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Dugheri S, Cappelli G, Fanfani N, Ceccarelli J, Marrubini G, Squillaci D, Traversini V, Gori R, Mucci N, Arcangeli G. A New Perspective on SPME and SPME Arrow: Formaldehyde Determination by On-Sample Derivatization Coupled with Multiple and Cooling-Assisted Extractions. Molecules 2023; 28:5441. [PMID: 37513313 PMCID: PMC10383053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a toxic compound and a human carcinogen. Regulating FA-releasing substances in commercial goods is a growing and interesting topic: worldwide production sectors, like food industries, textiles, wood manufacture, and cosmetics, are involved. Thus, there is a need for sensitive, economical, and specific FA monitoring tools. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) on-sample derivatization and gas chromatography, is proposed for FA monitoring of real-life samples. This study reports the use of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a sorbent phase combined with innovative commercial methods, such as multiple SPME (MSPME) and cooling-assisted SPME, for FA determination. Critical steps, such as extraction and sampling, were evaluated in method development. The derivatization was performed at 60 °C for 30 min, followed by 15 min sampling at 10 °C, in three cycles (SPME Arrow) or six cycles (SPME). The sensitivity was satisfactory for the method's purposes (LOD-LOQ at 11-36 ng L-1, and 8-26 ng L-1, for SPME and SPME Arrow, respectively). The method's linearity ranges from the lower LOQ at trace level (ng L-1) to the upper LOQ at 40 mg L-1. The precision range was 5.7-10.2% and 4.8-9.6% and the accuracy was 97.4% and 96.3% for SPME and SPME Arrow, respectively. The cooling MSPME set-up applied to real commercial goods provided results of quality comparable to previously published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Laboratory, University Hospital Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cappelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Fanfani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Jacopo Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Giorgio Marrubini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Donato Squillaci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Veronica Traversini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gori
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
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Abughrin SE, Alshana U, Bakirdere S. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction of Three UV Blockers Prior to Their Determination by HPLC-DAD. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6037. [PMID: 35627574 PMCID: PMC9140875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The need for proper handling of environmental samples is significant, owing to their environmental effects on both humans and animals, as well as their immediate surroundings. In the current study, magnetic nanoparticle-based dispersive solid-phase microextraction was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography using a diode array as the detector (HPLC-DAD) for both the separation and determination of three different UV blockers, namely octocrylene, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, and avobenzone. The optimum conditions for the extraction were found to be as follows: Stearic acid magnetic nanoparticles (20 mg) as the sorbent, acetonitrile (100 µL) as the eluent, as well as a sample pH of 2.50, adsorption and desorption time of 1.0 min, with a 3.0 mL sample volume. The limits of detection were as low as 0.05 µg mL-1. The coefficient of determination (R2) was above 0.9950, while the percentages of relative recoveries (%RR) were between 81.2 and 112% for the three UV blockers from the environmental water samples and sunscreen products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suad E. Abughrin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, TRNC, Mersin 10, Nicosia 99138, Turkey;
- Center for Solar Energy Research and Studies, Department of Renewable Energy, Libyan Authority for Scientific Research, Tripoli P.O. Box 30454, Libya
| | - Usama Alshana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, TRNC, Mersin 10, Nicosia 99138, Turkey;
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Al Khod, Muscat P.O. Box 50, Oman
| | - Sezgin Bakirdere
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul 34349, Turkey;
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Wang CH, Su H, Chou JH, Lin JY, Huang MZ, Lee CW, Shiea J. Multiple solid phase microextraction combined with ambient mass spectrometry for rapid and sensitive detection of trace chemical compounds in aqueous solution. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1107:101-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Multiwalled carbon nanotubes-doped polymeric ionic liquids coating for multiple headspace solid-phase microextraction. Talanta 2014; 123:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Considerations on the application of miniaturized sample preparation approaches for the analysis of organic compounds in environmental matrices. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-011-0114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe miniaturization and improvement of sample preparation is a challenge that has been fulfilled up to a point in many fields of analytical chemistry. Particularly, the hyphenation of microextraction with advanced analytical techniques has allowed the monitoring of target analytes in a vast variety of environmental samples. Several benefits can be obtained when miniaturized techniques such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) or liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) are applied, specifically, their easiness, rapidity and capability to separate and pre-concentrate target analytes with a negligible consumption of organic solvents. In spite of the great acceptance that these green sample preparation techniques have in environmental research, their full implementation has not been achieved or even attempted in some relevant environmental matrices. In this work, a critical review of the applications of LPME and SPME techniques to isolate and pre-concentrate traces of organic pollutants is provided. In addition, the influence of the environmental matrix on the effectiveness of LPME and SPME for isolating the target organic pollutants is addressed. Finally, unsolved issues that may hinder the application of these techniques for the extraction of dissolved organic matter from environmental samples and some suggestions for developing novel and less selective enrichment and isolation procedures for natural organic matter on the basis of SPME and LPME are included.
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Hakkarainen M. Developments in multiple headspace extraction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:229-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ma M, Kang S, Zhao Q, Chen B, Yao S. Liquid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of local anaesthetics in human urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:128-35. [PMID: 16076540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) device combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is presented for the simultaneous analysis of local anaesthetics, lidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracaine, from human urine sample. An organic solvent showed good compatibility with the mobile phase of the HPLC, o-dibutyl phthalate, was selected. Local anaesthetics are extracted from 6 ml of the feed aqueous solution and human urine sample into a water-immiscible organic solvent suspended at the needle tip of the microsyringe, then the organic solvent was directly introduced to a reversed-phase HPLC system. The kind of the organic extraction solvent, the stirring rate, the pH value of the aqueous feed solution, and the extraction time have been discussed. Under the optimized extraction conditions, high enrichment factors (more than 86.0-fold) and significant sample clean-up for all of studied local anaesthetics were achieved within 30 min. The detection limits (lower than 0.05 microg/ml) were comparable with previously reported gas chromatography methods. This method was applied to specimen of patient who was treated with extradural anaesthesia of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracaine, and revealed that simultaneous determination of above three local anaesthetics in human urine was possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
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Zimmermann T, Ensinger WJ, Schmidt TC. Depletion solid-phase microextraction for the evaluation of fiber-sample partition coefficients of pesticides. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1102:51-9. [PMID: 16271267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A depletion solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method for the characterisation of SPME sorption for 13 pesticides selected as probe compounds is described. The sample is extracted and analysed multiple times by SPME-GC/MS. The observed depletion in peak areas is used for the calculation of extraction ratios that varied between 3 and 28% for a PDMS fiber with confidence intervals between 0.7 and 5.4%. Apparent fiber-sample partition coefficients can be calculated and extrapolated to equilibrium conditions if specific sorption kinetics are known. Under the chosen conditions, problems were encountered for more polar compounds (logK(ow)<3) due to inefficient extraction. The extracted amount was found to be the decisive parameter for depletion SPME and the extraction conditions therefore need to be adapted to the polarity of the analyte. The importance of the initial analyte concentration especially for mixed-mode fibers is demonstrated. Compared with conventional external calibration using liquid injection, depletion SPME eliminates uncertainties due to solvent effects during injection. Furthermore, it does neither require authentic reference compounds nor knowledge of the initial analyte concentration, and thus can even be used for unknowns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zimmermann
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Martínez-Uruñuela A, González-Sáiz JM, Pizarro C. Multiple solid-phase microextraction in a non-equilibrium situation. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1089:31-8. [PMID: 16130768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple HS-solid-phase microextraction (MHS-SPME) is a modification of SPME developed for quantitative analysis that avoids possible matrix effects based on an exhaustive analyte extraction from the sample. In this paper, the theory of this process associated with a non-equilibrium situation has been presented. The application of an optimised HS-SPME-based method in the analysis of chloroanisoles and chlorophenols, previously acetylated, associated with the occurrence of cork taint in different red, white and rosé wine samples, has revealed the existence of matrix effects. This fact determines the choice of standard addition as the adequate technique for the quantification of these compounds in real samples. MHS-SPME is proposed as a good alternative technique with respect to HS-SPME because it avoids matrix effects, simplifies the quantification of these compounds in real samples and reduces analysis time, providing sensitivity below chloroanisole sensory threshold with acceptable precision.
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Study of multiple solid-phase microextraction combined off-line with high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Anderson MS, Lu B, Abdel-Rehim M, Blomberg S, Blomberg LG. Utility of nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis for the determination of lidocaine and its metabolites in human plasma: a comparison of ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2612-2618. [PMID: 15481095 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis/electrospray mass spectrometry method for the separation of lidocaine (LID) and two of its metabolites, monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) and glycinexylidide (GX), has been developed. The separation medium was: 70 mM ammonium formate and 2.0 M formic acid in acetonitrile/methanol (60:40 v/v). With a sheath liquid of methanol/water (80:20 v/v) containing 2% formic acid and positive ion detection, reproducible determinations (8-11% relative standard deviation (RSD)) of lidocaine and its metabolites were performed in spiked human plasma. The limits of detection (LODs) were between 69.1 and 337 nM. The influences of sheath liquid composition, nebulizing gas pressure and drying gas temperature on the separation were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
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Koster EHM, Niemeijer IS, de Jong GJ. Multiple solid-phase microextraction of drugs from human urine. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang Z, Wan H, Anderson MS, Abdel-Rehim M, Blomberg LG. Separation of lidocaine and its metabolites by capillary electrophoresis using volatile aqueous and nonaqueous electrolyte systems. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2495-502. [PMID: 11519953 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200107)22:12<2495::aid-elps2495>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The separation of the basic drug lidocaine and six of its metabolites has been investigated both by using volatile aqueous electrolyte system, at low pH and by employing non-aqueous electrolyte systems. In aqueous systems, the best separation of the compounds under the investigated conditions was achieved by using the electrolyte 60 mM trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/triethylamine (TEA) at pH 2.5 containing 15% methanol. With this electrolyte, all seven compounds were well separated with high efficiency and migration time repeatability. The separations with bare fused-silica capillaries and polyacrylamide-coated capillaries were compared with higher separation efficiency with the latter. On the other hand, near baseline separation of all the seven compounds was also obtained by employing the non-aqueous electrolyte, 40 mM ammonium acetate in methanol and TFA (99:1, v/v), with comparable migration time repeatability but lower separation efficiency relative to the aqueous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Karlstad University, Sweden
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Koster EH, Crescenzi C, den Hoedt W, Ensing K, de Jong GJ. Fibers coated with molecularly imprinted polymers for solid-phase microextraction. Anal Chem 2001; 73:3140-5. [PMID: 11467565 DOI: 10.1021/ac001331x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The simplicity and flexibility of solid-phase microextraction have been combined with the selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Silica fibers were coated reproducible with a 75-microm layer of methacrylate polymer either nonimprinted or imprinted with clenbuterol to compare their extraction characteristics under various conditions. Although the template molecule could be removed effectively from the imprinted polymer, structural analogues of clenbuterol were used for evaluation. The influence of pH on the extractability of brombuterol was investigated. Extraction yields up to approximately 80% were obtained when both types of fibers were used to extract brombuterol from phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). In contrast, yields of about 75 and <5% were obtained when extraction was performed from acetonitrile with imprinted and nonimprinted polymers, respectively, which demonstrates the selectivity of the MIP-coated fiber. Time sorption profiles were measured for the extraction of brombuterol from buffer and acetonitrile at the 10 and 100 ng/mL level with both types of fibers in order to compare extraction characteristics. Equilibrium times of about 30 and 90 min were found for the extraction of brombuterol from acetonitrile and buffer, respectively. The MIP-coated fibers were capable of extracting five structural analogues of clenbuterol from both buffer and acetonitrile, which suggests that the amine alcohol part of these molecules is responsible for interaction with the imprinted polymer. To achieve selective extraction of brombuterol from human urine, MIP-coated fibers were washed with acetonitrile after the extraction. Clean extracts and yields of approximately 45% were obtained, demonstrating the suitability of MIP-coated fibers for the analysis of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Koster
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University Centre for Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Koster EHM, Bruins CHP, Wemes C, de Jong GJ. On-fiber derivatization for direct immersion solid-phase microextraction Part I: Acylation of amphetamine with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride. J Sep Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20010201)24:2<116::aid-jssc116>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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