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Desai NR, Kohli P, Giugliano RP, O’Donoghue ML, Somaratne R, Zhou J, Hoffman EB, Huang F, Rogers WJ, Wasserman SM, Scott R, Sabatine MS. AMG145, a Monoclonal Antibody Against Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9, Significantly Reduces Lipoprotein(a) in Hypercholesterolemic Patients Receiving Statin Therapy. Circulation 2013; 128:962-9. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.001969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Currently, there are few available therapies to lower Lp(a). We sought to evaluate the impact of AMG145, a monoclonal antibody against proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9), on Lp(a).
Methods and Results—
As part of the LDL-C Assessment With PCSK9 Monoclonal Antibody Inhibition Combined With Statin Therapy (LAPLACE)–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 57 trial, 631 patients with hypercholesterolemia receiving statin therapy were randomized to receive AMG145 at 1 of 3 different doses every 2 weeks or 1 of 3 different doses every 4 weeks versus placebo. Lp(a) and other lipid parameters were measured at baseline and at week 12. Compared with placebo, AMG145 70 mg, 105 mg, and 140 mg every 2 weeks reduced Lp(a) at 12 weeks by 18%, 32%, and 32%, respectively (
P
<0.001 for each dose versus placebo). Likewise, AMG145 280 mg, 350 mg, and 420 mg every 4 weeks reduced Lp(a) by 18%, 23%, and 23%, respectively (
P
<0.001 for each dose versus placebo). The reduction in Lp(a) correlated with the reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ρ=0.33,
P
<0.001). The effect of AMG145 on Lp(a) was consistent regardless of age, sex, race, history of diabetes mellitus, and background statin regimen. Patients with higher levels of Lp(a) at baseline had larger absolute reductions but comparatively smaller percent reductions in Lp(a) with AMG145 compared with those with lower baseline Lp(a) values.
Conclusions—
AMG145 significantly reduces Lp(a), by up to 32%, among subjects with hypercholesterolemia receiving statin therapy, offering an additional, complementary benefit beyond robust low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction with regard to a patient’s atherogenic lipid profile.
Clinical Trial Registration—
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01380730.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar R. Desai
- From the TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.D., P.K., R.P.G., M.L.O’D., J.Z., E.B.H., M.S.S.); Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (R. Somaratne, F.H., S.M.W., R. Scott); and University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.J.R.)
| | - Payal Kohli
- From the TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.D., P.K., R.P.G., M.L.O’D., J.Z., E.B.H., M.S.S.); Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (R. Somaratne, F.H., S.M.W., R. Scott); and University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.J.R.)
| | - Robert P. Giugliano
- From the TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.D., P.K., R.P.G., M.L.O’D., J.Z., E.B.H., M.S.S.); Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (R. Somaratne, F.H., S.M.W., R. Scott); and University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.J.R.)
| | - Michelle L. O’Donoghue
- From the TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.D., P.K., R.P.G., M.L.O’D., J.Z., E.B.H., M.S.S.); Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (R. Somaratne, F.H., S.M.W., R. Scott); and University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.J.R.)
| | - Ransi Somaratne
- From the TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.D., P.K., R.P.G., M.L.O’D., J.Z., E.B.H., M.S.S.); Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (R. Somaratne, F.H., S.M.W., R. Scott); and University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.J.R.)
| | - Jing Zhou
- From the TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.D., P.K., R.P.G., M.L.O’D., J.Z., E.B.H., M.S.S.); Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (R. Somaratne, F.H., S.M.W., R. Scott); and University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.J.R.)
| | - Elaine B. Hoffman
- From the TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.D., P.K., R.P.G., M.L.O’D., J.Z., E.B.H., M.S.S.); Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (R. Somaratne, F.H., S.M.W., R. Scott); and University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.J.R.)
| | - Fannie Huang
- From the TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.D., P.K., R.P.G., M.L.O’D., J.Z., E.B.H., M.S.S.); Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (R. Somaratne, F.H., S.M.W., R. Scott); and University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.J.R.)
| | - William J. Rogers
- From the TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.D., P.K., R.P.G., M.L.O’D., J.Z., E.B.H., M.S.S.); Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (R. Somaratne, F.H., S.M.W., R. Scott); and University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.J.R.)
| | - Scott M. Wasserman
- From the TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.D., P.K., R.P.G., M.L.O’D., J.Z., E.B.H., M.S.S.); Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (R. Somaratne, F.H., S.M.W., R. Scott); and University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.J.R.)
| | - Robert Scott
- From the TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.D., P.K., R.P.G., M.L.O’D., J.Z., E.B.H., M.S.S.); Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (R. Somaratne, F.H., S.M.W., R. Scott); and University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.J.R.)
| | - Marc S. Sabatine
- From the TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.D., P.K., R.P.G., M.L.O’D., J.Z., E.B.H., M.S.S.); Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (R. Somaratne, F.H., S.M.W., R. Scott); and University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.J.R.)
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Teivainen-Laedre PA, Eliassen KA, Sletten M, Smith AJ, Berg K. Reduced LPA expression after peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activation in LPA-YAC transgenic mice. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2005; 11:201-208. [PMID: 15837165 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 12/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND:: Apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)), which is part of the atherogenic lipoprotein Lp(a), shares structural homology with plasminogen (plg). Genes coding for plasminogen (PLG) and apo(a) (LPA) are linked and situated 40kb apart in the telomeric region of the long arm of chromosome 6. LPA is naturally expressed only in primates and hedgehogs. Thus, access to knowledge regarding the mechanism by which LPA expression is regulated is limited due to shortage of appropriate animal models. However, mice transgenic for the human LPA gene have been produced. Lp(a) levels in man are genetically determined and not altered significantly by dietary changes. In contrast, mice transgenic for LPA-yeast artificial chromosome (LPA-YAC) have markedly reduced apo(a) levels after maintenance on a high-fat diet. LPA-YAC carries the 40kb LPA-PLG intergenic region, which includes a putative binding site for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). Therefore, we examined if fibrates, which exert their effect via PPARalpha, could alter LPA expression in transgenic mice. METHODS:: Two LPA transgenic mouse lines with or without the LPA-PLG intergenic region we fed either PPARalpha agonist fenofibrate (FF) or 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid (WY 14643) containing diets for 3 weeks. For the study of serum apo(a) levels, blood were sampled prior the experiment and when the animals were sacrificed. For the study of gene expression pattern pieces of livers were collected and submerged in RNAlater buffer and stored at -70 degrees C until analysis by quantitative PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:: The results showed that fibrates reduce LPA expression in LPA-YAC transgenic mice, but have no impact on hepatic apo(a) mRNA or serum apo(a) protein levels in LPA-cDNA transgenic mice, which lack the LPA-PLG intergenic region. This suggests that the effect of fibrates on LPA expression is mediated upstream of the LPA gene. However, on the basis of current data it is not possible to conclude that PPARalpha is the primary factor that represses LPA expression in LPA-YAC transgenic mice. Negative correlation between FXR and apo(a) mRNA levels, in addition to putative FXR DNA binding sequence in LPA-PLG intergenic region, suggest that it is equally likely that reduced expression of LPA could be a secondary consequence of PPARalpha activation on other genes, such as FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi A Teivainen-Laedre
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1036, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Latruffe N, Vamecq J. Peroxisome proliferators and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) as regulators of lipid metabolism. Biochimie 1997; 79:81-94. [PMID: 9209701 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(97)81496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferation (PP) in mammalian cells, first described 30 years ago, represents a fascinating field of modern research. Major improvements made in its understanding were obtained through basic advances that have opened up new areas in cell biology, biochemistry and genetics. A decade after the first report on PP, a new metabolic pathway (peroxisomal beta-oxidation) and its inducibility by peroxisome proliferators were discovered. More recently, a new type of nuclear receptor, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), has been described. The first PPAR was discovered in 1990. Since then, many other PPARs have been characterized. This original class of nuclear receptors belongs to the superfamily of steroid receptors. With activation of cell signal transduction pathways, the occurrence of PPARs provides, for the first time, a coherent explanation of mechanisms by which PP is triggered. Nevertheless, although many compounds or metabolites are capable of activating PPARs, the natural direct ligands of these receptors have not been, up to now, clearly identified, with, however, the exception of 15-deoxy-12,14-prostaglandin J2 which is the ligand of PPAR gamma 2 while leukotrien LTB4 binds PPAR alpha. At this stage, the hypothesis of some orphan PPARs (ie receptors without known ligand) can not be ruled out. Despite these relatively restrictive aspects, the mechanisms by which activation of PPARs leads to PP become clear; also, coherent hypotheses among which a scenario involving receptor phosphorylation or a heat shock protein (ie HSP 72) can be proposed to explain how PPARs would be activated. The aim of this note is to review recent developments on PPARs, to present members up to now recognized to belong to the PPAR family, their characterization, functions, regulation and mechanisms of activation as well as their involvement in lipid metabolism regulation such as control of beta-oxidation, ketogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and lipoprotein metabolism. As an introducing section, a brief review of the major events between the first report of PP in mammals and the discovery of the first PPAR is given. Another section is devoted to current hypotheses on mechanisms responsible for PPAR activation and PP induction. Rather than an exhaustive presentation of cellular alterations accompanying PP induction, a dynamic overview of the lipid metabolism is provided. By assessing the biological significance of this organellar proliferative process, the reader will be led to conclude that the discovery of PPARs and related gene activation through peroxisome proliferator responsive element (PPRE) makes PP induction one of the most illustrative examples of control that occurs in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Latruffe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LBMC, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
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