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Alhusban AA, Hammad AM, Alzaghari LF, Shallan AI, Shnewer K. Rapid and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of dopamine, GABA, serotonin, glutamine and glutamate in rat brain regions after exposure to tobacco cigarettes. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5513. [PMID: 36129838 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a preventable main cause of fatal diseases. Accurate measurements of the effects it has on neurotransmitters are essential in developing new strategies for smoking cessation. Moreover, measurements of neurotransmitter levels can aid in developing drugs that counteract the effects of smoking. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a fast, simultaneous and sensitive method for measuring the levels of neurotransmitters in rat brain after the exposure of tobacco cigarettes. The selected neurotransmitters include dopamine, GABA, serotonin, glutamine and glutamate. The method is based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was achieved within 3 min using a Zorbax SB C18 column (3.0 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm particle size). The mobile phase consisted of HPLC-grade water and acetonitrile each containing 0.3% heptafluorobutyric acid and 0.5% formic acid at gradient conditions. The linear range was 0.015-0.07, 825-7,218, 140-520, 63.42-160.75 and 38.25 × 103 to 110.35 × 103 ng/ml for dopamine, GABA, serotonin, glutamine and glutamate, respectively. Inter- and intra-run accuracy were in the range 97.82-103.37% with a precision (CV%) of ≤0.90%. The results revealed that 4 weeks of cigarette exposure significantly increased neurotransmitter levels after exposure to tobacco cigarettes in various brain regions, including the hippocampus and the amygdala. This increase in neurotransmitters levels may in turn activate the nicotine dependence pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala A Alhusban
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Alaa M Hammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lujain F Alzaghari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Aliaa I Shallan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Inoue K, Miyazaki Y, Unno K, Min JZ, Todoroki K, Toyo'oka T. Stable isotope dilution HILIC-MS/MS method for accurate quantification of glutamic acid, glutamine, pyroglutamic acid, GABA and theanine in mouse brain tissues. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:55-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Inoue
- Laboratory of Clinical and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yasuto Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Keiko Unno
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Todoroki
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
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Richard D, Ling B, Authier N, Faict TW, Eschalier A, Coudoré F. GC/MS profiling of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and precursors in various animal tissues using automatic solid-phase extraction. Preliminary investigations of its potential interest in postmortem interval determination. Anal Chem 2007; 77:1354-60. [PMID: 15732918 DOI: 10.1021/ac048471h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To quantify gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its physiological metabolites, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) in various animal tissues (kidney, muscle, heart, liver, blood, brain cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, or pons), an original gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method with a automated solid-phase extraction by Oasis MCX cartridges on a Gilson Aspec Xli was developed. Using such apparatus allowed the limit of detection (LOD) of target compounds to be significantly lowered (LOD: 0.027, 0.025, and 5.7 microg/mL for GHB, 1,4-BD, and GABA, respectively, in 200 microL or microg of sample). After validation of each analytical step, the satisfactory performances of the apparatus in conjunction with the rapidity and ease of the extraction step make it suitable for simultaneous assay of GHB, 1,4-BD, GBL, and GABA. The method was used to test the correlation between GHB levels in tissues obtained at different times after death of male Sprague-Dawley rats and the postmortem interval. Preliminary results show a linear increase of GHB levels in relation to time of death in thoracic blood and central nervous system of animals kept at 15 and 20 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Richard
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut Régional de Médecine Légale, CHU G. Montpied, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Ando S, Tanaka Y. Mass spectrometric studies on brain metabolism, using stable isotopes. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2005; 24:865-86. [PMID: 16052499 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In fields related to biomedicine, mass spectrometry has been applied to metabolism research and chemical structural analysis. The introduction of stable isotopes has advanced research related to in vivo metabolism. Stable-isotope labeling combined with mass spectrometry appears to be a superior method for the metabolism studies, because it compensates for the shortcomings of conventional techniques that use radioisotopes. Biomolecules labeled with stable isotopes have provided solid evidence of their metabolic pathways. Labeled large molecules, however, cannot homogeneously mix in vivo with the corresponding endogenous pools. To overcome that problem, small tracers labeled with stable isotopes have been applied to in vivo studies because they can diffuse and attain a homogeneous distribution throughout the inter- and intracellular spaces. In particular, D(2)O-labeling methods have been used for studies of the metabolism in different organs, including the brain, which is isolated from other extraneural organs by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Cellular components, such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and DNA, can be endogenously and concurrently labeled with deuterium, and their metabolic fluxes examined by mass spectrometry. Application of the D(2)O-labeling method to the measurements of lipid metabolism and membrane turnover in the brain is described, and the potential advantages of this method are discussed in this review. This methodology also appears to have the potential to be applied to dynamic and functional metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ando
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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Kapetanovic IM, Yonekawa WD, Kupferberg HJ. The effects of D-23129, a new experimental anticonvulsant drug, on neurotransmitter amino acids in the rat hippocampus in vitro. Epilepsy Res 1995; 22:167-73. [PMID: 8991783 DOI: 10.1016/0920-1211(95)00050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
D-23129 [N-(2-amino-4-(4-fluorobenzylamino)phenyl)carbamic acid ethyl ester] and D-20443 (dihydrochloride of D-23129) are promising anticonvulsant compounds with a broad spectrum activity in animal models of epilepsy. Their effects on de novo synthesis of excitatory (glutamate and aspartate) and inhibitory (GABA) amino acids were studied in rat hippocampal slices. Like phenytoin, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, losigamone, U54494A, and flupirtine, D-23129 and D-20443 were effective in preventing the effects of a chemoconvulsant, 4-aminopyridine, on de novo synthesis of the three amino acids. However, unlike the other compounds, D-23129 and D-20443 also preferentially increased the concentrations of newly synthesized GABA. Their effect on the neosynthesis of GABA was unique, dose dependent, and not tetrodotoxin sensitive. A total of 15 compounds (including standard, new and candidate anticonvulsants) either had no effect on new GABA or decreased it. Therefore, D-23129 and D-20443 exhibited two different effects on de novo synthesis of neurotransmitter amino acids, both of which could potentially be anticonvulsant in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Kapetanovic
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Kapetanovic IM, Yonekawa WD, Kupferberg HJ. The effects of anticonvulsant compounds on 4-aminopyridine-induced de novo synthesis of neurotransmitter amino acids in rat hippocampus in vitro. Epilepsy Res 1995; 20:113-20. [PMID: 7750507 DOI: 10.1016/0920-1211(94)00071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
4-Aminopyridine, a voltage-dependent potassium channel blocker, causes tonic-clonic and electrographic seizures in vivo and evokes epileptiform activity and release of glutamate, aspartate and GABA in vitro. This study examined the effects of 4-aminopyridine (4AP) on de novo synthesis of neuroactive amino acids and a subsequent response to various anticonvulsant compounds (phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, valproate, ethosuximide, diazepam, lamotrigine, felbamate, losigamone, U54494A, CPP, MK801 and CNQX) using a hippocampal slice preparation. 4-Aminopyridine had a minimal effect on total tissue concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, and GABA, but caused a significant increase in their de novo synthesis. Phenytoin, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, losigamone and U54494A were the only compounds which were effective in blocking the 4AP-induced increase in all newly synthesized amino acids. It appears that these compounds inhibit 4AP effects in this paradigm by blocking depolarization, probably at use-dependent voltage-sensitive sodium channels. Therefore, this paradigm may be useful in selectively identifying anticonvulsants which act by blocking depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Kapetanovic
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Palaty J, Burton R, Abbott FS. Rapid assay for gamma-aminobutyric acid in mouse brain synaptosomes using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 662:85-90. [PMID: 7894697 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and efficient assay for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was applied to fresh mouse whole brain synaptosomes where the extracted GABA was analyzed as its di(tert.-butyl(dimethylsilyl)) derivative by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using GABA-d6 as an internal standard. Endogenous levels of 20.01 +/- 0.75 nmol GABA/mg protein were found. The method is characterized by a detection limit of about 10 fmol injected GABA derivative and coefficients of intra-day and inter-day variation of 0.95% and 7.7%, respectively. The rate of synaptosomal GABA synthesis was used to determine the activity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) as 314.9 +/- 9.0 nmol GABA/mg protein/h. Both GABA levels and GAD activity were significantly elevated by therapeutic doses of the antiepileptic drug valproic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Palaty
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Kauppinen RA, Pirttilä TR, Auriola SO, Williams SR. Compartmentation of cerebral glutamate in situ as detected by 1H/13C n.m.r. Biochem J 1994; 298 ( Pt 1):121-7. [PMID: 7907470 PMCID: PMC1137991 DOI: 10.1042/bj2980121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of 13C label from either [1-13C]glucose to glutamate C-4 and lactate C-3 or from [2-13C]acetate to glutamate C-4 was monitored in situ in a superfused brain slice preparation by using 1H-detected/13C-edited (1H/13C) n.m.r. spectroscopy. The fractional enrichments of both metabolites were determined by this means in both brain slices and acid extracts of the preparations in order to assess their 1H-n.m.r. detectabilities. The 1H/13C satellite resonances from glutamate C-4 and lactate C-3 in brain tissue were followed from 4 min onwards in the presence of 5 mM [1-13C]glucose. Fractional enrichment of glutamate C-4 in the slice preparations was higher than in their acid extracts throughout the incubation of 100 min; at 30 min the enrichment was 15.9 +/- 0.6% in the slice preparations and 10.6 +/- 0.9% in extracts and at 100 min 24.5 +/- 1.7% compared with 19.7 +/- 0.4%, respectively. In contrast, lactate C-3 reached a steady-state fractional enrichment of approx. 43% by 15 min and there was no difference between the values determined in the slice preparations and the acid extracts. There was a significant difference between the glutamate C-4 fractional enrichments in the brain slices (7.4 +/- 0.6%) and extracts (5.1 +/- 0.3%) after 60 min of incubation with [2-13C]acetate. Thus 13C label from both glucose and exogenous acetate enters a pool of glutamate that is more amenable to 1H n.m.r. detection than total acid-extracted brain biochemical glutamate, whereas lactate is labelled with full 1H n.m.r. visibility. The results are discussed in the light of the biochemical factors that affect glutamate 1H-n.m.r. susceptibility and thus its n.m.r. visibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Kauppinen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland
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Kapetanovic IM, Yonekawa WD, Kupferberg HJ. Time-related loss of glutamine from hippocampal slices and concomitant changes in neurotransmitter amino acids. J Neurochem 1993; 61:865-72. [PMID: 8103084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A dramatic, time-dependent loss of L-glutamine was observed in mouse and rat hippocampal slices equilibrated in normal artificial CSF under static (no-flow) and superfused (constant-flow) conditions. Concomitant with the decline in L-glutamine, there was a significant, but less pronounced, decrease in levels of the neurotransmitter amino acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid, L-aspartate, and L-glutamate. The disappearance of L-glutamine was a result of diffusion from the tissue to the artificial CSF rather than chemical or biochemical transformation. The loss of amino acids from the hippocampal slices was prevented to different degrees by the addition of 0.5 mM exogenous L-glutamine to the artificial CSF. The levels of newly synthesized amino acids were also determined, because they may be more indicative of the neuronal activity than the total tissue levels of amino acids. The effects of perturbations in glutamine (length of the equilibration time and addition of exogenous glutamine) on newly synthesized glutamate were more pronounced under 4-aminopyridine-stimulated than control (unstimulated) conditions. Therefore, a loss of L-glutamine from the hippocampal slices may have neurophysiological effects and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Kapetanovic
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Neurotransmitters. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1173-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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