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Togans LJ, McConnell AR. Blinded by wistfulness: on how nostalgia strengthens attitudes. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:913-927. [PMID: 38554262 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2336196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Across four studies, we explored how feeling nostalgic about an attitude object impacts the metacognitive characteristics of the attitude toward that object and how those metacognitions predict the evaluation's underlying strength. In each study, participants reflected on and evaluated a song or television show that either did or did not elicit nostalgia. Across these studies, we found support for the hypotheses that nostalgic attitude objects are viewed more positively, appraised with greater attitudinal importance, and exhibited less objective ambivalence. In Study 4, we observed that nostalgic attitudes are associated with greater behavioural intentions and that this relationship was mediated both by attitudinal importance and objective ambivalence. These studies contribute to our understanding of how nostalgia affects attitude formation processes.
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Xu M, Petty RE. Two-Sided Messages Promote Openness for a Variety of Deeply Entrenched Attitudes. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:215-231. [PMID: 36214520 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221128113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prior research showed that people holding attitudes on relatively moral topics became more open to two- rather than one-sided messages as the moral basis of their attitudes increased. Across three studies (N = 963), we extend this finding to relatively non-moral topics by demonstrating that two-sided messages can encourage people with strong attitudes indexed by various non-moral attitude strength measures to be more open to contrary positions. Study 1 demonstrated this for four indicators of attitude strength (e.g., certainty). As the strength of one's attitude increased, two-sided messages increased in relative effectiveness over one-sided communication. This was mediated by perceived appreciation for the speaker acknowledging one's view. Study 2 replicated this finding in a preregistered experiment. Study 3 conceptually replicated and extended it to people holding attitudes based on their political identity. Finally, evidence was obtained supporting perceived appreciation (rather than source evaluation) as the key driver of this interactive effect.
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Miller SS, Hutson JP, Strain ML, Smith TJ, Palavamäki M, Loschky LC, Saucier DA. The role of individual differences in resistance to persuasion on memory for political advertisements. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1196209. [PMID: 37621945 PMCID: PMC10445487 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1196209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
When people see political advertisements on a polarized issue they take a stance on, what factors influence how they respond to and remember the adverts contents? Across three studies, we tested competing hypotheses about how individual differences in social vigilantism (i.e., attitude superiority) and need for cognition relate to intentions to resist attitude change and memory for political advertisements concerning abortion. In Experiments 1 and 2, we examined participants' intentions to use resistance strategies to preserve their pre-existing attitudes about abortion, by either engaging against opposing opinions or disengaging from them. In Experiment 3, we examined participants' memory for information about both sides of the controversy presented in political advertisements. Our results suggest higher levels of social vigilantism are related to greater intentions to counterargue and better memory for attitude-incongruent information. These findings extend our understanding of individual differences in how people process and respond to controversial social and political discourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart S Miller
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - John P Hutson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Megan L Strain
- Psychology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, United States
| | - Tim J Smith
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of London Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lester C Loschky
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Donald A Saucier
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Olsen SO, Tuu HH, Tudoran AA. Comparing time focus with time importance for measuring future time perspectives in the context of pro-environmental values and outcomes. Front Psychol 2023; 14:945487. [PMID: 37089737 PMCID: PMC10114413 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.945487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionIn the area of environmental psychology, time and the temporal perspective have often been used as an overarching framework to explain or predict environmental outcomes. This study aims to introduce a new Time Importance Scale (TIS) based on the attitude strength theory and to assess its nomological validity in comparison with the more established Temporal Focus Scale (TFS) in the context of consumers’ willingness to pay more for environmentally friendly products. The new TIS scale is short and simple to manage.MethodThe study proposes competing plausible structural models testing alternative relationships between future time perspective (FTP) and environmental values using a nationwide representative survey sample of 633 Norwegians.ResultsThe results confirm the convergent and discriminant validity of the new TIS scale. However, the direct association between the TIS scale and willingness to pay for environmentally friendly products is weak or non-significant depending on the alternative models used to validate the nomological validity.DiscussionThe new TIS scale provides evidence of a possible causal chain, FTP → environmental values → willingness to pay, with strong associations between the present TIS and hedonic values and between the future TIS and biospheric values. Environmental values are activated by FTP. In most cases, the new TIS outperforms the established TFS in nomological validity. Future research should validate our findings in experimental trials to demonstrate more substantial causal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Ottar Olsen
- School of Business and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Svein Ottar Olsen, ✉
| | - Ho Huy Tuu
- Economics Faculty, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, South Central Coast, Vietnam
| | - Ana Alina Tudoran
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Central Denmark Region, Denmark
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Vaughan-Johnston TI, Fowlie DI, Jacobson JA. Facilitating Scientific Communication Between Strangers: A Preregistered Lost E-Mail Experiment. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2022; 25:424-431. [PMID: 35467948 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2021.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Communication scholars are increasingly concerned about biases that shape people's interactions with science. Past study has focused on echo chambers (cultivating social networks that reinforce existing worldviews). People's facilitation of scientific discourse between strangers also may be shaped by their attitudes. To study the latter, we employed a recent adaptation of Milgram's lost letter technique called the lost e-mail technique (LET). We conducted a preregistered field study using a large undergraduate university sample (N = 1,508) to examine how the LET might elucidate people's treatment of scientific information. We distributed four ostensibly misaddressed scientific messages and monitored the likelihood of these e-mails being facilitated by participants. Participants' beliefs about self-esteem's importance, assessed months earlier, were associated with increased facilitation of scientific claims congruent with (vs. incongruent with) these beliefs. Thus, people shape the spread of online information in a manner matching their beliefs, even for people outside their social networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Vaughan-Johnston
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin I Fowlie
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill A Jacobson
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Drescher F, Ziegler R. The interactive role of subjective attitudinal ambivalence, knowledge, and certainty for attitude stability: The case of driving electric vehicles. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jts5.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rene Ziegler
- Fachbereich Psychologie Eberhard‐Karls‐Universität Tübingen Tuebingen Germany
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7
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Luttrell A, Sawicki V. Attitude strength: Distinguishing predictors versus defining features. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Luttrell
- Department of Psychological ScienceBall State University Muncie Indiana USA
| | - Vanessa Sawicki
- Department of PsychologyOhio State University–Marion Marion Ohio USA
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8
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Norman E, Pfuhl G, Sæle RG, Svartdal F, Låg T, Dahl TI. Metacognition in Psychology. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1089268019883821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
How has the concept of metacognition been used within basic and applied psychological research? We begin our answer by presenting a broad definition of metacognition, a historical overview of its development and its presence in research databases. To assess which function and facets are most frequently addressed within each of the sub-disciplines, we present results from separate literature searches. We then review how metacognition has been defined and empirically explored within selected sub-disciplines in terms of typical research questions, conceptual definitions, how the concept has been measured, and examples of interesting findings and implications. We identify similarities, inconsistencies, and disagreements across fields and point out areas for future research. Our overall conclusion is that it is useful to consider metacognition as a broad umbrella concept across different domains and across basic and applied research. Nonetheless, we recommend that researchers be more specific and explicit about their approach and assumptions whenever using metacognition in their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Norman
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gerit Pfuhl
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Torstein Låg
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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9
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Wallace LE, Patton KM, Luttrell A, Sawicki V, Fabrigar LR, Teeny J, MacDonald TK, Petty RE, Wegener DT. Perceived Knowledge Moderates the Relation Between Subjective Ambivalence and the “Impact” of Attitudes: An Attitude Strength Perspective. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 46:709-722. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167219873492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has reliably demonstrated that when people experience more subjective ambivalence about an attitude object, their attitudes have less impact on strength-related outcomes such as attitude-related thinking, judging, or behaving. However, previous research has not considered whether the amount of perceived knowledge a person has about the topic might moderate these effects. Across eight studies on different topics using a variety of outcome measures, the current research demonstrates that perceived knowledge can moderate the relation between ambivalence and the impact of attitudes on related thinking, judging, and behaving. Although the typical Attitude × Ambivalence effect emerged when participants had relatively high perceived knowledge, this interaction did not emerge when participants were lower in perceived knowledge. This work provides a more nuanced view of the effects of subjective ambivalence on attitude impact and highlights the importance of understanding the combined impact of attitude strength antecedents.
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Hu Y, Xu A, Hong Y, Gal D, Sinha V, Akkiraju R. Generating Business Intelligence Through Social Media Analytics: Measuring Brand Personality with Consumer-, Employee-, and Firm-Generated Content. J MANAGE INFORM SYST 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07421222.2019.1628908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Vitriol JA, Tagar MR, Federico CM, Sawicki V. Ideological uncertainty and investment of the self in politics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Lee A, Thomas G, Martin R, Guillaume Y, Marstand AF. Beyond relationship quality: The role of leader–member exchange importance in leader–follower dyads. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/joop.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Lee
- University of Exeter Business School University of Exeter UK
| | | | - Robin Martin
- Alliance Manchester Business School University of Manchester UK
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13
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Dalege J, Borsboom D, van Harreveld F, van der Maas HLJ. A Network Perspective on Attitude Strength: Testing the Connectivity Hypothesis. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618781062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attitude strength is a key characteristic of attitudes. Strong attitudes are durable and impactful, while weak attitudes are fluctuating and inconsequential. Recently, the causal attitude network (CAN) model was proposed as a comprehensive measurement model of attitudes, which conceptualizes attitudes as networks of causally connected evaluative reactions (i.e., beliefs, feelings, and behavior toward an attitude object). Here, we test the central postulate of the CAN model that highly connected attitude networks correspond to strong attitudes. We use data from the American National Election Studies 1980–2012 on attitudes toward presidential candidates ( N = 18,795). We first show that political interest predicts connectivity of attitude networks toward presidential candidates. Second, we show that connectivity is strongly related to two defining features of strong attitudes—stability of the attitude and the attitude’s impact on behavior. We conclude that network theory provides a promising framework to advance the understanding of attitude strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Dalege
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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The role of perceived attitudinal bases on spontaneous and requested advocacy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Tormala ZL, Rucker DD. Attitude certainty: Antecedents, consequences, and new directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/arcp.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Cheatham LB, Tormala ZL. The Curvilinear Relationship Between Attitude Certainty and Attitudinal Advocacy. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 43:3-16. [PMID: 28903644 DOI: 10.1177/0146167216673349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Do people advocate more on behalf of their own attitudes and opinions when they feel certain or uncertain? Although considerable past research suggests that people are more likely to advocate when they feel highly certain, there also is evidence for the opposite effect-that people sometimes advocate more when they experience a loss of certainty. The current research seeks to merge these insights. Specifically, we explore the possibility that the relationship between attitude certainty and attitudinal advocacy is curvilinear. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find evidence for a J-shaped curve: Advocacy intentions (and behavior) peak under high certainty, bottom out under moderate certainty, and show an uptick under low (relative to moderate) certainty. We document this relationship and investigate its potential mechanisms in three studies by examining advocacy intentions and the actual advocacy messages participants write when they feel high, moderate, or low certainty.
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17
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Li JY, Kim SH, O'Boyle J. "I Believe What I See": College Students' Use of Media, Issue Engagement, and Perceived Responsibility Regarding Campus Sexual Assault. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 22:772-782. [PMID: 28854124 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2017.1355419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The topic of campus sexual assault has received much media attention recently, prompting scholars to examine media effects on students' attitudes and behaviors. A survey of 567 American college students examined how their media exposure is related to issue engagement, perceived responsibility, and acceptance of rape myths. Results indicated that reading newspaper stories about campus sexual assault might contribute to college students' victim blaming. Among other media channels examined, social media were found to be highly correlated with students' engagement with the issue. We also found that victim blaming and acceptance of rape myths could be reduced by raising students' perceived importance of the issue. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Yun Li
- a School of Journalism and Mass Communications , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA
| | - Sei-Hill Kim
- a School of Journalism and Mass Communications , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA
| | - Jane O'Boyle
- a School of Journalism and Mass Communications , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA
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18
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Dalege J, Borsboom D, van Harreveld F, Waldorp LJ, van der Maas HLJ. Network Structure Explains the Impact of Attitudes on Voting Decisions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4909. [PMID: 28687776 PMCID: PMC5501836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attitudes can have a profound impact on socially relevant behaviours, such as voting. However, this effect is not uniform across situations or individuals, and it is at present difficult to predict whether attitudes will predict behaviour in any given circumstance. Using a network model, we demonstrate that (a) more strongly connected attitude networks have a stronger impact on behaviour, and (b) within any given attitude network, the most central attitude elements have the strongest impact. We test these hypotheses using data on voting and attitudes toward presidential candidates in the US presidential elections from 1980 to 2012. These analyses confirm that the predictive value of attitude networks depends almost entirely on their level of connectivity, with more central attitude elements having stronger impact. The impact of attitudes on voting behaviour can thus be reliably determined before elections take place by using network analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Dalege
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lourens J Waldorp
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Han L J van der Maas
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Attitude strength has been the focus of a huge volume of research in psychology and related sciences for decades. The insights offered by this literature have tremendous value for understanding attitude functioning and structure and for the effective application of the attitude concept in applied settings. This is the first Annual Review of Psychology article on the topic, and it offers a review of theory and evidence regarding one of the most researched strength-related attitude features: attitude importance. Personal importance is attached to an attitude when the attitude is perceived to be relevant to self-interest, social identification with reference groups or reference individuals, and values. Attaching personal importance to an attitude causes crystallizing of attitudes (via enhanced resistance to change), effortful gathering and processing of relevant information, accumulation of a large store of well-organized relevant information in long-term memory, enhanced attitude extremity and accessibility, enhanced attitude impact on the regulation of interpersonal attraction, energizing of emotional reactions, and enhanced impact of attitudes on behavioral intentions and action. Thus, important attitudes are real and consequential psychological forces, and their study offers opportunities for addressing behavioral change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Howe
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Jon A Krosnick
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
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21
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Luttrell A, Petty RE, Briñol P, Wagner BC. Making it moral: Merely labeling an attitude as moral increases its strength. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Luttrell A, Petty RE, Briñol P. Ambivalence and certainty can interact to predict attitude stability over time. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Chen HT, Ping S, Chen G. Far from reach but near at hand: The role of social media for cross-national mobilization. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Cheatham L, Tormala ZL. Attitude Certainty and Attitudinal Advocacy. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2015; 41:1537-50. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167215601406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
When and why do people advocate on behalf of their attitudes? Past research suggests that attitude certainty is one important determinant. The current research seeks to provide more nuanced insight into this relationship by (a) exploring the unique roles of attitude clarity and attitude correctness, and (b) mapping clarity and correctness onto different forms of advocacy (sharing intentions and persuasion intentions). Across four studies, we find that correctness but not clarity plays an important role in promoting persuasion intentions, whereas both correctness and clarity help shape sharing intentions. Thus, this research unpacks the certainty–advocacy relation and helps identify experimental manipulations that uniquely drive persuasion and sharing intentions.
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Saucier DA, Webster RJ, Hoffman BH, Strain ML. Social vigilantism and reported use of strategies to resist persuasion. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Delgado AH, Norby B, Scott HM, Dean W, McIntosh WA, Bush E. Distribution of cow-calf producers' beliefs regarding gathering and holding their cattle and observing animal movement restrictions during an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:518-32. [PMID: 25315760 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The voluntary cooperation of producers with disease control measures such as movement restrictions and gathering cattle for testing, vaccination, or depopulation is critical to the success of many disease control programs. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Texas in order to determine the distribution of key beliefs about obeying movement restrictions and gathering and holding cattle for disease control purposes. Two questionnaires were developed and distributed to separate representative samples of Texas cow-calf producers, respectively. The context for each behavior was provided through the use of scenarios in the questionnaire. Belief strength was measured using a 7-point Likert-like scale. Producers surveyed were unsure about the possible negative consequences of gathering and holding their cattle when requested by authorities, suggesting a key need for communication in this area during an outbreak. Respondents identified a lack of manpower and/or financial resources to gather and hold cattle as barriers to their cooperation with orders to gather and hold cattle. Producers also expressed uncertainty about the efficacy of movement restrictions to prevent the spread of foot-and-mouth disease and concern about possible feed shortages or animal suffering. However, there are emotional benefits to complying with movement restrictions and strong social expectations of cooperation with any movement bans put in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Delgado
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - H Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Wesley Dean
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - W Alex McIntosh
- Department of Sociology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eric Bush
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Rios K, DeMarree KG, Statzer J. Attitude Certainty and Conflict Style: Divergent Effects of Correctness and Clarity. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 40:819-830. [PMID: 24727810 DOI: 10.1177/0146167214528991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little research has examined the properties of people's attitudes that predict how they will respond to conflict with others whose opinions differ. We propose that one aspect of attitude certainty-attitude correctness, or the perception that one's attitude is the "right" attitude to have-will predict more competitive conflict styles. This hypothesis was tested across five data sets comprising four studies. In Studies 1a and 1b, perceptions of attitude correctness (but not another form of attitude certainty, attitude clarity) predicted participants' tendencies to send competitive messages to an ostensible partner who held the opposite opinion. In Studies 2 to 4, manipulations of attitude correctness, but not attitude clarity (Study 3), also increased competitiveness in conflict, and perceived correctness mediated the effect of the correctness manipulation on conflict style (Study 4). The present research has implications for both the predictors of conflict style and the consequences of different forms of attitude certainty.
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Abstract
When people seek support for a cause, they typically present the strongest case they can muster. The present research suggests that under some conditions, the opposite strategy may be superior—in particular, presenting weak rather than strong arguments might stimulate greater advocacy and action. Across four studies, we show that when individuals already agree with a cause (i.e., it is pro-attitudinal), receiving weak arguments in its favor can prompt them into advocating more on its behalf. Perceived argumentation efficacy mediates this effect such that people exposed to weak arguments are more likely to think they have something valuable to contribute. Moreover, consistent with the notion that it is driven by feelings of increased efficacy, the effect is more likely to emerge when initial argumentation efficacy and attitude certainty are moderate or low. Individuals with high argumentation efficacy and high certainty generally advocate more, regardless of the strength of arguments received.
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Knowing your partner is not enough: spousal importance moderates the link between attitude familiarity and ambulatory blood pressure. J Behav Med 2012; 36:549-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-012-9437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cullum JG, Okdie BM, Harton HC. When my country is at war: Issue importance and interpersonal influence lead Iraq War attitudes to cluster within social networks. SOCIAL INFLUENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2011.627738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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31
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Anseel F, Lievens F. Certainty as a moderator of feedback reactions? A test of the strength of the self-verification motive. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1348/096317905x71462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gal D, Rucker DD. When in doubt, shout! paradoxical influences of doubt on proselytizing. Psychol Sci 2010; 21:1701-7. [PMID: 20943939 DOI: 10.1177/0956797610385953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A seminal case study by Festinger found, paradoxically, that evidence that disconfirmed religious beliefs increased individuals' tendency to proselytize to others. Although this finding is renowned, surprisingly, it has never been subjected to experimental scrutiny and is open to multiple interpretations. We examined a general form of the question first posed by Festinger, namely, how does shaken confidence influence advocacy? Across three experiments, people whose confidence in closely held beliefs was undermined engaged in more advocacy of their beliefs (as measured by both advocacy effort and intention to advocate) than did people whose confidence was not undermined. The effect was attenuated when individuals affirmed their beliefs, and was moderated by both importance of the belief and open-mindedness of a message recipient. These findings not only have implications for the results of Festinger's seminal study, but also offer new insights into people's motives for advocating their beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gal
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, 2001 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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34
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Saucier DA, Webster RJ. Social Vigilantism: Measuring Individual Differences in Belief Superiority and Resistance to Persuasion. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2009; 36:19-32. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167209346170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Social vigilantism (SV) is an enduring individual difference that assesses the tendency of individuals to impress and propagate their “superior” beliefs onto others to correct others’ more “ignorant” opinions. After establishing a reliable measure of SV, three studies showed that SV was associated with greater expressions of belief superiority (whether reacting to others holding dissimilar or similar beliefs) and greater resistance to persuasion (via increased rates of counterarguing and greater attitude stability after persuasion appeals) even after controlling for relevant individual differences (narcissism, dogmatism, psychological reactance, and need for cognition), as well as attitude importance and extremity. Thus, SV predicts expressions of belief superiority and resistance to persuasion above and beyond characteristics of the attitude and individual difference variables previously studied in the attitude literature. SV is a meaningful construct in increasing the understanding of persuasion, attitude resistance, and attitude dissemination that can be applied in a variety of psychological domains.
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Eaton AA, Majka EA, Visser PS. Emerging perspectives on the structure and function of attitude strength. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10463280802383791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Eaton AA, Visser PS. Attitude Importance: Understanding the Causes and Consequences of Passionately Held Views. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Musgrove L, McGarty C. Opinion-Based Group Membership as a Predictor of Collective Emotional Responses and Support for Pro- and Anti-War Action. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335.39.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Social identity theory, intergroup emotions theory (IET), and related approaches offer the potential to understand the social psychological aspects of collective behavior such as movements that protest against or argue for war. Social identification, however, tends to be a weak predictor of collective action intentions. We argue that in order to understand the fault lines of collective action it is useful to consider identification with opinion-based groups. We illustrate this in relation to support for and opposition to the war on terror (WoT) in Australia. Comparing predictions based on IET with those based on opinion-based group identification, we found limited support for the sets of connections hypothesized by IET. Alternatively, social identification with pro- and anti-WoT opinion-based groups was a strong predictor of different emotional reactions and associated action intentions. In particular, highly identified supporters of the WoT were angry at terrorists, and this anger in turn predicted offensive action tendencies against the terrorists. Stronger yet were the emotional reactions of anger at the government reported by highly identified opponents of the WoT, which strongly predicted anti-war protest action intentions. The results point to the utility of the opinion-based group concept for understanding the collective, yet contested, aspects of political support for war and peace in contemporary society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Musgrove
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Craig McGarty
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Anseel F, Lievens F. The Relationship Between Uncertainty and Desire for Feedback: A Test of Competing Hypotheses. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Anseel F, Lievens F. An Examination of Strategies for Encouraging Feedback Interest After Career Assessment. JOURNAL OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/0894845306297208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examines how feedback interest after career assessment can be influenced by changing individuals’ beliefs about the importance and modifiability of the various performance dimensions. In an experiment, 82 master students completed a computerized assessment tool developed for assessing managerial potential. Results showed that participants in the experimental condition were more interested in feedback about important dimensions as opposed to unimportant dimensions and were more interested in feedback about nonmodifiable dimensions as opposed to modifiable dimensions. These findings might assist career counselors and organizations in designing strategies that direct feedback interest toward performance dimensions that are most important for their clients’ career or that are most valued in their organization.
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Bliuc AM, McGarty C, Reynolds K, Muntele D. Opinion-based group membership as a predictor of commitment to political action. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Costarelli S, Colloca P. The moderation of ambivalence on attitude-intention relations as mediated by attitude importance. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Study of attitudes and persuasion remains a defining characteristic of contemporary social psychology. This review outlines recent advances, with emphasis on the relevance of today's work for perennial issues. We reiterate the distinction between attitude formation and change, and show its relevance for persuasion. Single- and dual-process models are discussed, as are current views on dissonance theory. Majority and minority influence are scrutinized, with special emphasis on integrative theoretical innovations. Attitude strength is considered, and its relevance to ambivalence and resistance documented. Affect, mood, and emotion effects are reviewed, especially as they pertain to fear arousal and (un)certainty. Finally, we discuss attitude-behavior consistency, perhaps the reason for our interest in attitudes in the first place, with emphasis on self-interest and the theory of planned behavior. Our review reflects the dynamism and the reach of the area, and suggests a sure and sometimes rapid accumulation of knowledge and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Crano
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California 91711, USA.
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Simmons JP, Nelson LD. Intuitive confidence: Choosing between intuitive and nonintuitive alternatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 135:409-28. [PMID: 16846272 DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.135.3.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
People often choose intuitive rather than equally valid nonintuitive alternatives. The authors suggest that these intuitive biases arise because intuitions often spring to mind with subjective ease, and the subjective ease leads people to hold their intuitions with high confidence. An investigation of predictions against point spreads found that people predicted intuitive options (favorites) more often than equally valid (or even more valid) nonintuitive alternatives (underdogs). Critically, though, this effect was largely determined by people's confidence in their intuitions (intuitive confidence). Across naturalistic, expert, and laboratory samples (Studies 1-3), against personally determined point spreads (Studies 4-11), and even when intuitive confidence was manipulated by altering irrelevant aspects of the decision context (e.g., font; Studies 12 and 13), the authors found that decreasing intuitive confidence reduced or eliminated intuitive biases. These findings indicate that intuitive biases are not inevitable but rather predictably determined by contextual variables that affect intuitive confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Simmons
- Department of PsychologyPrinceton University, Princton, NJ, USA.
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Visser PS, Bizer GY, Krosnick JA. Exploring the Latent Structure of Strength‐related Attitude Attributes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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45
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Taylor SA, Longfellow T. Understanding how attitudes affect physician compliance with legal behavioral constraints. JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL MARKETING & PUBLIC RELATIONS 2005; 15:91-107. [PMID: 16201420 DOI: 10.1300/j375v15n02_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The following study investigates how physicians in one state (Illinois) attitudinally cope with a recent law mandating physician behaviors. Specifically, this study focuses on OB/GYN physician compliance with The Sexual Assault Survivors Emergency Treatment Act (Public Law 92-156, 2002), which requires hospitals in the state of Illinois to have an approved plan for treating sexual assault survivors. What makes this research setting interesting are the potential linkages between the legal mandate, physician attitudes, and the ongoing controversy concerning abortion. The results of a census of OB/GYN physicians within the state suggest (1) this physician group is largely supportive of the letter and spirit of this law, (2) the emerging attitude models such as Perugini and Bagozzi's (2001) MGB model explaining the formation of behavioral intentions must be treated with caution when generalizing to situations mandating legal behaviors, and (3) moderating influences such as attitude strength and religiosity have no apparent effect in how attitudes relate to physician motivation to comply with such laws. The managerial and research implications of the reported study are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Taylor
- Marketing and University Statistical Fellow, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-5590, USA.
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Visser PS, Mirabile RR. Attitudes in the social context: the impact of social network composition on individual-level attitude strength. J Pers Soc Psychol 2005; 87:779-95. [PMID: 15598106 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Four studies, using both experimental and correlational designs, explored the implications of being embedded within attitudinally congruent versus attitudinally heterogeneous social networks for individual-level attitude strength. Individuals embedded within congruent social networks (i.e., made up of others with similar views) were more resistant to attitude change than were individuals embedded within heterogeneous social networks (i.e., made up of others with a range of views). Mediational evidence suggests that attitudinally congruous social networks may increase attitude strength by decreasing attitudinal ambivalence and perhaps by increasing the certainty with which people hold their attitudes. These results suggest that features of the social context in which an attitude is held have important implications for individual-level attitude strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny S Visser
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Lambert AJ, Payne BK, Ramsey S, Shaffer LM. On the predictive validity of implicit attitude measures: The moderating effect of perceived group variability. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Hofmann W, Gschwendner T, Nosek BA, Schmitt M. What moderates implicit—explicit consistency? EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/10463280500443228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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49
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Lambert AJ, Chasteen AL, Payne B, Shaffer L. Typicality and group variability as dual moderators of category-based inferences. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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