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Medina DAV, Cardoso AT, Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. Open tubular liquid chromatography: Recent advances and future trends. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300373. [PMID: 37582640 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Nano-liquid chromatography (nanoLC) is gaining significant attention as a primary analytical technique across various scientific domains. Unlike conventional high-performance LC, nanoLC utilizes columns with inner diameters (i.ds.) usually ranging from 10 to 150 μm and operates at mobile phase flow rates between 10 and 1000 nl/min, offering improved chromatographic performance and detectability. Currently, most exploration of nanoLC has focused on particle-packed columns. Although open tubular LC (OTLC) can provide superior performance, optimized OTLC columns require very narrow i.ds. (< 10 μm) and demand challenging instrumentation. At the moment, these challenges have limited the success of OTLC. Nevertheless, remarkable progress has been made in developing and utilizing OTLC systems featuring narrow columns (< 2 μm). Additionally, significant efforts have been made to explore larger columns (10-75 μm i.d), demonstrating practical applicability in many situations. Due to their perceived advantages, interest in OTLC has resurged in the last two decades. This review provides an updated outlook on the latest developments in OTLC, focusing on instrumental challenges, achievements, and advancements in column technology. Moreover, it outlines selected applications that illustrate the potential of OTLC for performing targeted and untargeted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyber Arley Vargas Medina
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Timoteo Cardoso
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Victor Basolli Borsatto
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vargas Medina DA, Maciel EVS, de Toffoli AL, Lanças FM. Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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LIM LW. Development of Micro-Flow-Controlled Techniques and Novel Stationary Phases in Capillary Liquid Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2015.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Wah LIM
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
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Wang X, Cheng C, Wang S, Zhao M, Dasgupta PK, Liu S. Nanocapillaries for open tubular chromatographic separations of proteins in femtoliter to picoliter samples. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7428-35. [PMID: 19663450 PMCID: PMC2802834 DOI: 10.1021/ac901265t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have recently examined the potential of bare nanocapillaries for free solution DNA separations and demonstrated efficiencies exceeding 10(6) theoretical plates/m. In the present work, we demonstrate the use of bare and hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) coated open tubular nanocapillaries for protein separations. Using 1.5 microm inner diameter (i.d.) capillary columns, hydrodynamically injecting femto- to picoliter volumes of fluorescent or fluorescent dye labeled protein samples, utilizing a pneumatically pressurized chamber containing 1.0 mM sodium tetraborate solution eluent (typically 200 psi) as the pump, and performing on-column detection using a simple laser-induced fluorescence detector, we demonstrate efficiencies of close to a million theoretical plates/m while generating single digit microliter volumes of waste for a complete chromatographic run. We achieve baseline resolution for a protein mixture consisting of transferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, insulin, and alpha-2-macroglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Chang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Shili Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Meiping Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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Ito S, Yoshioka S, Ogata I, Yamashita E, Nagai S, Okumoto T, Ishii K, Ito M, Kaji H, Takao K, Deguchi K. Capillary high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry using a novel nanoflow gradient generator. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1090:178-83. [PMID: 16196147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A type of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based on a novel nanoflow gradient generator (Asymptotic-Trace-10-Port-Valve (AT10PV) nanoGR generator) was developed and coupled with an electrospray ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ESI-IT-TOF MS). Stability of the nanoflow GR HPLC system was tested at flow rates of 20 and 50 nL/min by using a nanoflow meter. Average flow rates in a 2-h run were 51.2 nL/min with RSD 0.7% and 21.0 nL/min with RSD 1.8%. Repeatability of analysis of the nanoHPLC/ESI-IT-TOF MS system was also tested by injecting 1.0 microL of trypsin digested bovine serum albumin (BSA) (100 fmol) into a monolithic silica-ODS column (30 microm i.d., 150 mm in length) through a packed silica-ODS trapping column (particle size 5 microm, 150 microm i.d., 10 mm in length). At a flow rate of 50 nL/min, the result demonstrated a reasonably good repeatability of peak retention times (RSD: 0.32-1.1%) and base-ion peak areas (RSD: 4.4-6.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ito
- Hitachi High-Technologies Co., Hitachinaka 312-8504, Japan
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Ito S, Yoshioka S, Ogata I, Takeda A, Yamashitaa E, Deguchi K. Nanoflow gradient generator for capillary high-performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1051:19-23. [PMID: 15532551 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel nanoflow gradient generator using a 10-port switching valve with two injection loops installed, which is referred to here as the "Asymptotic-Trace-10-Port-Valve" (AT10PV) nanoGR generator, has been applied to capillary high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-microelectrospray (microESI) or nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS). In this study, performance of this capillary HPLC-micro/nanoESI-MS system was tested at a flow rate of 200 nl/min by using three typical peptides (angiotensins I, II, and III: 50 fmol each). The result demonstrated that this system provides reasonably good repeatability of peak retention times (R. S.D. of less than 0.5%). Sequential runs of a series of sample injections were performed in the same manner as conventional analysis at microflow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ito
- Hitachi High-Technologies Co., Hitachinaka, Japan
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Dohmeier DM, Jorgenson JW. Evaluation of etched borosilicate glass capillary columns in reversed phase open tubular liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Saito Y, Jinno K, Greibrokk T. Capillary columns in liquid chromatography: between conventional columns and microchips. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:1379-90. [PMID: 15638147 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography on columns with small internal diameters has been reviewed as the intermediate technique between conventional liquid chromatography and microchip separations. The development of micro column separations in the early years has been described, starting with the papers of Horváth and co-workers and Ishii and co-workers, continuing into the first part of the eighties, then making a leap in time to recent innovations with small-bore columns. Based on internal diameters a classification of the different analytical HPLC columns has been suggested. The advantages of small-bore columns have been discussed, with particular emphasis on the advantage of coupling to concentration sensitive detectors when the sample amount is limited. Open tubular columns are treated as a part of the historic background. The recent developments include a brief look into the current status of monolithic columns, the use of packed nano columns and micro columns with electrospray mass spectrometry, and the potential of two-dimensional comprehensive liquid chromatography. Finally, the coupling of sample preparation to analytical columns and the future applications of the novel technological improvements to the microchip separation methods have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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Deguchi K, Ito S, Yoshioka S, Ogata I, Takeda A. Nanoflow Gradient Generator for Capillary High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2004; 76:1524-8. [PMID: 14987113 DOI: 10.1021/ac0350312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel method of generating a nanoflow gradient elution for a capillary high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system has been developed. An important feature of this system is that any gradient (GR) profile generated by a conventional microflow GR pump can be asymptotically traced and converted as a corresponding nanoflow GR profile simply by using a 10-port switching valve with two injection loops installed. Consequently, it has been called an "asymptotic trace 10-port valve" (AT10PV) nanoflow GR generator. Performance of the AT10PV nanoflow GR generator was tested in the range of flow rates from 50 to 500 nL/min. The test demonstrated that the AT10PV nanoflow GR generator can asymptotically trace the original gradient profile with good reproducibility. A capillary HPLC system using the AT10PV nanoflow GR generator provides reasonably good repeatability of peak retention times on the chromatogram of the tryptic digest of a BSA sample, RSD of less than 0.3% at a flow rate of 200 nL/min. It also enables sequential running of a series of sample injections in the same manner as conventional analysis at microflow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisaburo Deguchi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
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Hayes JD, Malik A. Sol-gel open tubular ODS columns with reversed electroosmotic flow for capillary electrochromatography. Anal Chem 2001; 73:987-96. [PMID: 11289446 DOI: 10.1021/ac000817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sol-gel chemistry was successfully used for the fabrication of open tubular columns with surface-bonded octadecylsilane (ODS) stationary-phase coating for capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). Following column preparations, a series of experiments were performed to investigate the performance of the sol-gel coated ODS columns in OT-CEC. The incorporation of N-octadecyldimethyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride as one of the sol-gel precursors played an important role in the electrochromatographic performance of the prepared columns. This chemical reagent possesses a chromatographically favorable, bonded ODS moiety, in conjunction with three methoxy groups allowing for sol-gel reactivity. In addition, a positively charged nitrogen atom is present in the molecular structure of this reagent and provides a positively charged capillary surface responsible for the reversed electroosmotic flow (EOF) in the columns during CEC operation. Comparative studies involving the EOF within such sol-gel ODS coated and uncoated capillaries were performed using acetonitrile and methanol as the organic modifiers in the mobile phase. The use of a deactivating reagent, phenyldimethylsilane, in the sol-gel solution was evaluated. Efficiency values of over 400,000 theoretical plates per meter were achieved in CEC on a 64 cm x 25 microm i.d. sol-gel ODS open tubular column. Test mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene derivatives, and aromatic aldehydes and ketones were used to evaluate the CEC performances of both nondeactivated and deactivated open tubular sol-gel columns. The effects of mobile-phase organic modifier contents and pH on EOF in such columns were evaluated. The prepared sol-gel ODS columns are characterized by switchable electroosmotic flow. A pH value of approximately 8.5 was found correspond to the isoelectric point for the prepared sol-gel ODS coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa 33620-5250, USA
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Crego AL, Martínez J, Marina ML. Influence of mobile phase composition on electroosmotic flow velocity, solute retention and column efficiency in open-tubular reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 869:329-37. [PMID: 10720248 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of some experimental parameters, such as the volume fraction and type of organic modifier in the mobile phase, and the concentration, type and pH of the buffer on the electroosmotic flow velocity, the retention behavior of test solutes, and the column efficiency have been investigated in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) using an open-tubular column of 9.60 microm I.D. with a porous silica layer chemically modified with C18 as stationary phase. The retention of a group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) used as a test mixture varied significantly by changing the organic modifier content in the hydroorganic mobile phase according to the reversed-phase-like selectivity of the stationary phase. In addition, an increase in the percentage of organic modifier resulted in a slight increase in the linear velocity of the EOF. On the other hand, when the phosphate buffer concentration was increased over the range 1-50 mM, the electroosmotic mobility fell dramatically, the retention of the solutes decreased steadily, and the plate height showed a significant increase. The results obtained with phosphate, trishydroxymethylaminomethane or 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid as buffers were similar when pH remained constant. Optimization in CEC was essential to achieve further enhancement of separation performance, because the analysis time and separation resolution are essentially affected when varying operating parameters. Separations of seven PAHs with more than 100000 plates are presented within 4 min analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Crego
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Tang Q, Wu N, Lee ML. Continuous-bed columns containing sol-gel bonded octadecylsilica for capillary liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-667x(2000)12:1<6::aid-mcs2>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Steenackers D, Sandra P. On the analysis of polar solutes on 50 μm i.d. open tubular LC columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240170712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Göhlin K, Larsson M. Study of polyorganosiloxanes (native and solvent swollen) for the preparation of narrow (5–15 μm I.D.) and long (1–6 m) open tubular columns in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80616-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Kondo H, Takeuchi T, Haraguchi H. Separation of low-boiling hydrocarbons by capillary gas chromatography with glass columns treated with hot alkaline solution. Chromatographia 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02275900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Cappiello A, Palma P, Mangani F. New materials and packing techniques for micro-HPLC packed capillary columns. Chromatographia 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02321439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Blanco D, Moran MJ, Gutierrez MD, Mangas JJ. Determination of Organic Acids in Apple and Cider by Liquid Chromatography with ordinary and narrow-bore columns. A Comparative Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/01483919108049350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Claire RLS, Dohmeier DM, Jorgenson JW. Preparation of reversed phase open tubular liquid chromatographic columns from borosilicate glass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Takeuchi T, Niwa T, Ishii D. Separation of oligomers by supercritical fluid chromatography with an open-tubular glass capillary silica gel column. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240111011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Flurer CL, Borra C, Andreolini F, Novotny M. Separation of proteins by microcolumn liquid chromatography based on the reversed-phase and size-exclusion principles. J Chromatogr A 1988; 448:73-86. [PMID: 3225298 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)84566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Slurry-packed fused-silica microcolumns of 250 micron I.D., are characterized for use in high-performance liquid chromatographic studies of proteins. The present work utilizes the reversed-phase and size-exclusion chromatographic modes for the separation of standard protein mixtures. A 5-micron, 300-A octyl material is utilized for the reversed-phase studies, and the size-exclusion studies are accomplished with 5-micron diol material of 60-, 100- and 300-A pore sizes. Column efficiency and packing reproducibility, as well as sample capacity in a micropreparative mode, are discussed. In addition, the inherent mass sensitivity of a microcolumn liquid chromatography system as applied to protein detection is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Flurer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
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28
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Gasparrini F, Misiti D, Villani C, La Torre F, Sinibaldi M. High-performance liquid chromatography on chiral packed microbore columns with the 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl derivative of trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane as selector. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)82071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Tock PPH, Stegeman G, Peerboom R, Poppe H, Kraak JC, Unger KK. The application of porous silica layers in open tubular columns for liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Novotny M. Capillary chromatography in the condensed mobile phases: From the concepts to analytically useful separations and measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Vargo JD. Comparing borosilicate and soda-lime glass for fabricating open-tubular liquid chromatographic columns. J Chromatogr A 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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32
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Cortes HJ, Pfeiffer CD, Richter BE. On-line multidimensional chromatography using packed capillary liquid chromatography and capillary gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240080823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Component Miniaturization In HPLC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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34
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Analytical Characteristics of Packed Capillary Columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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35
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Open-Tubular Micro-Hplc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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36
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Chapter 7 Liquid Chromatography in Columns of Capillary Dimensions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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37
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Takeuchi T, Kitamura H, Spitzer T, Ishii D. Use of crosslinked polysiloxane stationary phases in open-tubular capillary liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240061206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Takeuchi T, Ishii D. Chemically bonded octadecylsilane and polyimine stationary phases for open-tubular microcapillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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40
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Effect on column efficiency of packing capillary columns with inert spheres for use in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)95029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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42
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Takeuchi T, Ishii D, Nakanishi A. Dynamically modified silica columns in open-tubular capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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44
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Alcock NJ, Corbelli L, Games DE, Lant MS, Westwood SA. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using glass lined stainless steel microbore columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200091109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Lauer HH, Rozing GP. The selection of optimal conditions in HPLC II. The influence of column dimensions and sample size on solute detection. Chromatographia 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02261599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Games DE, Lant MS, Westwood SA, Cocksedge MJ, Evans N, Williamson J, Woodhall BJ. Microbore high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200090507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Yang FJ. Fused-silica narrow-bore microparticle-packed-column high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)84876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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