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Ncongwane TB, Ndinteh DT, Smit E. Automated silylation of flavonoids using 3D printed microfluidics prior to chromatographic analysis: system development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:7151-7160. [PMID: 37804326 PMCID: PMC10684624 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of secondary plant metabolites with low molecular weights. Most flavonoids are highly polar and unsuitable for gas chromatographic analyses. Derivatization is commonly used to make them amenable to gas chromatography by altering their physicochemical properties. Although highly effective, derivatization techniques introduce extra preparation steps and often use hazardous chemicals. The aim of this study was to automate derivatization (specifically, silylation) by developing 3D printed microfluidic devices in which derivatization of flavonoids can occur. A microfluidic device was designed and 3D printed using clear polypropylene. Quercetin and other flavonoids (TED 13 and ZTF 1016) isolated from plant extracts were silylated with N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) at room temperature both in batch and in continuous flow. All the samples were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (HR-MS). Interestingly, the HR-MS results showed that the flow method was about 25 times more efficient than the batch method for quercetin samples. The TED 13 flavonoid was completely derivatized in the flow method compared to the batch method where the reaction was incomplete. Similar results were observed for ZTF 1016, where the flow method resulted in a four times derivatized compound, while the compound was only derivatized once in batch. In conclusion, 3D printed microfluidic devices have been developed and used to demonstrate a semi-automated, inexpensive, and more efficient natural product derivatization method based on continuous flow chemistry as an alternative to the traditional batch method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabang Bernette Ncongwane
- Center for Natural Products Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, PO Box 524, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
- Center for Natural Products Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, PO Box 524, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elize Smit
- Center for Natural Products Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, PO Box 524, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Ibrahim RM, Abdel-Baki PM, Elmasry GF, El-Rashedy AA, Mahdy NE. Combinative effects of akarkara root-derived metabolites on anti-inflammatory and anti-alzheimer key enzymes: integrating bioassay-guided fractionation, GC-MS analysis, and in silico studies. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:413. [PMID: 37978514 PMCID: PMC10655324 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anacyclus pyrethrum L. (Akarkara root), a valuable Ayurvedic remedy, is reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities. Akarkara root was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation, to isolate its active constituents and discover their potential bioactivities, followed by computational analysis. METHODS The methanol extract and its fractions, methylene chloride, and butanol, were assessed for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinergic potentials. The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC assays. The in vitro anticholinergic effect was evaluated via acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase inhibition, while anti-inflammatory effect weas determined using COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitory assays. The methylene chloride fraction was subjected to GC/MS analysis and chromatographic fractionation to isolate its major compounds. The inhibitory effect on iNOS and various inflammatory mediators in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages was investigated. In silico computational analyses (molecular docking, ADME, BBB permeability prediction, and molecular dynamics) were performed. RESULTS Forty-one compounds were identified and quantified and the major compounds, namely, oleamide (A1), stigmasterol (A2), 2E,4E-deca-2,4-dienoic acid 2-phenylethyl amide (A3), and pellitorine (A4) were isolated from the methylene chloride fraction, the most active in all assays. All compounds showed significant in vitro antioxidant, anticholinergic and anti-inflammatory effects. They inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in activated RAW macrophages. The isolated compounds showed good fitting in the active sites of acetylcholinesterase and COX-2 with high docking scores. The ADME study revealed proper pharmacokinetics and drug likeness properties for the isolated compounds. The isolated compounds demonstrated high ability to cross the BBB and penetrate the CNS with values ranging from 1.596 to -1.651 in comparison with Donepezil (-1.464). Molecular dynamics simulation revealed stable conformations and binding patterns of the isolated compounds with the active sites of COX-2 and acetyl cholinesterase. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, our results specify Akarkara compounds as promising candidates for the treatment of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M Ibrahim
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Passent M Abdel-Baki
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Ghada F Elmasry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A El-Rashedy
- Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center (NRC), Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Nariman E Mahdy
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Gender Discrimination of Flower Buds of Mature Populus tomentosa by HPLC Fingerprint Combined with Chemometrics. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:1281521. [PMID: 36211812 PMCID: PMC9536970 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1281521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was used to establish the HPLC fingerprint. Chemometrics methods were used to discriminate against the gender of flower buds of Populus tomentosa based on areas of common peaks calibrated with the HPLC fingerprint. The score plot of principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clear grouping trend (R2X, 0.753; Q2, 0.564) between female and male samples. Two groups were also well discriminated with orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) (R2X, 0.741; R2Y, 0.980; Q2, 0.970). As the hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) heatmap showed, all samples were separated into two groups. Four compounds were screened out by S-plot and variable importance in projection (VIP > 1.0). Two of them were identified as siebolside B and tremulacin. This study demonstrated that HPLC fingerprints combined with chemometrics can be applied to discriminate against dioecious plants and screen differences, providing a reference for identifying the gender of dioecious plants.
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Expansion of the composition library for chemodiversity of hardwood extractives at molecular level by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2687-2698. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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A GC-MS Protocol for Separating Endangered and Non-endangered Pterocarpus Wood Species. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040799. [PMID: 30813336 PMCID: PMC6413215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterocarpus santalinus and Pterocarpus tincorius are commonly used traded timber species of the genus Pterocarpus. P. santalinus has been listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). As a non-CITES species, P. tincorius is also indiscriminately labeled as P. santalinus due to the similar macroscopic and microscopic features with P. santalinus. In order to understand the molecular discrimination between these easily confused species, xylarium heartwoods of these two species were extracted by three different kinds of solvents and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Multivariate analyses were also applied for the selection of marker compounds that are distinctive between P. santalinus and P. tincorius. A total of twenty volatile compounds were detected and tentatively identified in three kinds of extracts, and these compounds included alcohols, stilbenoids, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, miscellaneous, phenols, and flavonoids. GC-MS analyses also revealed that extraction solvents including ethanol and water (EW), ethyl acetate (EA), and benzene–ethanol (BE) gave the best chemotaxonomical discrimination in the chemical components and relative contents of the two Pterocarpus species. After chemometric analyses, EW displayed higher predictive accuracy (100%) than those of EA extract (83.33%) and BE extract (83.33%). Furthermore, spathulenol (17.58 min) and pterostilbene (23.65 min) were elucidated as the critical compounds for the separation of the EW extracts of P. santalinus and P. tinctorius. Thus, a protocol of GC-MS and multivariate analyses was developed to use for successfully distinguishing P. santalinus from P. tinctorius.
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Han JY, Ahn CH, Adhikari PB, Kondeti S, Choi YE. Functional characterization of an oxidosqualene cyclase (PdFRS) encoding a monofunctional friedelin synthase in Populus davidiana. PLANTA 2019; 249:95-111. [PMID: 30145615 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An oxidosqualene cyclase (PdFRS) from Populus davidiana was characterized as a monofunctional friedelin synthase by its heterologous expression in yeast and overexpression in plants. Triterpenes are one of the largest classes of plant chemical compounds composed of three terpene units, which form the basic skeleton of all sterols and saponins. Friedelin (friedelan-3-one), a pentacyclic triterpene, occurs in many plant families and is particularly present in rich amounts in cork tissues from trees. The biosynthesis of friedelin occurs through the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) enzyme that generates friedelin from 2,3-oxidosqualene after the maximum rearrangement of a triterpene skeleton. Populus davidiana is called Korean aspen and grows in northern East Asia. From 57,322 unique sequences generated from the P. davidiana transcriptome database, one complete coding sequence (PdFRS) was obtained from a contig, which showed 74% identity to Betula platyphylla β-amyrin synthase and 73% identity with friedelin synthase from Maytenus ilicifolia. The open reading frame (ORF) region of the PdFRS sequence was 2280 bp long and composed a 759 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 87.81 kDa. qPCR analysis revealed that methyl jasmonate treatments strongly upregulated PdFRS gene expression and resulted in enhanced friedelin accumulation in leaves. Heterologous expression of the PdFRS gene in yeast resulted in the production of friedelin triterpene as a single product, which was confirmed by comparison with the mass fragmentation pattern from an authentic friedelin standard by GC/MS analysis. Transgenic P. davidiana overexpressing the PdFRS gene was constructed via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Overexpression of PdFRS in transgenic P. davidiana lines resulted in enhanced friedelin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeon Han
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Ahn
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Babu Adhikari
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Subramanyam Kondeti
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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Yin X, Huang A, Zhang S, Liu R, Ma F. Identification of Three Dalbergia Species Based on Differences in Extractive Components. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092163. [PMID: 30154322 PMCID: PMC6225358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dalbergia cultrate, Dalbergia latifolia, and Dalbergia melanoxylon are precious and valuable traded timber species of the genus Dalbergia. For chemotaxonomical discrimination between these easily confused species, the total extractive content of the three wood species was determined using four different organic solvents. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze functional group differences in the extractive components, inferring the types of principal chemical components according to characteristic peak positions, intensities, and shapes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was carried out a detailed characterization of the extractive components. The relative content of individual chemical components was determined by area normalization. Results revealed differences in the chemical components and total and individual extract contents of the three Dalbergia species, indicating that FTIR and GC-MS spectroscopy can be applied to identify and discriminate between Dalbergia cultrate, Dalbergia latifolia, and Dalbergiamelanoxylon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Anmin Huang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Shifeng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ru Liu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Fang Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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St-Pierre A, Blondeau D, Lajeunesse A, Bley J, Bourdeau N, Desgagné-Penix I. Phytochemical Screening of Quaking Aspen ( Populus tremuloides) Extracts by UPLC-QTOF-MS and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E1739. [PMID: 30013009 PMCID: PMC6099928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The continual emergence of pathogen resistance is a recurring challenge and pushes for the development of antimicrobial compounds. Here, we investigated compounds from quaking aspen trees (Populus tremuloides) as potential antimicrobial agents. Several extractions using different solvents were realized, and corresponding antimicrobial activity was tested against eight microorganisms. Results revealed that polar extraction solvents including water, ethanol and methanol gave the best extraction yields (>15.07%). Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) demonstrated that water extracts had the best antimicrobial activity by a weak to moderate inhibition of growth of all eight tested microorganisms in addition to having a bactericidal effect on three of them. The quaking aspen methanol extract also displayed antimicrobial activity but to a lower level than the water extract. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) analysis led to the identification of 92 compounds, mainly polyphenols in both extracts, with 22 molecules previously known for their antimicrobial properties. According to the relative abundance, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5.44% in methanol extract) and kaempferol (5.03% in water extract) were the most abundant antimicrobial compounds. Among antimicrobial molecules identified, nine were from the flavonoid family. The results of our study demonstrate the interest of using quaking aspen as source of antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle St-Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Dorian Blondeau
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - André Lajeunesse
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Julien Bley
- Innofibre, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | | | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
- Plant Biology Research Group, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
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Forest biorefinery: Potential of poplar phytochemicals as value-added co-products. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:681-716. [PMID: 25733011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global forestry industry after experiencing a market downturn during the past decade has now aimed its vision towards the integrated biorefinery. New business models and strategies are constantly being explored to re-invent the global wood and pulp/paper industry through sustainable resource exploitation. The goal is to produce diversified, innovative and revenue generating product lines using on-site bioresources (wood and tree residues). The most popular product lines are generally produced from wood fibers (biofuels, pulp/paper, biomaterials, and bio/chemicals). However, the bark and other tree residues like foliage that constitute forest wastes, still remain largely an underexploited resource from which extractives and phytochemicals can be harnessed as by-products (biopharmaceuticals, food additives and nutraceuticals, biopesticides, cosmetics). Commercially, Populus (poplar) tree species including hybrid varieties are cultivated as a fast growing bioenergy crop, but can also be utilized to produce bio-based chemicals. This review identifies and underlines the potential of natural products (phytochemicals) from Populus species that could lead to new business ventures in biorefineries and contribute to the bioeconomy. In brief, this review highlights the importance of by-products/co-products in forest industries, methods that can be employed to extract and purify poplar phytochemicals, the potential pharmaceutical and other uses of >160 phytochemicals identified from poplar species - their chemical structures, properties and bioactivities, the challenges and limitations of utilizing poplar phytochemicals, and potential commercial opportunities. Finally, the overall discussion and conclusion are made considering the recent biotechnological advances in phytochemical research to indicate the areas for future commercial applications from poplar tree species.
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Mellouk H, Meullemiestre A, Maache-Rezzoug Z, Allaf K, Rezzoug SA. Isolation of Volatiles from Oak Wood (Quercus alba) by a Thermomechanical Process: Screening of some Processing Parameters. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2013.771671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Xu B, Zhu T, Li J, Liu S. Identification of wood between Phoebe zhennan and Machilus pingii using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry direct injection technique. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:187-193. [PMID: 24308199 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the technique of direct injection gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was employed to discriminate between two batches of wood (Phoebe zhennan and Machilus pingii) with characteristic smells. Based on the GC-MS fingerprints obtained, similarities between samples were evaluated via correlation coefficient, hierarchical clustering and characteristic constituents analysis. The results showed that distinct differences in total ion chromatograms existed between the two species of wood and their correlation coefficients were low; however, the relationship between the same species of different batches showed the opposite; meanwhile, the analysis of hierarchical clustering and characteristic constituents also demonstrated an interrelationship. All the analytical methods achieved the goal of identification between the two species of wood, which verified that the technique can be used to identify different species of wood with characteristic smells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China.
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Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. GC for flavonoids analysis: Past, current, and prospective trends. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:20-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yada Nolvachai
- Centre for Green Chemistry; School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Centre for Green Chemistry; School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton Australia
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Voelker SL, Lachenbruch B, Meinzer FC, Jourdes M, Ki C, Patten AM, Davin LB, Lewis NG, Tuskan GA, Gunter L, Decker SR, Selig MJ, Sykes R, Himmel ME, Kitin P, Shevchenko O, Strauss SH. Antisense down-regulation of 4CL expression alters lignification, tree growth, and saccharification potential of field-grown poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:874-86. [PMID: 20729393 PMCID: PMC2949011 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.159269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic down-regulation of the Pt4CL1 gene family encoding 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) has been reported as a means for reducing lignin content in cell walls and increasing overall growth rates, thereby improving feedstock quality for paper and bioethanol production. Using hybrid poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba), we applied this strategy and examined field-grown transformants for both effects on wood biochemistry and tree productivity. The reductions in lignin contents obtained correlated well with 4CL RNA expression, with a sharp decrease in lignin amount being observed for RNA expression below approximately 50% of the nontransgenic control. Relatively small lignin reductions of approximately 10% were associated with reduced productivity, decreased wood syringyl/guaiacyl lignin monomer ratios, and a small increase in the level of incorporation of H-monomers (p-hydroxyphenyl) into cell walls. Transgenic events with less than approximately 50% 4CL RNA expression were characterized by patches of reddish-brown discolored wood that had approximately twice the extractive content of controls (largely complex polyphenolics). There was no evidence that substantially reduced lignin contents increased growth rates or saccharification potential. Our results suggest that the capacity for lignin reduction is limited; below a threshold, large changes in wood chemistry and plant metabolism were observed that adversely affected productivity and potential ethanol yield. They also underline the importance of field studies to obtain physiologically meaningful results and to support technology development with transgenic trees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering (S.L.V., B.L.) and Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society (O.S., S.H.S.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331; United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 (F.C.M.); Washington State University, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, Washington 99164–6340 (M.J., C.K., A.M.P., L.B.D., N.G.L.); BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831–6422 (G.A.T., L.G., S.R.D., M.J.S., R.S., M.E.H.); National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (S.R.D.,M.J.S., R.S., M.E.H.); Laboratory for Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa, B–3080 Tervuren, Belgium (P.K.)
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Chen Z, Cai Y, Cheng J, Zhang L. Electrochromatographic characterization of methacrylate ester-based monolith and capillary electrochromatography separation of flavonoids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2375-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dilinuer M, Sun B, Baeyens WRG, Ouyang J. Simultaneous Separation and Determination of Different Polar Flavonoids in Multiflora Fruit by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710902890397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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de Rijke E, Out P, Niessen WMA, Ariese F, Gooijer C, Brinkman UAT. Analytical separation and detection methods for flavonoids. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1112:31-63. [PMID: 16480997 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids receive considerable attention in the literature, specifically because of their biological and physiological importance. This review focuses on separation and detection methods for flavonoids and their application to plants, food, drinks and biological fluids. The topics that will be discussed are sample treatment, column liquid chromatography (LC), but also methods such as gas chromatography (GC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), various detection methods and structural characterization. Because of the increasing interest in structure elucidation of flavonoids, special attention will be devoted to the use of tandem-mass spectrometric (MS/MS) techniques for the characterization of several important sub-classes, and to the potential of combined diode-array UV (DAD UV), tandem-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection for unambiguous identification. Emphasis will be on recent developments and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva de Rijke
- Quest International, Department of Analytical Research and Development, Huizerstraatweg 28, 1411 GP Naarden, The Netherlands.
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Crevelin EJ, Turatti ICC, Crotti AEM, Veneziani RCS, Lopes JLC, Lopes NP, Cunha WR. Identification of biologically active triterpenes and sterols present in hexane extracts fromMiconia species using high-resolution gas chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:827-30. [PMID: 16345013 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this work we describe the identification of the biologically active triterpenes and sterols present in the hexane extracts of six species of Miconia using gas chromatography. The main compounds present in these extracts are beta-amyrin, alpha-amyrin, and beta-sitosterol. The technique employed herein is shown to be a valuable and rapid tool for determining biologically active triterpenes and sterols present in non-polar extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Crevelin
- Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 Parque Universitário, CEP: 14404-600, Franca, SP, Brazil
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Espert A, de las Heras LA, Karlsson S. Emission of possible odourous low molecular weight compounds in recycled biofibre/polypropylene composites monitored by head-space SPME-GC–MS. Polym Degrad Stab 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Molnár-Perl I, Füzfai Z. Chromatographic, capillary electrophoretic and capillary electrochromatographic techniques in the analysis of flavonoids. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1073:201-27. [PMID: 15909523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented of chromatographic methods currently in use to determine flavonoids, including free aglycones, their corresponding glycosides, one by one, and, in the presence of each other. As a basis of selection, the following approaches can be distinguished: critical evaluation of the preliminary steps (extraction/isolation and hydrolysis) as well as the separation, identification and quantitation of constituents both on the basic research level and/or subsequently to various work up procedures. Chromatographic techniques were discussed after extraction/isolation of various flavonoids from several natural matrices. Papers were classified and compared from analytical point of view, primarily on the chromatographic, secondly on the detection techniques applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Molnár-Perl
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, Budapest 112, H-1518, PO Box 32, Hungary.
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Schinor EC, Salvador MJ, Turatti ICC, Zucchi OLAD, Dias DA. Comparison of classical and ultrasound-assisted extractions of steroids and triterpenoids from three Chresta spp. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2004; 11:415-421. [PMID: 15302029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of classical and ultrasound-assisted extractions of steroids and triterpenoids from stem, leaves and flowers of Chresta exsucca, C. scapigera and C. sphaerocephala is described. The direct analysis of crude apolar and medium-polar extracts has been conducted by high-resolution gas chromatography followed by co-injections of the crude extract with certified standards on capillary columns of different polarities. The use of ultrasound decreased significantly the total time of treatment and in addition, this extraction method was more effective for the steroids and most of the triterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisandra C Schinor
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Brazil.
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dos S, Carbonell SA, de A, do A, Barnes RA. High-temperature gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with glass capillary columns for the screening of natural products. J Chromatogr A 2002; 947:255-65. [PMID: 11883659 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature high resolution gas chromatography (HT-HRGC) and HT-HRGC coupled to mass spectrometry (HT-HRGC-MS) are powerful but relatively unexplored tools for the analysis of crude extracts and fractions of natural products. To illustrate the scope of the technique the direct characterization of several compounds, present in crude extracts of leaves and stems of Croton hemiargyreus Muell. Arg. var. hemiargyreus was undertaken, without derivatization or clean-up procedures. Both practical aspects and limitations of HT-HRGC and HT-HRGC-MS were evaluated resulting in a simple, straightforward and extremely powerful technique for the analysis of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- SantosPereirAlberto dos
- LADETEC, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2002; 13:55-62. [PMID: 11899608 DOI: 10.1002/pca.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:1324-1333. [PMID: 11754125 DOI: 10.1002/jms.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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