf WM, Blaskovich MAT, Bojarska J, Ziora ZM. Tetrazoles: A multi-potent motif in drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 279:116870. [PMID: 39316842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
The unique physicochemical properties and fascinating bioisosterism of tetrazole scaffolds have received significant attention in medicinal chemistry. We report recent efforts using tetrazoles in drug design strategies in this context. Despite the increasing prevalence of tetrazoles in FDA-approved drugs for various conditions such as cancer, bacterial viral and fungal infections, asthma, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, malaria, and tuberculosis, our understanding of their structure-activity relationships, multifunctional mechanisms, binding modes, and biochemical properties remains limited. We explore the potential of tetrazole bioisosteres in optimising lead molecules for innovative therapies, discussing applications, trends, advantages, limitations, and challenges. Additionally, we assess future research directions to drive further progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Muzi Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia; Institute for Health and Sport, Immunology and Translational Research, Victoria University, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia; Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - John Matsoukas
- New Drug, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3030, Australia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wojciech M Wolf
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, Lodz, 90-924, Poland
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, Lodz, 90-924, Poland.
| | - Zyta M Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Gilfillan L, Blair A, Morris BJ, Pratt JA, Schweiger L, Pimlott S, Sutherland A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-ones; potential imaging agents of the metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00110e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brown AK, Kimura Y, Zoghbi SS, Siméon FG, Liow JS, Kreisl WC, Taku A, Fujita M, Pike VW, Innis RB. Metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 receptors are quantified in the human brain with a novel radioligand for PET. J Nucl Med 2009; 49:2042-8. [PMID: 19038998 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.056291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We developed a radioligand, 3-fluoro-5-(2-(2-(18)F-(fluoromethyl)thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)benzonitrile ((18)F-SP203), for metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGluR5) receptors that showed both promising (high specific binding) and problematic (defluorination) imaging characteristics in animals. The purposes of this initial evaluation in human subjects were to determine whether (18)F-SP203 is defluorinated in vivo (as measured by uptake of radioactivity in the skull) and to determine whether the uptake in the brain can be quantified as distribution volume relative to concentrations of (18)F-SP203 in plasma. METHODS Seven healthy subjects were injected with (18)F-SP203 (323 +/- 87 MBq) and scanned over 5 h, with rest periods outside the camera. The concentrations of (18)F-SP203, separated from radiometabolites, were measured in arterial plasma. RESULTS The skull was difficult to visualize on PET images in the initial 2 h, because of high radioactivity in the brain. Although radioactivity in the skull and adjacent cortex showed some cross-contamination, the concentration of radioactivity in the skull was less than half of that in the adjacent cortex during the initial 2 h. Modeling of regional brain and plasma data showed that a 2-tissue-compartment model was superior to a 1-tissue-compartment model, consistent with measurable amounts of both receptor-specific and nonspecific binding. The concentrations of activity in the brain measured with PET were consistently greater than the modeled values at late but not early time points and may well have been caused by the slow accumulation of radiometabolites in the brain. To determine an adequate time for more accurate measurement of distribution volume, we selected a scan duration (i.e., 2 h) associated with maximal or near-maximal identifiability. Distribution volume was well identified ( approximately 2%) by only 2 h (and even just 1) of image acquisition. CONCLUSION This initial evaluation of (18)F-SP203 in healthy human subjects showed that defluorination is relatively small and that brain uptake can be robustly calculated as distribution volume. The values of distribution volume were well identified and had relatively small variation in this group of 7 subjects. These results suggest that (18)F-SP203 will have good sensitivity to measure mGluR5 receptors for both within-subject studies (e.g., receptor occupancy) and between-subject studies (e.g., patients vs. healthy subjects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira K Brown
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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González R, Collado I, de Uralde BL, Marcos A, Martín-Cabrejas LM, Pedregal C, Blanco-Urgoiti J, Pérez-Castells J, Fernández MA, Andis SL, Johnson BG, Wright RA, Schoepp DD, Monn JA. C3′-cis-Substituted carboxycyclopropyl glycines as metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonists: Synthesis and SAR studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6556-70. [PMID: 16153851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of C3'-cis-substituted carboxycyclopropyl glycines bearing a wide variety of functional groups is described, and the structure-activity relationship for this series as agonists of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors is reported.
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Lopatina NG, Ryzhova IV, Zachepilo TG, Smirnov VB, Chesnokova EG. L-Glutamate in formation of long-term memory in the honeybee Apis mellifera. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10893-004-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bandrowski AE, Huguenard JR, Prince DA. Baseline glutamate levels affect group I and II mGluRs in layer V pyramidal neurons of rat sensorimotor cortex. J Neurophysiol 2003; 89:1308-16. [PMID: 12626613 PMCID: PMC3005275 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00644.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Possible functional roles for glutamate that is detectable at low concentrations in the extracellular space of intact brain and brain slices have not been explored. To determine whether this endogenous glutamate acts on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), we obtained whole cell recordings from layer V pyramidal neurons of rat sensorimotor cortical slices. Blockade of mGluRs with (+)-alpha-amino-4-carboxy-alpha-methyl-benzeacetic acid (MCPG, a general mGluR antagonist) increased the mean amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), an effect attributable to a selective increase in the occurrence of large amplitude sEPSCs. 2S-2-amino-2-(1S,2S-2-carboxycyclopropyl-1-yl)-3-(xanth-9-yl)propanoic acid (LY341495, a group II antagonist) increased, but R(-)-1-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-1,5-dicarboxylic acid (AIDA) and (RS)-hexyl-HIBO (group I antagonists) decreased sEPSC amplitude, and (R,S)-alpha-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (CPPG, a group III antagonist) did not change it. The change in sEPSCs elicited by MCPG, AIDA, and LY341495 was absent in tetrodotoxin, suggesting that it was action potential-dependent. The increase in sEPSCs persisted in GABA receptor antagonists, indicating that it was not due to effects on inhibitory interneurons. AIDA and (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG, a group I agonist) elicited positive and negative shifts in holding current, respectively. LY341495 and (2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV, a group II agonist) elicited negative and positive shifts in holding current, respectively. The AIDA and LY341495 elicited currents persisted in TTX. Finally, in current clamp, LY341495 depolarized cells by approximately 2 mV and increased the number of action potentials to a given depolarizing current pulse. Thus ambient levels of glutamate tonically activate mGluRs and regulate cortical excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Bandrowski
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Chapter 3. Metabotropic glutamate receptors: Agonists, antagonists and allosteric modulators. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(03)38004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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