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Quantification of Degradation Products Formed during Heat Sterilization of Glucose Solutions by LC-MS/MS: Impact of Autoclaving Temperature and Duration on Degradation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111121. [PMID: 34832903 PMCID: PMC8625795 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat sterilization of glucose solutions can lead to the formation of various glucose degradation products (GDPs) due to oxidation, hydrolysis, and dehydration. GDPs can have toxic effects after parenteral administration due to their high reactivity. In this study, the application of the F0 concept to modify specific time/temperature models during heat sterilization and their influence on the formation of GDPs in parenteral glucose solutions was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Glucose solutions (10%, w/v) were autoclaved at 111 °C, 116 °C, and 121 °C for different durations. The GDPs glyoxal, methylglyoxal, glucosone, 3-deoxyglucosone/3-deoxygalactosone, 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were quantified after derivatization with o-phenylenediamine by an optimized LC-MS/MS method. For all GDPs, the limit of detection was <0.078 μg/mL, and the limit of quantification was <0.236 μg/mL. The autoclaving time of 121 °C and 15 min resulted in the lowest levels of 3-DG/3-DGal and 5-HMF, but in the highest levels of GO and 2-KDG. The proposed LC-MS/MS method is rapid and sensitive. So far, only 5-HMF concentrations are limited by the regulatory authorities. Our results suggest reconsidering the impurity limits of various GDPs, especially the more toxic ones such as GO and MGO, by the Pharmacopoeias.
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Leitzen S, Vogel M, Engels A, Zapf T, Brandl M. Identification and quantification of glucose degradation products in heat-sterilized glucose solutions for parenteral use by thin-layer chromatography. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253811. [PMID: 34214128 PMCID: PMC8253424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During heat sterilization of glucose solutions, a variety of glucose degradation products (GDPs) may be formed. GDPs can cause cytotoxic effects after parenteral administration of these solutions. The aim of the current study therefore was to develop a simple and quick high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method by which the major GDPs can be identified and (summarily) quantified in glucose solutions for parenteral administration. All GDPs were derivatized with o-phenylenediamine (OPD). The resulting GDP derivatives (quinoxalines) were applied to an HPTLC plate. After 20 minutes of chamber saturation with the solvent, the HPTLC plate was developed in a mixture of 1,4-dioxane-toluene-glacial acetic acid (49:49:2, v/v/v), treated with thymol-sulfuric acid spray reagent, and heated at 130°C for 10 minutes. Finally, the GDPs were quantified by using a TLC scanner. For validation, the identities of the quinoxaline derivatives were confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Glyoxal (GO)/methylglyoxal (MGO) and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG)/3-deoxygalactosone (3-DGal) could be identified and quantified in pairs, glucosone (2-KDG), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), and 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene (3,4-DGE) each individually. For 2-KDG, the linearity of the method was demonstrated in the range of 1–50 μg/mL, for 5-HMF and 3,4-DGE 1–75 μg/mL, for GO/MGO 2–150 μg/mL, and for 3-DG/3-DGal 10–150 μg/mL. All GDPs achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 2 μg/mL or less and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 10 μg/mL or less. R2 was 0.982 for 3.4-DGE, 0.997 for 5-HMF, and 0.999 for 2-KDG, 3-DG/3-DGal, and GO/MGO. The intraday precision was between 0.4 and 14.2% and the accuracy, reported as % recovery, between 86.4 and 112.7%. The proposed HPTLC method appears to be an inexpensive, fast, and sufficiently sensitive approach for routine quantitative analysis of GDPs in heat-sterilized glucose solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Leitzen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Vogel
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anette Engels
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Zapf
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Haybrard J, Simon N, Danel C, Pinçon C, Barthélémy C, Tessier FJ, Décaudin B, Boulanger E, Odou P. Factors Generating Glucose Degradation Products In Sterile Glucose Solutions For Infusion: Statistical Relevance Determination Of Their Impacts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11932. [PMID: 28931894 PMCID: PMC5607278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterilising glucose solutions by heat promotes the generation of a large number of glucose degradation products (GDPs). It has been shown that high levels of GDPs may result in Advanced Glycation End products that have an impact on cellular homeostasis and health in general. If data is available for peritoneal dialysis solutions, little has been published for glucose infusion fluids. It is essential to identify the parameters causing the formation of GDPs and so limit the risk of exposing patients to them. After quantifying both 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural, considered as an important indicator of degradation, and 2-furaldehyde, an ultimate GDP of one degradation pathway, in marketed solutions, the aim of this work is to build a model integrating all the parameters involved in the formation rates of these two GDPs: supplier, glucose amount, container material, oxygen permeability coefficient and time-lapse since manufacture. Our results show a good logarithmic relationship between GDP formation rates and time-lapse since manufacture for both GDPs. The amount of GDPs in the glucose solutions for infusion depends on the initial glucose amount, the polymer of the container, the time elapsed since manufacturing and the supplier.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haybrard
- CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - N Simon
- CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000, Lille, France. .,Univ. Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - C Danel
- Univ. Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - C Pinçon
- Univ. Lille, EA 2694, 59000, Lille, Cedex, France
| | - C Barthélémy
- Univ. Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - F J Tessier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - B Décaudin
- CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - E Boulanger
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - P Odou
- CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000, Lille, France
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Pischetsrieder M, Gensberger-Reigl S, Atzenbeck L, Weigel I. Chemistry and clinical relevance of carbohydrate degradation in drugs. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1620-1631. [PMID: 27320689 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate degradation products are formed during heat sterilization in drugs containing (poly-)glucose as osmotic agents. Given this situation, peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDFs) and infusion fluids are of particular clinical relevance, because these drugs deliver process contaminants either over a longer period or directly into the circulation of patients who are critically ill. For the development of suitable mitigation strategies, it is important to understand the reaction mechanisms of carbohydrate degradation during sterilization and how the resulting products interact with physiological targets at the molecular level. Furthermore, reliable, comprehensive, and highly sensitive quantification methods are required for product control and toxicological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pischetsrieder
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schuhstr. 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Gensberger-Reigl
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schuhstr. 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Atzenbeck
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schuhstr. 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Weigel
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schuhstr. 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
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Warnock M, Nair L, Sadain S, Jenke DR. EVALUATION OF AN ION EXCLUSION/DIRECT CONDUCTIVITY METHOD FOR QUANTITATING ACETIC AND LACTIC ACIDS IN PHARMA-CEUTICAL LVP BASE FORMULATIONS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120008810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Warnock
- a I.V. Systems Division, Baxter Healthcare Corporation , Round Lake, IL, 60073, U.S.A
| | - Lakshmy Nair
- a I.V. Systems Division, Baxter Healthcare Corporation , Round Lake, IL, 60073, U.S.A
| | - Salma Sadain
- b Center for Physical and Chemical Sciences, Baxter Healthcare Corporation , Round Lake, IL, 60073, U.S.A
| | - Dennis R. Jenke
- b Center for Physical and Chemical Sciences, Baxter Healthcare Corporation , Round Lake, IL, 60073, U.S.A
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Chambel P, Oliveira M, Andrade P, Fernandes J, Seabra R, Ferreira M. Identification of 5,5′-oxy-dimethylene-bis(2-furaldehyde) by thermal decomposition of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde. Food Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(98)00062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cartoni GP, Coccioli F, Spagnoli M. Analysis of ethereal extracts of wines and other alcoholic beverages by high-performance liquid chromatography with microbore columns. J Chromatogr A 1997; 782:219-26. [PMID: 9440923 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The ethereal extracts of wines, beer and vermouth were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The following three characteristic peaks were first identified using GC-MS and then quantitatively determined: 5-hydroxy-methyl-2-furaldehyde, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol and 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)indole.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Cartoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università La Sapienza di Roma, Italy
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Marko-Varga G, Dominguez E, Hahn-Hägerdal B, Gorton L, Irth H, De Jong G, Frei R, Brinkman U. On-line sample clean-up of fermentation broths and substrates prior to the liquid chromatographic separation of carbohydrates. J Chromatogr A 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(90)85021-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Marsman JH, Pieters RT, Janssen LPBM, Beenackers AACM. Determination of Degree of Substitution of Extruded Benzylated Starch by H-NMR and UV Spectrometry. STARCH-STARKE 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19900420507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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