1
|
Katsoulas K, Tirapelle M, Sorensen E, Mazzei L. On the apparent dispersion coefficient of the equilibrium dispersion model: An asymptotic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464345. [PMID: 37708672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
To model chromatography, researchers have developed several approaches. These cover a broad range of applications and, depending on the assumptions adopted, have different levels of accuracy. In general, the most suitable modelling approach is the simplest that can describe a process with the desired accuracy. A model that often meets this criterion is the equilibrium dispersion model (EDM). This features one mass balance equation per analyte, including an axial dispersion term, and assumes the analyte concentrations in the mobile and stationary phases to be in local equilibrium. To account for the finite mass transfer rate between the phases, the model employs an apparent dispersion coefficient. Two expressions are available for this coefficient, one being used much more frequently than the other. In this paper, we aimed to clarify which one should be favoured. A desirable feature of simple models is that they can be derived from more general ones with appropriate physical assumptions and rigorous mathematical methods. Thus, to answer our research question, we derived the EDM from the more general pore diffusion model (POR), using an asymptotic method. The expression obtained for the apparent dispersion coefficient does agree with one of the two reported in the literature - the less frequently used. To test the validity of this expression, we simulated elution profiles using the two versions of the EDM and compared the results against those from the POR model. The simulations were conducted in the range where the POR and EDM models should be essentially equivalent, their results confirming the outcome of the asymptotic analysis. This work offers a solid theoretical grounding for the EDM, clarifies which formulation of the model is correct, and provides usable applicability conditions for the model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Katsoulas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Monica Tirapelle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Eva Sorensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Luca Mazzei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Benedini LJ, Furlan FF, Figueiredo D, Cabrera-Crespo J, Ribeiro MPA, Campani G, Gonçalves VM, Zangirolami TC. A comprehensive method for modeling and simulating ion exchange chromatography of complex mixtures. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 205:106228. [PMID: 36587709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many biological-based products have been developed, representing a significant fraction of income in the pharmaceutical market. Ion exchange chromatography is an important downstream step for the purification of target recombinant proteins present in clarified cell extracts, together with many other unknown impurities. This work develops a robust approach to model and simulate the purification of untagged heterologous proteins, so that the improved conditions to carry out an ion exchange chromatography are identified in a rational basis prior to the real purification run itself. Purification of the pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA4Pro) was used as a case study. This protein is produced by recombinant Escherichia coli and is a candidate for the manufacture of improved pneumococcal vaccines. The developed method combined experimental and computational procedures. Different anion exchange operating conditions were mapped in order to gather a broad range of representative experimental data. The equilibrium dispersive and the steric mass action equations were used to model and simulate the process. A training strategy to fit the model and separately describe the elution profiles of PspA4Pro and other proteins of the cell extract was applied. Based on the simulation results, a reduced ionic strength was applied for PspA4Pro elution, leading to increases of 14.9% and 11.5% for PspA4Pro recovery and purity, respectively, compared to the original elution profile. These results showed the potential of this method, which could be further applied to improve the performance of ion exchange chromatography in the purification of other target proteins under real process conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro J Benedini
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil; Federal Institute of São Paulo (IFSP), Catanduva, Brazil.
| | - Felipe F Furlan
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil; Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Douglas Figueiredo
- Butantan Institute, Laboratory of Vaccine Development, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo P A Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil; Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Gilson Campani
- Department of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Teresa C Zangirolami
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil; Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rehman N, Qamar S. Numerical Approximation of the Nonequilibrium Model of Gradient Elution Chromatography Considering Linear and Nonlinear Solvent Strength Models. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31905-31915. [PMID: 36120058 PMCID: PMC9476203 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In both linear and nonlinear chromatography, the lumped kinetic model is a suitable model for predicting elution bands when appropriate equilibrium functions and mass transfer coefficients are accessible. This model also works well in the case of gradient elution chromatography if variations in the equilibrium functions due to changes in the mobile phase composition are known. The rational selection of an optimum gradient is explored in this study from three different perspectives using the lumped kinetic model. Elution profiles generated by using (a) linear solvent strength, (b) quadratic solvent strength, and (c) power law are investigated. The effectiveness and reliability of the suggested numerical approach, utilizing the flux-limiting finite volume method, are demonstrated through numerical simulations. The impacts of axial dispersion, nonlinearity coefficient, Henry's constant, mass transfer coefficient, and gradient parameters are studied on single and two-component elution profiles.
Collapse
|
4
|
Evaluation of the optimal performance of ModiCon and ModiCon+VariCol simulated moving bed variants. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
An Experimental and Modeling Combined Approach in Preparative Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatography is a technique widely used in the purification of biopharmaceuticals, and generally consists of several chromatographic steps. In this work, Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) is investigated as a polishing step for the purification of therapeutic proteins. Adsorption mechanisms in hydrophobic interaction chromatography are still not completely clear and a limited amount of published data is available. In addition to new data on adsorption isotherms for some proteins (obtained both by high-throughput and frontal analysis method), and a comparison of different models proposed in the literature, two different approaches are compared in this work to investigate HIC. The predictive approach exploits an in-house code that simulates the behavior of the component in the column using the model parameters found from the fitting of experimental data. The estimation approach, on the other hand, exploits commercial software in which the model parameters are found by the fitting of a few experimental chromatograms. The two approaches are validated on some bind-elute runs: the predictive approach is very informative, but the experimental effort needed is high; the estimation approach is more effective, but the knowledge gained is lower. The second approach is also applied to an in-development industrial purification process and successfully resulted in predicting the behavior of the system, allowing for optimization with a reduction in the time and amount of sample needed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Calderón Supelano R, Barreto AG, Secchi AR. Optimal performance comparison of the simulated moving bed process variants based on the modulation of the length of zones and the feed concentration. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462280. [PMID: 34111677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The VariCol and ModiCon processes are two variants of the simulated moving bed (SMB) process, characterized by the modulation of the length of zones of the chromatographic column train and the feed concentration. These features give more flexibility than the conventional operation, leading to essential improvements in the separation and purification of mixtures. The optimal performance comparison of these two variants, the hybrid formed by their combination, and the conventional SMB process are scarce in the literature. This comparison helps discover new characteristics of each single and combined operation mode and creates guidelines to select the appropriate operation mode for possible real applications. In this work, the performance comparison of the ModiCon, VariCol, ModiCon+VariCol, and SMB processes is carried out in terms of maximal throughput for specific product purity values. Particular emphasis is placed on both the ModiCon and the hybrid ModiCon+VariCol processes characteristics. A strategy for combining and optimizing the ModiCon and the VariCol processes was determined. As a case study, the enantioseparation of guaifenesin was considered. In the ModiCon process, more than two modulation subintervals did not improve the performance in the separation. The optimal pattern, based on two subintervals, has zero feed concentration in the first subinterval and the maximal concentration in the second one. The best result for the hybrid operation (ModiCon+VariCol) was reached when the feed port moves simultaneously as the SMB process switching period. The optimal throughput of the ModiCon and the ModiCon+VariCol processes was almost doubled than that of the SMB process. These performances were based on larger zones I and II and not in zones II and III as occur with the SMB and VariCol process. The throughput in the hybrid operation increases more significantly than the ModiCon process when 5 columns were considered instead of 6. The hybrid operation could be more attractive for a system with a few numbers of columns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo Calderón Supelano
- Chemical Engineering Program/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco G, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Amaro Gomes Barreto
- School of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco E, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Argimiro Resende Secchi
- Chemical Engineering Program/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco G, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chromatography bioseparation technologies and in-silico modelings for continuous production of biotherapeutics. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461376. [PMID: 32823091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential of continuous bioprocessing is hindered by the bottlenecks of chromatography processing, which continues to be executed in batch mode. Highlighting the critical drawbacks of batch chromatography, this review underscores the transition that the industry has made by implementing continuous upstream process without devising a working model for downstream chromatography operations. Even though multitude of process development initiatives have commenced, the review emphasizes the first principle models of chromatography on which these initiatives are built. Various models of continuous chromatography, which are essential, but not limited to multi-column systems, employed to congeal a unified process are reviewed. Advancements made by several mechanistic models and simulations to maximize productivity and performance are described, in an attempt to provide the integral tools. The modeling tools can be used for development of a strong model based control strategy and can be embedded into the continuous chromatography framework. The review addresses the limitations and challenges of the current modeling methods for development of robust mechanistic modeling and efficient unit operation platform in continuous chromatography.
Collapse
|
8
|
Asnin LD, Vasyanin AN, Stepanova MV. Enantioselective adsorption of dipeptides on chiral stationary phases with grafted macrocyclic antibiotics using glycylaspartic acid as an example. Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Marek WK, Sauer D, Dürauer A, Jungbauer A, Piątkowski W, Antos D. Prediction tool for loading, isocratic elution, gradient elution and scaling up of ion exchange chromatography of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Samuelsson J, Leśko M, Enmark M, Högblom J, Karlsson A, Kaczmarski K. Optimizing Column Length and Particle Size in Preparative Batch Chromatography Using Enantiomeric Separations of Omeprazole and Etiracetam as Models: Feasibility of Taguchi Empirical Optimization. Chromatographia 2018; 81:851-860. [PMID: 29887619 PMCID: PMC5972160 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The overreaching purpose of this study is to evaluate new approaches for determining the optimal operational and column conditions in chromatography laboratories, i.e., how best to select a packing material of proper particle size and how to determine the proper length of the column bed after selecting particle size. As model compounds, we chose two chiral drugs for preparative separation: omeprazole and etiracetam. In each case, two maximum allowed pressure drops were assumed: 80 and 200 bar. The processes were numerically optimized (mechanistic modeling) with a general rate model using a global optimization method. The numerical predictions were experimentally verified at both analytical and pilot scales. The lower allowed pressure drop represents the use of standard equipment, while the higher allowed drop represents more modern equipment. For both compounds, maximum productivity was achieved using short columns packed with small-particle size packing materials. Increasing the allowed backpressure in the separation leads to an increased productivity and reduced solvent consumption. As advanced numerical calculations might not be available in the laboratory, we also investigated a statistically based approach, i.e., the Taguchi method (empirical modeling), for finding the optimal decision variables and compared it with advanced mechanistic modeling. The Taguchi method predicted that shorter columns packed with smaller particles would be preferred over longer columns packed with larger particles. We conclude that the simpler optimization tool, i.e., the Taguchi method, can be used to obtain "good enough" preparative separations, though for accurate processes, optimization, and to determine optimal operational conditions, classical numerical optimization is still necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen Samuelsson
- 1Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Marek Leśko
- 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35 959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Martin Enmark
- 1Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Joakim Högblom
- Akzo Nobel Pulp and Performance Chemicals AB, 445 80 Bohus, Sweden
| | | | - Krzysztof Kaczmarski
- 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35 959 Rzeszow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qamar S, Kiran N, Anwar T, Bibi S, Seidel-Morgenstern A. Theoretical Investigation of Thermal Effects in an Adiabatic Chromatographic Column Using a Lumped Kinetic Model Incorporating Heat Transfer Resistances. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shamsul Qamar
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Kiran
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Talha Anwar
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Sameena Bibi
- Air University, PAF Complex,
Sector E-9 Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Winderl J, Hahn T, Hubbuch J. A mechanistic model of ion-exchange chromatography on polymer fiber stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1475:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
14
|
Swanson RK, Xu R, Nettleton DS, Glatz CE. Accounting for host cell protein behavior in anion-exchange chromatography. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1453-1463. [PMID: 27556579 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCP) are a problematic set of impurities in downstream processing (DSP) as they behave most similarly to the target protein during separation. Approaching DSP with the knowledge of HCP separation behavior would be beneficial for the production of high purity recombinant biologics. Therefore, this work was aimed at characterizing the separation behavior of complex mixtures of HCP during a commonly used method: anion-exchange chromatography (AEX). An additional goal was to evaluate the performance of a statistical methodology, based on the characterization data, as a tool for predicting protein separation behavior. Aqueous two-phase partitioning followed by two-dimensional electrophoresis provided data on the three physicochemical properties most commonly exploited during DSP for each HCP: pI (isoelectric point), molecular weight, and surface hydrophobicity. The protein separation behaviors of two alternative expression host extracts (corn germ and E. coli) were characterized. A multivariate random forest (MVRF) statistical methodology was then applied to the database of characterized proteins creating a tool for predicting the AEX behavior of a mixture of proteins. The accuracy of the MVRF method was determined by calculating a root mean squared error value for each database. This measure never exceeded a value of 0.045 (fraction of protein populating each of the multiple separation fractions) for AEX. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1453-1463, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Swanson
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011
| | - Ruo Xu
- Dept. of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011
| | | | - Charles E Glatz
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schwellenbach J, Zobel S, Taft F, Villain L, Strube J. Purification of Monoclonal Antibodies Using a Fiber Based Cation-Exchange Stationary Phase: Parameter Determination and Modeling. Bioengineering (Basel) 2016; 3:bioengineering3040024. [PMID: 28952586 PMCID: PMC5597267 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering3040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) currently dominate the market for protein therapeutics. Because chromatography unit operations are critical for the purification of therapeutic proteins, the process integration of novel chromatographic stationary phases, driven by the demand for more economic process schemes, is a field of ongoing research. Within this study it was demonstrated that the description and prediction of mAb purification on a novel fiber based cation-exchange stationary phase can be achieved using a physico-chemical model. All relevant mass-transport phenomena during a bind and elute chromatographic cycle, namely convection, axial dispersion, boundary layer mass-transfer, and the salt dependent binding behavior in the fiber bed were described. This work highlights the combination of model adaption, simulation, and experimental parameter determination through separate measurements, correlations, or geometric considerations, independent from the chromatographic cycle. The salt dependent binding behavior of a purified mAb was determined by the measurement of adsorption isotherms using batch adsorption experiments. Utilizing a combination of size exclusion and protein A chromatography as analytic techniques, this approach can be extended to a cell culture broth, describing the salt dependent binding behavior of multiple components. Model testing and validation was performed with experimental bind and elute cycles using purified mAb as well as a clarified cell culture broth. A comparison between model calculations and experimental data showed a good agreement. The influence of the model parameters is discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schwellenbach
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen 37079, Germany.
- Institute for Separation and Process Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678, Germany.
| | - Steffen Zobel
- Institute for Separation and Process Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678, Germany.
| | - Florian Taft
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen 37079, Germany.
| | - Louis Villain
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen 37079, Germany.
| | - Jochen Strube
- Institute for Separation and Process Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lin X, Gong R, Li J, Li P, Yu J, Rodrigues AE. Enantioseparation of racemic aminoglutethimide using asynchronous simulated moving bed chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:347-355. [PMID: 27544751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The separation of aminoglutethimide enantiomers by the continuous multicolumn chromatographic processes were investigated experimentally and theoretically, where the columns were packed with cellulose tris 3,5-dimethylphenyl-carbamate stationary phase (brand name Chiralcel OD) and mobile phase was a mixture of n-hexane and ethanol with monoethanolamine additive. The continuous enantioseparation processes included a synchronous shifting process (SMB) and an asynchronous shifting process (VARICOL), which allowed reducing the column number (here from six-column SMB to five-column VARICOL process). Transport-dispersive model with the consideration of both intraparticle mass transfer resistance and axial dispersion was adopted to design and optimize the operation conditions for the separation of aminoglutethimide enantiomers by SMB process and VARICOL process. According to the optimized operation conditions, experiments were carried out on VARICOL-Micro unit using five-column VARICOL process with 1/1.5/1.5/1 configuration and six-column SMB process with 1/2/2/1 configuration. Products of R-aminoglutethimide (R-AG) enantiomer and S-aminoglutethimide (S-AG) enantiomer with more than 99.0% purity were obtained continuously from extract stream and raffinate stream, respectively. Furthermore, the experiemntal data obtained from five-column VARICOL process were compared with that from six-column SMB process, the feasibility and efficiency for the separation of guaifenesin enantiomers by VARICOL processes were evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Rujin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiaxu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Jianguo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Alirio E Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hao W, Di B, Chen Q, Wang J, Yang Y, Yue B. Development of the Wade equation for the description of elution peak profile by using second-order rate equations for the sorption kinetics. Chem Eng Res Des 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
18
|
Wu J, Zhuang W, Ying H, Jiao P, Li R, Wen Q, Wang L, Zhou J, Yang P. Acetone-butanol-ethanol competitive sorption simulation from single, binary, and ternary systems in a fixed-bed of KA-I resin. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:124-34. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology; Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology; Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology; Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Jiao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology; Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Renjie Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology; Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Qingshi Wen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology; Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology; Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology; Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Pengpeng Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology; Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
A model based approach for identifying robust operating conditions for industrial chromatography with process variability. Chem Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Recovery of acetoin from the aqueous solution by means of a novel hyper-cross-linked resin: Equilibrium and kinetics. J FOOD ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
Marek W, Muca R, Woś S, Piątkowski W, Antos D. Isolation of monoclonal antibody from a Chinese hamster ovary supernatant. II: Dynamics of the integrated separation on ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography media. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1305:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
23
|
van Beijeren P, Kreis P, Zeiner T. Development of a generic process model for membrane adsorption. Comput Chem Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
24
|
Moment based weighted residual method—New numerical tool for a nonlinear multicomponent chromatographic general rate model. Comput Chem Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
25
|
Chromatography modelling to describe protein adsorption at bead level. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1284:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
26
|
OuYang LF, Liu Q, Liang H, Shi Y, Shi J, Yin X. Simultaneous determination of two-component isotherm parameters and lumped mass transfer coefficients in RPLC with the 0-1 model-inverse method. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:645-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-fei OuYang
- Separation Science Institute; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- Separation Science Institute; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Heng Liang
- Separation Science Institute; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Separation Science Institute; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Junwei Shi
- Separation Science Institute; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Yin
- Separation Science Institute; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Besselink T, van der Padt A, Janssen AE, Boom RM. Are axial and radial flow chromatography different? J Chromatogr A 2013; 1271:105-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
28
|
Liu Q, OuYang L, Liang H, Li N, Geng X. A novel thermodynamic state recursion method for description of nonideal nonlinear chromatographic process of frontal analysis. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1411-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Separation Science Institute, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Liangfei OuYang
- Separation Science Institute, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Heng Liang
- Separation Science Institute, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Separation Science Institute, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Xindu Geng
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Guiochon G, Beaver LA. Separation science is the key to successful biopharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8836-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
30
|
Bochenek R, Sitarz R, Antos D. Design of continuous ion exchange process for the wastewater treatment. Chem Eng Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
31
|
Lienqueo ME, Mahn A, Salgado JC, Shene C. Mathematical Modeling of Protein Chromatograms. Chem Eng Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
32
|
An improved capillary model for describing the microstructure characteristics, fluid hydrodynamics and breakthrough performance of proteins in cryogel beds. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5487-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
33
|
Boushaba R, Baldascini H, Gerontas S, Titchener-Hooker NJ, Bracewell DG. Demonstration of the use of windows of operation to visualize the effects of fouling on the performance of a chromatographic step. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1009-17. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
34
|
Górka A, Zamorska J, Antos D. Coupling Ion Exchange and Biosorption for Copper(II) Removal From Wastewaters. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie101019s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Górka
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering and ‡Department of Water Purification and Protection, Rzeszów University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland, Pl
| | - Justyna Zamorska
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering and ‡Department of Water Purification and Protection, Rzeszów University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland, Pl
| | - Dorota Antos
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering and ‡Department of Water Purification and Protection, Rzeszów University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland, Pl
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
A systematic investigation of algorithm impact in preparative chromatography with experimental verifications. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:662-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
36
|
On the optimization of the solid core radius of superficially porous particles for finite adsorption rate. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:951-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
37
|
Ndocko Ndocko E, Ditz R, Josch JP, Strube J. New Material Design Strategy for Chromatographic Separation Steps in Bio-Recovery and Downstream Processing. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
38
|
von Lieres E, Andersson J. A fast and accurate solver for the general rate model of column liquid chromatography. Comput Chem Eng 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
39
|
Kostka J, Gritti F, Guiochon G, Kaczmarski K. Modeling of thermal processes in very high pressure liquid chromatography for column immersed in a water bath: Application of the selected models. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4704-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
40
|
Altering efficiency of hydrophobic interaction chromatography by combined salt and temperature effects. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8712-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
41
|
SMB chromatography design using profile advancement factors, miniplant data, and rate-based process simulation. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
42
|
Muca R, Piątkowski W, Antos D. Effects of thermal heterogeneity in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6716-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
43
|
Szabelski P, Kaczmarski K. Phenomenological modeling of separation of enantiomers by nonlinear chromatography. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2008. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.20.2008.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
44
|
Chromatographic behavior of a polyclonal antibody mixture on a strong cation exchanger column. Part II: Adsorption modelling. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1214:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
45
|
Sanecki PT, Skitał PM. The mathematical models of kinetics of the E, EC, ECE, ECEC, ECE–ECE and ECEC–ECEC processes with potential-dependent transfer coefficient as a rationale of isoalpha points. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
46
|
Cavazzini A, Massi A, Bergamaschi G, Braga S, Dondi F, Dondoni A. Combining Synthetic and Analytical Strategies for Preparative HPLC Enantioseparation of Monastrol Racemic Mixture. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 20:603-12. [PMID: 15059008 DOI: 10.1021/bp034267o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale resolution of racemic monastrol has been carried out by normal-phase mode HPLC on an amylose-based chiral stationary phase. Because monastrol solubility, in media of proper compositions for normal-mode HPLC separations (in terms of retention factors and selectivity), was significantly low and impractical for preparative scopes, racemic monastrol was transformed into the corresponding O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivative. The tert-butyldimethylsilyl group was chosen as a suitable derivatizing agent because it induced approximatively a six-times higher solubility and allowed for an almost quantitative recovery of pure monastrol from the derivatization-deprotection sequence. The competitive isotherms of the O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl compounds, measured through frontal analysis, were fitted to competitive Langmuir and four-parameter bi-Langmuir models. The equilibrium dispersive model of chromatography was used for modeling the nonlinear separation of the racemate and to optimize the experimental conditions for collection of highly concentrated fractions of pure (R,S)-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl compounds, from which significant amounts of the corresponding enantiomers of monastrol (about 100 mg of each enantiomer with 30 runs on an analytical-scale column) were obtained by quantitative back-derivatization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Górka A, Papciak D, Zamorska J, Antos D. The Influence of Biofilm on the Effectiveness of Ion Exchange Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie8002057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Górka
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Processing and Department of Water Purification and Protection, Rzeszów University of Technology, al. Powstańcǒw Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszǒw, Poland
| | - Dorota Papciak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Processing and Department of Water Purification and Protection, Rzeszów University of Technology, al. Powstańcǒw Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszǒw, Poland
| | - Justyna Zamorska
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Processing and Department of Water Purification and Protection, Rzeszów University of Technology, al. Powstańcǒw Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszǒw, Poland
| | - Dorota Antos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Processing and Department of Water Purification and Protection, Rzeszów University of Technology, al. Powstańcǒw Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszǒw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Ion exchange kinetics in removal of small ions. Effect of salt concentration on inter- and intraparticle diffusion. Chem Eng Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
50
|
Chan S, Titchener-Hooker N, Bracewell DG, Sørensen E. A systematic approach for modeling chromatographic processes—Application to protein purification. AIChE J 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|