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Biomimetic Modification of Water-Borne Polymer Coating with Carnauba Wax for Controlled Release of Urea. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137422. [PMID: 35806426 PMCID: PMC9266667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefitting from the special structure of the leaf cuticle layer, plants have natural hydrophobicity and anti-fouling abilities. Inspired by the leaf surface structure, a biomimetic modification strategy was raised to improve the surface hydrophobicity of polyacrylate coating for controlled release fertilizer. Double-layer (polyacrylate and carnauba wax) coated fertilizer was obtained after biomimetic modification. The quality of controlled release fertilizer modified with the carnauba wax was greatly enhanced, and the coating material was effectively saved. The surface appearance of polyacrylate-coated fertilizer was improved for the surface blemish was repaired by the loaded carnauba wax. The characterizations by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the hydrogen bonds were formed between the water-based polyacrylate membrane and the carnauba wax layers. By optimizing the content of polyacrylate and carnauba wax, the release duration of the fertilizer was effectively prolonged, which was improved from 1 month to more than 2 months after the biomimetic modification. Therefore, biological wax as an environmentally-friendly natural material that has showed a broad potential in the application of coated controlled release fertilizer.
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York DW, Collins S, Rantape M. Measuring the permeability of thin solid layers of natural waxes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 551:270-282. [PMID: 31096136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Previous experimental work has shown that microcapsule walls, made by solidification of a molten wax, are unexpectedly permeable. The hypothesis was that this was due more to the structure of the wall than the material itself. EXPERIMENTS The permeability of thin (sub and low micron thickness) natural waxes was measured where a membrane was placed between two cells and the diffusion of a dye (fluorescein) measured. A filter paper was used to support the membranes. Two methods were used to coat the filter paper; simple dipping and spin coating. The resulting surfaces were examined using SEM, XRD and contact angle. FINDINGS Results indicate that the permeability of very thin walled capsules can be investigated by forming a layer on a porous support and measuring diffusion rates. Both the composition of the wax and the sample preparation is extremely important to the structure and resulting permeability of the membranes. Spin coating was much more effective than dip coating in reducing permeability. Carnauba wax had a much lower permeability than beeswax. A difference in levels between the two cells was observed, indicating a potential Osmotic pressure difference at play which should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W York
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Stephen Collins
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Mooketsi Rantape
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Isothermal Crystallization of iPP in Environment-friendly Diluents: Effect of Binary Diluents and Crystallization Temperature on Crystallization Kinetics. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Guo Y, Li JJ, Busta L, Jetter R. Coverage and composition of cuticular waxes on the fronds of the temperate ferns Pteridium aquilinum, Cryptogramma crispa, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Polystichum munitum and Gymnocarpium dryopteris. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:555-568. [PMID: 30252045 PMCID: PMC6153475 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cuticular waxes sealing plant surfaces against excessive water loss are complex mixtures of very-long-chain aliphatics, with compositions that vary widely between plant species. To help fill the gap in our knowledge about waxes of non-flowering plant taxa, and thus about the cuticle of ancestral land plants, this study provides comprehensive analyses of waxes on temperate fern species from five different families. METHODS The wax mixtures on fronds of Pteridium aquilinum, Cryptogramma crispa, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Polystichum munitum and Gymnocarpium dryopteris were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for identification, and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection for quantification. KEY RESULTS The wax mixtures from all five fern species contained large amounts of C36-C54 alkyl esters, with species-specific homologue distributions. They were accompanied by minor amounts of fatty acids, primary alcohols, aldehydes and/or alkanes, whose chain length profiles also varied widely between species. In the frond wax of G. dryopteris, C27-C33 secondary alcohols and C27-C35 ketones with functional groups exclusively on even-numbered carbons (C-10 to C-16) were identified; these are characteristic structures similar to secondary alcohols and ketones in moss, gymnosperm and basal angiosperm waxes. The ferns had total wax amounts varying from 3.9 μg cm-2 on P. glycyrrhiza to 16.9 μg cm-2 on G. dryopteris, thus spanning a range comparable with that on leaves of flowering plants. CONCLUSIONS The characteristic compound class compositions indicate that all five fern species contain the full complement of wax biosynthesis enzymes previously described for the angiosperm arabidopsis. Based on the isomer profiles, we predict that each fern species, in contrast to arabidopsis, has multiple ester synthase enzymes, each with unique substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jia Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Present address: Center for Plant Science Innovation, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Ndiripo A, Pasch H. Comprehensive Analysis of Oxidized Waxes by Solvent and Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography and Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7626-7634. [PMID: 29807432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This report addresses the comprehensive analysis of oxidized/functionalized polyethylene waxes according to chemical composition and molar mass by selective chromatographic methods. For the first time, tailored high-temperature interaction chromatography in solvent gradient (HT-SGIC) and thermal gradient (HT-TGIC) modes are used for the chemical composition separation of these materials. Separation protocols are developed using three model wax samples with different degrees of oxidation. For the chromatographic separations polar silica gel is used as the stationary phase. Solvent gradients of decane and cyclohexanone are used in HT-SGIC at 110 °C to separate the bulk waxes into several heterogeneous fractions according to polarity and the type of functionality. Column temperature and gradient manipulation are shown to influence chromatographic resolution and retention. The HT-SGIC investigations are complemented by HT-TGIC separations where a solvent mixture of decane and cyclohexanone is used as the mobile phase in isocratic mode. It is shown that HT-SGIC and HT-TGIC provide different types of separation, however, both are predominantly based on differences in functionality. To provide comprehensive information on chemical composition (functionality) and molar mass, HT-SGIC and HT-TGIC are coupled to HT-SEC, using ortho-dichlorobenzene as the second dimension mobile phase. Clear differences between oxidized and nonoxidized waxes are detected in HT-2D-LC providing comprehensive information on the molecular heterogeneity of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , University of Stellenbosch , 7602 Matieland , South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , University of Stellenbosch , 7602 Matieland , South Africa
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Ndiripo A, Pasch H. A multidimensional fractionation protocol for the oligomer analysis of oxidized waxes. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:137-148. [PMID: 29866263 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized waxes possess far superior properties as compared to the alkanes they are derived from. The separation of alkane oligomers via gas chromatography (GC) becomes a challenge when polar oxygen-containing functional groups are introduced or when higher molar masses are targeted. In the present study, the separation and analysis of oligomers in oxidized and non-oxidized waxes using different liquid chromatographic techniques are investigated. Oligomers in two oxidized waxes and a non-oxidized wax from which they are derived, are separated using high-temperature solvent gradient interaction chromatography (HT-SGIC) and high-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT-2D-LC). Evaporative light scattering detector conditions are tailored to provide the best detection with the solvent system at use. It is shown that oligomers in oxidized and non-oxidized waxes can be separated and identified using the mentioned techniques. It has been found that the ELSD detector response systematically decreases as the oxidation levels of the waxes increase. Coupling of HT-HPLC and high-temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC) in a comprehensive 2D-LC setup shows a broadening of the molar mass distributions of the lower oligomer fractions as a consequence of the modification indicating changes in the oligomer chain microstructures. A preparative fractionation technique is utilized to collect specific oligomer fractions from the bulk waxes followed by hyphenation to HT-HPLC and other techniques. HPLC is shown to provide more detailed information on the oligomer composition of waxes when coupled to a pre-fractionation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602, Matieland, South Africa.
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Wang YJ, Zhao ZP, Xi ZY, Yan SY. Microporous polypropylene membrane prepared via TIPS using environment-friendly binary diluents and its VMD performance. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Tada A, Ishizuki K, Yamazaki T, Sugimoto N, Akiyama H. Method for the determination of natural ester-type gum bases used as food additives via direct analysis of their constituent wax esters using high-temperature GC/MS. Food Sci Nutr 2014; 2:417-25. [PMID: 25473499 PMCID: PMC4221840 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural ester-type gum bases, which are used worldwide as food additives, mainly consist of wax esters composed of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty alcohols. There are many varieties of ester-type gum bases, and thus a useful method for their discrimination is needed in order to establish official specifications and manage their quality control. Herein is reported a rapid and simple method for the analysis of different ester-type gum bases used as food additives by high-temperature gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). With this method, the constituent wax esters in ester-type gum bases can be detected without hydrolysis and derivatization. The method was applied to the determination of 10 types of gum bases, including beeswax, carnauba wax, lanolin, and jojoba wax, and it was demonstrated that the gum bases derived from identical origins have specific and characteristic total ion chromatogram (TIC) patterns and ester compositions. Food additive gum bases were thus distinguished from one another based on their TIC patterns and then more clearly discriminated using simultaneous monitoring of the fragment ions corresponding to the fatty acid moieties of the individual molecular species of the wax esters. This direct high-temperature GC/MS method was shown to be very useful for the rapid and simple discrimination of varieties of ester-type gum bases used as food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Tada
- National Institute of Health Sciences Tokyo, Japan
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Wollmerstädt M, Lohmeier R, Herdegen V, Schröder H, Repke J. Influence of drying on the extraction of different processed lignites. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wollmerstädt
- TU Bergakademie FreibergInstitute of Thermal, Environmental and Natural Products Process EngineeringFreibergGermany
| | - Reinhard Lohmeier
- TU Bergakademie FreibergInstitute of Thermal, Environmental and Natural Products Process EngineeringFreibergGermany
| | - Volker Herdegen
- TU Bergakademie FreibergInstitute of Thermal, Environmental and Natural Products Process EngineeringFreibergGermany
| | - Hans‐Werner Schröder
- TU Bergakademie FreibergInstitute of Thermal, Environmental and Natural Products Process EngineeringFreibergGermany
| | - Jens‐Uwe Repke
- TU Bergakademie FreibergInstitute of Thermal, Environmental and Natural Products Process EngineeringFreibergGermany
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Detection of adulterated commercial Spanish beeswax. Food Chem 2011; 132:642-8. [PMID: 26434344 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The physical and chemical parameters (melting point and saponification number), and the fraction of hydrocarbons, monoesters, acids and alcohols have been determined in 90 samples of Spanish commercial beeswax from Apis mellifera L. The adulteration with paraffins of different melting point, cow tallow, stearic acid, and carnauba wax were determined by HTGC-FID/MS detection, and the research was focussed mainly on paraffins and microcrystallines waxes. In general, the added adulterant can be identified by the presence of non-naturally beeswax components, and by the differences of values of selected components between pure and adulterated beeswax. The detection limits were determined using pure and adulterated beeswax with different amounts of added waxes (5%, 10%, 20% and 30%). Percentages higher than 1-5% of each adulterant can be detected in the mixtures. Paraffin waxes were confirmed in 33 of the 90 samples analysed at concentrations between 5% and 30%.
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11
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SINDHU KANYA T, LOKESH B, SHAMANTHAKA SASTRY M. EFFECT OF SUNFLOWER WAX SUPPLEMENTED DIET ON LIPID PROFILES IN ALBINO RATS. J Food Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Jiménez JJ, Bernal JL, del Nozal MJ, Toribio L, Bernal J. Detection of beeswax adulterations using concentration guide-values. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200600308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Reardon MR, Allen L, Bender EC, Boyle KM. Comparison of Motor Oils Using High-Temperature Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2007; 52:656-63. [PMID: 17456092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of motor oils has wide applications in the forensic science field from comparing lubricants transferred between an automobile and a victim or crime scene to differentiating the compositions of plastic explosives. In this study, 40 unused motor oils were analyzed and compared by high-temperature gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the potential for oil individualization. Oil samples were also collected from the crankcase dipsticks of 30 cars. Twenty-six of these oils could be differentiated from each other based on visual comparisons of the unresolved envelope (baseline rise due to incomplete separation) and the resolved hydrocarbons in the raw total ion chromatograms (TICs) and smoothed TIC data. Four of these oils were analyzed as unknowns and were correctly related to the corresponding vehicle. The use of extracted ion profiles (EIPs) was explored as a means to further discriminate between the indistinct samples based on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. The research discussed in this paper demonstrated that differentiation of motor oils was possible by examining the TIC, smoothed TIC, and EIP data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Reardon
- Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory--Washington, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD 20705-1250, USA.
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Jiménez JJ, Bernal JL, del Nozal MAJ, Martín MAT, Bernal J. Sample preparation methods for beeswax characterization by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1129:262-72. [PMID: 16854423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
New and simpler methods of sample preparation to determine several families of compounds in beeswax by conventional and high temperature gas chromatography are proposed. To analyze hydrocarbons and palmitates, a dilution of sample is enough whereas for the total acid content, a hydrolysis and simultaneous methylation with BF3-methanol results more effective than the usual methods; for the total content of alcohols, a further acetylation with acetic anhydride is necessary. Free alcohols are directly acetylated in a sample dissolution but for free acids and monoesterified 1,2,3-propanetriols analysis, a previous extraction with acetonitrile is required. The concentrations of all the compounds studied are expressed in weight percentage referred only to one standard: octadecyl octadecanoate. The precision of the analytical methods has been evaluated showing its importance in the analysis of beeswaxes used in apiculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Prado de la Magdalena s/n, Valladolid, Spain.
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15
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Regert M, Langlois J, Colinart S. Characterisation of wax works of art by gas chromatographic procedures. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1091:124-36. [PMID: 16395801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To identify the various natural and synthetic substances used by sculptors at the end of the 19th century, several contemporary reference samples were investigated by high temperature gas chromatography (HT GC) and HT GC-MS. Using specific chromatographic conditions and minimising sample preparation, we could separate, detect and identify a wide range of biomolecular markers covering a great variety of molecular weights and volatilities, with a minimum amount of sample, in a single run. Beeswax, spermaceti, carnauba, candellila and Japan waxes as well as pine resin derivatives, animal fats, paraffin, ozokerite and stearin, used as additives in wax works of art, were chemically investigated. In the case of low volatile compounds, transbutylation was performed. The structure of long-chain esters of spermaceti was elucidated for the first time by HT GC-MS analysis. Such a method was then carried out on 10 samples collected on a statuette of Junon by Antoine-Louis Barye (Louvre Museum, Paris, France) and on a sculpture by Aimé-Jules Dalou (Musée de la Révolution Française, Vizille, France). The analytical results obtained provide new data on the complex recipes elaborated by sculptors at the end of the 19th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Regert
- UMR 171 CNRS and GdR 2114 ChimArt, Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14 Quai Franfois Mitterrand, F-75001 Paris, France.
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Petsch M, Mayer-Helm BX, Söllner V. Preparation and characterization of fused-silica capillary columns coated with m-carborane–siloxane copolymers for gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:322-6. [PMID: 16143857 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The carborane-siloxane copolymers Dexsil 300, a 34.5% bis(dimethylsilyl)-m-carborane-65.5% dimethylsiloxane copolymer, and Dexsil 400, a 24.9% bis(dimethylsilyl)-m-carborane-50.8% dimethyl, 24.3% methylphenylsiloxane copolymer, were coated on fused silica capillary columns and their gas chromatographic properties were evaluated. Their selectivity was evaluated using both Rohrschneider-McReynolds constants and triacylglycerol indices. The bis(dimethylsilyl)-m-carborane unit turned out to be equivalent to two dimethylsiloxy units and one half of a diphenylsiloxy unit. The m-carborane unit was found to cause a 15-25 K shift in the elution temperature between 120 and 360 degrees C. The working range was from 20 and 0 degrees C to 380 degrees C for Dexsil 300 and Dexsil 400, respectively. The column bleeding levels at 380 degrees C were below 20 and 15 pA for Dexsil 300 and Dexsil 400, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Petsch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Jiménez JJ, Bernal JL, Aumente S, del Nozal MJ, Martín MT, Bernal J. Quality assurance of commercial beeswax. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1024:147-54. [PMID: 14753717 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of low-temperature capillary gas chromatography coupled to electron impact mass spectrometry for the characterization of crude beeswaxes yielded by Apis mellifera is described. The system allows the identification of a great number of compounds, some of them not reported till now in beeswax, such as a family of ethyl esters, tetracosyl oleate, and several saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. The information acquired makes possible the differentiation between pure beeswax and some foundation beeswax samples where mixture of pure beeswax with another substances is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Prado de la Magdalena s/n, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
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Jiménez JJ, Bernal JL, Aumente S, Toribio L, Bernal J. Quality assurance of commercial beeswax II. Gas chromatography-electron impact ionization mass spectrometry of alcohols and acids. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1007:101-16. [PMID: 12924556 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection was used to find the fraction of alcohols and acids present in pure beeswax from Apis mellifera. Some new compounds not described till now were found, such as a family of unsaturated linear fatty acids, several hydroxyacids and 1,2,3-propanetriol monoesters. The chromatographic profiles obtained from pure beeswax and bee-rejected foundation beeswax can be used to discriminate them; they mainly differ in the amount of some acids and alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Prado de la Magdalena s/n, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Matthies
- Voelpker Montanwachs GmbH, Fabrikstraße 1, 39393 Völpke, Germany. Phone: +49‐39402‐962‐29, Fax: +49‐39402‐215; web site: www.montanwachs.de
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Planeta J, Novotná P, Pacáková V, Štulík K, Mikešová M, Vejrosta J. Application of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography to the Analysis of Waxes in Objects of Art. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000501)23:5<393::aid-jhrc393>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Rodrigues JF, Bezerra CC. A viscometric method for the determination of induction period for polymer thermal oxidation. Polym Bull (Berl) 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00319236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brossard S, Lafosse M, Dreux M, Becart J. Abnormal composition of commerical waxes revealed by supercritical fluid chromatography. Chromatographia 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02263876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brossard S, Lafosse M, Dreux M. Analysis of synthetic mixtures of waxes by supercritical fluid chromatography with packed columns using evaporative light-scattering detection. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)80372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kattner G, Graeve M, Ernst W. Gas—liquid chromatographic method for the determination of marine was esters according to the degree of unsaturation. J Chromatogr A 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)89450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Puchinger L, Stachelberger H. Pyrolyse-gaschromatographische Prüfung organischer Rohstoffe am Beispiel der Wachse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19900920609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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