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Kumar P, Bhushan A, Gupta P, Gairola S. Comparative morpho-anatomical standardization and chemical profiling of root drugs for distinction of fourteen species of family Apocynaceae. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:12. [PMID: 35467168 PMCID: PMC9038984 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root drugs of the family Apocynaceae are medicinally important and used in Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM). There is often a problem of misidentification and adulteration of genuine samples with other samples in the market trade. Keeping in view the adulteration problem of raw drug material, comparative macroscopic and microscopic (qualitative and quantitative) characterisation and chemical analysis (TLC and LC-MS profiling) of a total of 14 economically important root drugs of family Apocynaceae were done for practical and rapid identification. A total of 33 qualitative botanical characteristics of root samples were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster analysis to identify taxonomically significant characteristics in the distinction of root drug samples at the species level. RESULTS Comparative qualitative and quantitative data on morphological, macroscopic, and microscopic characters were generated for the studied 14 species. Despite the similarity in some root characters, a combined study involving the surface, anatomical, and powder features helped distinguish root samples at the species level. The relative relationship between selected species was represented as clustering or grouping in the dendrogram. PCA analysis determined significant characters leading to species grouping and identification. Results showed that clustering of xylem vessels in cross-section, pore size, and distribution in the cut root, the shape of starch grains, the thickness of cork zone were among the most notable characters in species distinction. Chemical profiling revealed unique fingerprints and content of chemical compounds, which were significant in identification of root drug samples. CONCLUSIONS The comparative botanical standards and chemical profiles developed in the present study can be used as future reference standards for the quick, easy, and correct identification of root drug samples to be used in the herbal drug industry. Further, the identified significant microscopic characters have the potential for taxonomic studies in species delimitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Plant Sciences & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Bhushan
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prasoon Gupta
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sumeet Gairola
- Plant Sciences & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Lu Y, Zhou N, Liao S, Su N, He D, Tian Q, Chen B, Yao S. Detection of adulteration of anti-hypertension dietary supplements and traditional Chinese medicines with synthetic drugs using LC/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:893-902. [DOI: 10.1080/19440040903426710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lu F, Li S, Le J, Chen G, Cao Y, Qi Y, Chai Y, Wu Y. A new method for testing synthetic drugs adulterated in herbal medicines based on infrared spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 589:200-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2006] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chang YS, Ku YR, Wen KC, Ho LK. ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS IN ADULTERATED TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINES BY HPCE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan -Shiun Chang
- a Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College , 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yoe -Ray Ku
- a Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College , 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
- b Department of Health, Executive Yuan , National Laboratories of Foods and Drugs , 161-2, Kuen-Yang Street, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo -Ching Wen
- b Department of Health, Executive Yuan , National Laboratories of Foods and Drugs , 161-2, Kuen-Yang Street, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li -Kang Ho
- c Department of Pharmacology , National Yang-Ming University , 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nung Street Shih-Pai, Pettou, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lau AJ, Holmes MJ, Woo SO, Koh HL. Analysis of adulterants in a traditional herbal medicinal product using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:401-6. [PMID: 12609680 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adulterations with synthetic drugs are common problems with herbal medicine and this can potentially cause serious adverse effects. It is therefore important to determine the presence of synthetic drugs in herbal medicine to ensure patients' safety. The objective of this study was to develop sensitive and specific methods to analyse phenylbutazone, caffeine and oxyphenbutazone present in a traditional Indonesian herbal product. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) methods in the selected reaction-monitoring (SRM) mode were developed. It was found that the sample contained 0.53% w/w (n=3, RSD=7.56%) phenylbutazone and 0.04% w/w (n=3, RSD=8.39%) caffeine. This corresponded to 43.17 mg phenylbutazone and 3.23 mg caffeine in each sachet of powder. The methods were validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD and LOQ. LOD and LOQ were found to be 3.69 and 12.29 ng/ml, respectively for phenylbutazone. For caffeine, the LOD and LOQ were 0.84 and 2.80 ng/ml, respectively. Oxyphenbutazone in the sample was found to be present at a level below the quantification level of 10.2 ng/ml. With better methods developed for analysis of adulterants in herbal medicine, the quality and safety of these medicines can be better controlled and regulated to ensure patients' safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aik-Jiang Lau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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Abstract
Herbs have been used world-wide, particularly in Chinese society, for thousands of years. Conceptually, herbs are usually considered to be non-toxic by the general public due to their natural origin. However, the consumption of herbs is well-known to be capable of producing prominent adverse health effects. Due to increased morbidity and mortality, poisonings associated with the use of herbs have raised universal attention in the last few years. In daily practice, herbs are dispensed by health professionals, quacks and other non-medical professionals, such as witch doctors, for either therapeutic or tonic purposes. Upon exposure, the clinical toxicity may vary from mild to severe and may even be life-threatening. In the clinical setting, the difficulties involved in handling the poisonings associated with the use of herbs can be categorized as follows: (1) difficulties in the identification of the proprietary substances and active ingredients; (2) problems with characterizing the kinetic pattern and toxicological effects; and (3) the uncertainty of the treatment. A systematic approach, including both clinical and laboratory investigations, is required in handling cases of herbal poisonings. Critical factors for the clinical investigation are the observation and documentation of clinical symptoms and signs, as well as the collection of information concerning prescription, packaging, herbal residues, herbal samples, amount consumed and the processing methods of the herbs. A geographically and culturally oriented data bank of analytical systems should be created to assist in the future laboratory diagnosis of herbal poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jou-Fang Deng
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Liu SY, Woo SO, Koh HL. HPLC and GC-MS screening of Chinese proprietary medicine for undeclared therapeutic substances. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 24:983-92. [PMID: 11248492 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine includes raw medicinal materials and Chinese proprietary medicine (CPM). Despite being of natural origin, toxic effects, adulteration with synthetic therapeutic substances and even deaths had been associated with CPM. There is thus a need to develop analytical technique to rapidly screen for undeclared toxic and therapeutic substances in CPM. In this study, a high performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection method was developed and used to screen for undeclared therapeutic substances in CPM. An ultraviolet (UV) library of 266 drugs had been compiled. Solute identification was performed by comparing the analytical data (UV spectra, retention time and relative retention time) with those of the 266 standards. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used as a confirmation method. These chromatographic methods had been shown to be selective and reproducible in screening for undeclared drugs in CPM. Using the method developed, 41 CPM samples in seven categories were screened for undeclared therapeutic substances. One anti-asthmatic CPM was found to contain codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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Liu SY, Woo SO, Holmes MJ, Koh HL. LC and LC-MS-MS analyses of undeclared codeine in antiasthmatic Chinese proprietary medicine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 22:481-6. [PMID: 10766365 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes an accurate and sensitive reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the detection and quantification of undeclared codeine in a Chinese Proprietary Medicine (CPM) for asthma. A rapid and specific liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method was applied to confirm the presence of codeine by selected reaction monitoring (SRM). Codeine was extracted from the capsules by dissolving in sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH = 2.2) and ethanol, then made alkaline (pH = 9) and extracted using chloroform. The amount of codeine in AsthmaWan was found to be 61.8 microg/capsule (R.S.D. = 7.9%, n = 9). Excellent resolution was obtained despite the complexity of the product which claimed to contain at least nine herbal ingredients, none of which will give rise to codeine. As a further confirmation method, LC-MS-MS is accurate and specific. The LC method has been validated for linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy and specificity. Greater awareness of and control over undeclared drugs in complementary medicine are necessary to ensure patients' safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Ku YR, Chang YS, Wen KC, Ho LK. Analysis and confirmation of synthetic anorexics in adulterated traditional Chinese medicines by high-performance capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1999; 848:537-43. [PMID: 10427768 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Six synthetic anorexics, clobenzorex, diethylpropion, fenfluramine, methamphetamine, phenylpropanolamine and phentermine, which can be found as adulterants in traditional Chinese medicines were assayed simultaneously by high-performance capillary electrophoresis. The electrolyte was a buffer solution containing 120 mM phosphate buffer (NaH2PO4/H3PO4, pH 2.0) and 15% acetonitrile. Applied voltage was 16 kV and temperature was 30 degrees C. Fluoren-2,7-diammonium chloride was used as an internal standard and detector set at 200 nm. The recoveries of the synthetic anorexic adulterants in traditional Chinese medicinal formula using C8-SCX mixed solid-phase extraction were studied. Several traditional Chinese medicinal powders obtained from clinics were also studied by the above HPCE method and confirmed by GC-MS. Clobenzorex, diethylpropion and fenfluramine were found and determine in these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Ku
- Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan
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Abstract
The great majority of Chinese herbal preparations are safe, and in the past, some useful Western drugs have been derived from these herbs. Nearly all serious poisonings are due to the few preparations containing aconitine, podophyllin or anticholinergics or else proprietary preparations containing dangerous Western drugs or heavy metals. Both medical professionals and the general public should be alerted to the potential toxicity of herbal remedies. There should be frequent monitoring of Chinese herbal medicines or their derivatives, such as some Chinese proprietary medicines, for undeclared Western drugs and heavy metals. Mothers should be discouraged from treating their children with herbal or proprietary medicines. There should be continuing efforts to collect safety information on these widely used products.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Chan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Chinese University of Hong Kong
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Toxicological Outlook on the Quality Assurance of Herbal Remedies. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF HERBAL DRUGS 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-49340-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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12
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Prednisolone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(08)60399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Tanaka T, Aramaki S, Momose A. Thin-layer chromatographic screening procedure for some drugs in horse plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 496:407-15. [PMID: 2613843 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A thin-layer chromatographic screening procedure for some basic, neutral and acidic drugs was developed using 3 ml of horse plasma. Chloroform-2-propanol (95:5, v/v) was used as the extraction solvent. The drugs were identified by a high-performance thin-layer chromatographic plate and spraying successively with some detection reagents. In this study, the extraction recovery rates and the detection limits were determined at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tanaka
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
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By A, Ethier JC, Lauriault G, LeBelle M, Lodge BA, Savard C, Sy WW, Wilson L. Traditional oriental medicines. I. Black pearl: identification and chromatographic determination of some undeclared medicinal ingredients. J Chromatogr A 1989; 469:406-11. [PMID: 2768380 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A By
- Drug Identification Division, Bureau of Drug Research, Health Protection Branch, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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