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Siddiqui MR, AlOthman ZA, Rahman N. Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Tamizi E, Jouyban A. Forced degradation studies of biopharmaceuticals: Selection of stress conditions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 98:26-46. [PMID: 26542454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stability studies under stress conditions or forced degradation studies play an important role in different phases of development and production of biopharmaceuticals and biological products. These studies are mostly applicable to selection of suitable candidates and formulation developments, comparability studies, elucidation of possible degradation pathways and identification of degradation products, as well as, development of stability indicating methods. Despite the integral part of these studies in biopharmaceutical industry, there is no well-established protocol for the selection of stress conditions, timing of stress testing and required extent of degradation. Therefore, due to the present gap in the stability studies guidelines, it is the responsibility of researchers working in academia and biopharmaceutical industry to set up forced degradation experiments that could fulfill all the expectations from the stability studies of biopharmaceuticals under stress conditions. Concerning the importance of the function of desired stress conditions in forced degradation studies, the present review aims to provide a practical summary of the applicable stress conditions in forced degradation studies of biopharmaceuticals according to the papers published in a time period of 1992-2015 giving detailed information about the experimental conditions utilized to induce required stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Tamizi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Tamizi E, Jouyban A. The potential of the capillary electrophoresis techniques for quality control of biopharmaceuticals-A review. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:831-58. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Tamizi
- Biotechnology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmacy Faculty and Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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Talebi M, Shellie RA, Hilder EF, Lacher NA, Haddad PR. Semiautomated pH Gradient Ion-Exchange Chromatography of Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9794-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502372r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Talebi
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Robert A. Shellie
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Emily F. Hilder
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Nathan A. Lacher
- Analytical R&D, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Paul R. Haddad
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
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Anderson CL, Wang Y, Rustandi RR. Applications of imaged capillary isoelectric focussing technique in development of biopharmaceutical glycoprotein-based products. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1538-44. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Garrido-Medina R, Díez-Masa JC, de Frutos M. CE methods for analysis of isoforms of prostate-specific antigen compatible with online derivatization for LIF detection. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2036-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Meert CD, Brady LJ, Guo A, Balland A. Characterization of Antibody Charge Heterogeneity Resolved by Preparative Immobilized pH Gradients. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3510-8. [PMID: 20364842 DOI: 10.1021/ac902408r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie D. Meert
- Amgen Inc., Analytical and Formulation Sciences, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Lowell J. Brady
- Amgen Inc., Analytical and Formulation Sciences, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Amy Guo
- Amgen Inc., Analytical and Formulation Sciences, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Alain Balland
- Amgen Inc., Analytical and Formulation Sciences, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
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Farnan D, Moreno GT. Multiproduct High-Resolution Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variant Separations by pH Gradient Ion-Exchange Chromatography. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8846-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901408j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dell Farnan
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - G. Tony Moreno
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
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Kronsteiner B, Dullnig V, Stutz H. Validation of capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing separations optimized for the characterization of two recombinant products of the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1a. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2539-49. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Suratman A, Wätzig H. Long-term precision in capillary isoelectric focusing for protein analysis. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1834-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lacunza I, Diez-Masa JC, de Frutos M. CIEF with hydrodynamic and chemical mobilization for the separation of forms of α-1-acid glycoprotein. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1204-13. [PMID: 17366481 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is a protein that exists in different forms, which is due to variations in the amino acid sequence and/or in the glycosidic part of the protein. These differences confer to these forms, among other characteristics, diverse pIs. Changes in these forms of AGP have been correlated to modifications of the pathophysiological conditions of the individuals. One of the analytical techniques employed for their study has been IEF performed in slab gels. CIEF method with hydrodynamic and chemical mobilization, involving an isotachophoretic process, is developed in this work to separate up to 12 bands of forms of standard AGP, which is proposed as a more reproducible, quantitative, less sample-consuming, and more automated one than conventional IEF. The challenge of this work has been the development of a CIEF method for the separation of bands of a very acidic protein (pI range: 1.8-3.8) in a capillary. Intraday RSD values < or = 1.7% have been achieved for the relative migration time of the AGP bands to that of an internal standard. For intraday area precision, RSD (%) in the range of 2.70-22.71% for AGP zones accounting for more than 10% of total area of AGP sample has been obtained. As a proof of the potential of the methodology proposed, an AGP sample purified from a pool of sera of patients suffering from ovary cancer is analyzed by CIEF.
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Li N, Kessler K, Bass L, Zeng D. Evaluation of the iCE280 Analyzer as a potential high-throughput tool for formulation development. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:963-72. [PMID: 17045770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The iCE280 Analyzer (iCE280) was evaluated for its potential application as a high-throughput tool to determine pI and separate charge related species using glycosylated, non-glycosylated and pegylated protein therapeutics as models. Resolution was achieved for glycosylated and non-glycosylated molecules, but remained a challenge for pegylated proteins. The sources of charge variants were determined to be the presence of C-terminal lysine residues, sialic acid content, and deamidation. Limited assay performance evaluation demonstrated that the method was linear in the concentration range of 2-333 microg/ml of IgG with linear regression coefficients of 0.984, 0.998, and 0.990 for acidic, main and basic species, respectively. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were determined to be 3 and 11 microg/ml. The R.S.D. for intra- and inter-day precision as well as reproducibility was determined to be 0.2% or less for all pI values and 1.4% or less for acidic and main peak area distribution; the R.S.D. for basic peak area distribution was 5.7% or less. Robustness testing was performed by deliberately deviating +/-50% of pharmalyte concentration away from the desired condition. This deviation revealed a pI shift of only 0.06 units and resulted in no significant impact on area percent distribution. Utilization of iCE280 Analyzer eliminated the mobilization step associated with traditional capillary isoelectric focusing analysis and increased analytical throughput at least 2-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Biologics, St. Louis Laboratory, Pfizer Inc., St. Louis, MO 63017, USA.
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Wu J, Huang T. Peak identification in capillary isoelectric focusing using the concept of relative peak position as determined by two isoelectric point markers. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3584-90. [PMID: 16927345 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In CIEF analysis, sample peaks can be identified by their relative peak positions (RPP) that are determined using only two internal pI markers. The two internal pI marker peaks should bracket, as close as possible, the sample peaks. The RPP values of the sample peaks are then calculated using the pI values, peak positions of the two pI markers, and peak position of the sample. Use of this method can effectively compensate for pH gradient distortions that often occur as a result of salts. Also, as shown by the results of this paper, regardless of the linearity of the pH gradient established by the given carrier ampholytes, sample peaks can be identified within an SD of 0.1 pH unit in RPP (<2% RSD) as long as the sample is run using the same carrier ampholytes and maintaining salt concentrations in the range of 0-15 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wu
- Convergent Bioscience Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
The biotechnology industry has undergone rapid growth in recent years largely due to the development and success of protein-based therapeutics for a wide range of disorders. Similar to traditional pharmaceuticals, characterization of a therapeutic protein for its physicochemical properties, process monitoring and lot release is crucial. Electrophoresis in the slab-gel format has and continues to be a mainstay of the protein laboratory; and more recently, CE has begun to make significant inroads for protein analysis in industrial settings. This review focuses on the electrophoresis of proteins with an emphasis on protein-based therapeutics in the capillary, slab-gel and to a lesser extent, the microchip format. Reported applications of electrophoresis at several stages of the biopharmaceutical industry covering the period of 2000-2005 will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Little
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Canada, Research & Development, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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Lopez-Soto-Yarritu P, Díez-Masa JC, Cifuentes A, de Frutos M. Improved capillary isoelectric focusing method for recombinant erythropoietin analysis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 968:221-8. [PMID: 12236506 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human erythropoietin (EPO) is an endogenously produced glycoprotein, which plays a key role in the erythropoiesis process. Production of erythropoietin by recombinant DNA techniques has made possible its therapeutical use besides its misuse in sport competitions. The link between glycosylated form and protein activity makes necessary a method to analyze the glycoforms' distribution in the recombinant products. In this work, a capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) method is presented that allows the analysis of erythropoietin glycoforms. Besides, the cIEF method can be easily implemented in different laboratories. In order to get a feasible and precise cIEF method the following factors have been studied and optimized: (i) neutral coated capillaries, 27 cm long are employed, (ii) ampholytes in the pH range 2 to 10 are used, (iii) bovine beta-lactoglobulin A is chosen as internal standard, (iv) anolyte consisting of 91 mM H3PO4 in cIEF gel is made by weight and catholyte is prepared by titrating 20 mM NaOH with H3PO4 to pH 11.85-11.90, (v) sample is completely depleted of excipients and sodium chloride 10 mM final concentration is added, and (v) t(n)/t(I.S.) and (A(n) - A(I.S.))/A(I.S.), n being the recombinant EPO glycoform considered and I.S. the internal standard, are chosen as indexes to express migration time and area. As a result, a precise method to analyze erythropoietin by capillary isoelectric focusing is achieved with intra-assay RSD < or = 0.5% for index time and < or = 1.5% for index area and inter-sample, inter-anolyte, and inter-catholyte precision better than 3.4% for index time and RSD lower than 2.2% for index area.
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