1
|
Teppone M. History of advances in genetic engineering of viruses before COVID-19 pandemic. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:109. [PMID: 37025520 PMCID: PMC10070288 DOI: 10.25259/sni_36_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization's China Country Office was alerted to cases of pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China. Methods Due to the fact that to date, the question of the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has not been resolved yet, the author analyzed the main advances in the development of genetic engineering of viruses that took place before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results The first artificial genetically modified viruses could appear in nature in the mid-1950s. The technique of nucleic acid hybridization was developed by the end-1960s. In the late 1970s, a method called the "reverse genetics" emerged to synthesize ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid molecules. In the early 1980-s, it became possible to combine the genes of different viruses and insert the genes of one virus into the genome of another virus. Since that time, the production of vector vaccines began. At present, by modern technologies one can assemble any virus based on the nucleotide sequence available in the virus database or designed by a computer as a virtual model. Conclusion Scientists around the world are invited to answer the call of Neil Harrison and Jeffrey Sachs of Columbia University, for a thorough and independent investigation into the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Only a full understanding of the origin of the new virus can minimize the likelihood of a similar pandemic in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Teppone
- Corresponding author: Mikhail Teppone, Medical Department, Nano City Holdings Berhad, No. 1, Jalan Sungai Jeluh 32/192, Shah Alam, 40460, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spiegelman S, Haruna I. Problems of an RNA Genome Operating in a DNA-Dominated Biological Universe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 49:263-304. [PMID: 19873571 PMCID: PMC2195545 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.49.6.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Spiegelman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
LEE-HUNG S, CAVALIERI LF. ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF A NUCLEIC ACID HYBRID POLYMERASE. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 51:1022-8. [PMID: 14215622 PMCID: PMC300205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.51.6.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
4
|
HAYASHI MN, HAYASHI M, SPIEGELMAN S. CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF ANNEALED AND ENZYMATICALLY SYNTHESIZED RNA-DNA HYBRIDS. Biophys J 1996; 5:231-46. [PMID: 14268956 PMCID: PMC1367720 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(65)86713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A procedure is described for the chromatographic detection and isolation of DNA-RNA hybrids on columns of methylated albumin coated on kieselguhr (MAK). Its use is illustrated with both annealed and enzymatically synthesized hybrids. The method has the advantage of a wide range in capacity and resolution and permits actual isolation of the hybrid structure. It is uniquely effective in experiments involving hybridization with small DNA fragments.
Collapse
|
5
|
BASSEL A, HAYASHI M, SPIEGELMAN S. THE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF A CIRCULAR DNA-RNA HYBRID. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 52:796-804. [PMID: 14212559 PMCID: PMC300348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.52.3.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
6
|
Abstract
Escherichia coli cells were irradiated with ultraviolet light to stop ribosomal RNA synthesis. After infection of such cells with the single-stranded RNA phage R17, the RNA most rapidly labeled by a pulse of tritiated uridine sedimented in a broad band in the 16S region of sucrose gradients. The effect of ribonuclease on this material and its behavior during a "chase" period in nonradioactive medium suggest that it consists of a core of double-stranded RNA, one strand of which-the viral strand-is continually displaced by a growing strand forming single-stranded tails and ultimately free 27S viral RNA.
Collapse
|
7
|
Daube SS, von Hippel PH. RNA displacement pathways during transcription from synthetic RNA-DNA bubble duplexes. Biochemistry 1994; 33:340-7. [PMID: 7506932 DOI: 10.1021/bi00167a044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previously [Daube, S.S., & von Hippel, P.H. (1992) Science 258, 1320] we have shown that functional transcription elongation complexes can be formed by adding ribonucleotide triphosphates, Mg2+, and either Escherichia coli or T7 RNA polymerase to synthetic RNA-DNA bubble-duplex constructs. Here these observations are extended to show that the RNA transcripts synthesized from these bubble-duplex constructs are properly displaced from the DNA template during transcription. Some details of the displacement process differ between the polymerases tested. Thus the transcript is fully and processively displaced in the course of T7 polymerase-catalyzed synthesis from the bubble-duplex constructs, while the presence of a large excess of an RNA (or DNA) oligomer complementary to the DNA template sequence within the "permanent" DNA bubble is required to attain complete displacement of the nascent RNA from the construct during synthesis with the core E. coli enzyme. In addition, a correlation is shown between proper RNA displacement and the achievement of full-length transcript synthesis. We conclude that both the T7 polymerase and the E. coli core enzyme actively displace the nascent transcript during elongation and that the requirement for an RNA trap with the E. coli enzyme reflects its slower rate of synthesis. This suggests that these experiments may provide insight into the relative rates of transcript elongation and secondary structure formation within the nascent RNA in elongation and termination. By use of the RNA oligomer trap methodology, multiple rounds of transcript synthesis should be achievable on these bubble-duplex constructs with any polymerase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Daube
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kakiuchi N, Marck C, Rousseau N, Leng M, De Clerq E, Guschlbauer W. Polynucleotide helix geometry and stability. Spectroscopic, antigenic and interferon-inducing properties of deoxyribose-, ribose-, or 2‘-deoxy-2‘-fluororibose-containing duplexes of poly(inosinic acid) . poly(cytidylic acid). J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
9
|
|
10
|
Helland DE. Characterization of T4 double-stranded RNA by equilibrium centrifugation in Cs2SO4- and alkaline iodide gradients. FEBS Lett 1980; 117:79-83. [PMID: 6997083 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Shen CK, Hsieh TS, Wang JC, Hearst JE. Photochemical cross-linking of DNA-RNA helices by psoralen derivatives. J Mol Biol 1977; 116:661-79. [PMID: 592397 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
13
|
Suzuki M, Azegami M. Heterologous transfection with bacteriophage phiX174 DNA. Unusual heterogeneous products. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 474:646-61. [PMID: 402155 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxylamine-resistant infectious materials (HARIM) synthesized in natural non-host and progeny phage low productive bacterial spheroplasts upon transfection with bacteriophage phiX174 DNA were found to be unusually heterogeneous in their forms. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a source of HARIM, it was shown that they have the following unusual features. (1) Almost all of the HARIM are denser than normal single-stranded (SS)- and double-stranded replicative form (RF)-DNAs of phiX174 found usually in the phage-infected host cells. (2) A great part of these heavy HARIM (approximately 84%) contain a variable length of single-stranded RNA associated with their infectious elements. (3) For most of the HARIM (approximately 80% of total molecules as the infectious elements of the heavy HARIM), the infectious elements are phiX-RFI-DNA. The wide-spread system for phiX-HARIM synthesis was shown to be present in many gram-negative bacterial cells.
Collapse
|
14
|
Libonati M, Sorrentino S, Galli R, La Montagna R, Di Donato A. Degradation of DNA . RNA hybrids by aggregates of pancreatic ribonuclease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 407:292-8. [PMID: 1102781 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
15
|
Champoux JJ, McConaughy BL. Priming of superhelical SV40 DNA by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase for in vitro DNA synthesis. Biochemistry 1975; 14:307-16. [PMID: 164202 DOI: 10.1021/bi00673a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When closed circular SV40 DNA containing 58 negative superhelical turns is used as a template for RNA synthesis with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, a fraction of the RNA product remains complexed with the DNA. The RNA in the complex is resistant to ribonuclease in high salt, and the Tm indicates that it is hydrogen bonded to the DNA. The mole ratio of RNA to DNA nucleotides in the complex ranges from 0.01 to 0.08; the RNA ranges in length from 80 to 600 nucleotides. The formation of the complex is dependent on the circular DNA being topologically underwound since no complex is formed when closed circular DNA containing zero superhelical turns is used as the template. The DNA-RNA complex can serve as a primer-template combination for in vitro DNA synthesis by E. coli DNA polymerase I. After synthesis with (alpha-32P)-labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates followed by alkaline hydrolysis, the isolation of 32P-labeled ribonucleotides is evidence for a covalent linkage between the RNA and the DNA synthesized. During the in vitro DNA synthesis, the template is nicked at a low rate, and the nicked molecules support extensive DNA synthesis. This observation indicates that only limited synthesis can occur on unnicked molecules possibly owing to the topological constraints against unwinding of the helix. Possible models for in vivo priming of double-stranded DNA by E. coli RNA polymerase are discussed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Vapnek D, Spingler E. Asymmetry and extent of in vivo transcripition of R-plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1974; 120:1274-8. [PMID: 4612013 PMCID: PMC245911 DOI: 10.1128/jb.120.3.1274-1278.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid (DNA-RNA) hybridization studies have been performed with R-plasmid DNA (R538-1drd) and in vivo-synthesized RNA. R-plasmid DNA was isolated from Escherichia coli K-12, and the complementary strands were separated in cesium chloride-polyuridylic acid-polyguanylic acid gradients. DNA-RNA hybridization was performed with the separated DNA strands and RNA purified from R-plasmid-carrying cells. The results demonstrated that an asymmetric transcription of the R-plasmid DNA occurs in vivo. Hybridization was only detected with the H strand (denser strand in cesium chloride-polyuridylic acid-polyguanylic acid). By determining the density of the RNA-DNA hybrid in CsCl gradients, it was estimated that greater than 60% of the nucleotide sequences in the R-plasmid DNA are transcribed in logarithmically growing E. coli cells. No R-plasmid-specific RNA was detected in E. coli cells that did not carry the plasmid.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kolodny GM, Rosenthal LJ. Absence of DNA-associated RNA in the fully repressed nucleus of chicken erythrocyte. Exp Cell Res 1974; 83:429-33. [PMID: 4856274 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
18
|
Shoyab M, Baluda MA, Evans R. Acquisition of New DNA Sequences After Infection of Chicken Cells with Avian Myeloblastosis Virus. J Virol 1974; 13:331-9. [PMID: 16789139 PMCID: PMC355301 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.2.331-339.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-RNA hybridization studies between 70
S
RNA from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) and an excess of DNA from (i) AMV-induced leukemic chicken myeloblasts or (ii) a mixture of normal and of congenitally infected K-137 chicken embryos producing avian leukosis viruses revealed the presence of fast- and slow-hybridizing virus-specific DNA sequences. However, the leukemic cells contained twice the level of AMV-specific DNA sequences observed in normal chicken embryonic cells. The fast-reacting sequences were two to three times more numerous in leukemic DNA than in DNA from the mixed embryos. The slow-reacting sequences had a reiteration frequency of approximately 9 and 6, in the two respective systems. Both the fast- and the slow-reacting DNA sequences in leukemic cells exhibited a higher
T
m
(2 C) than the respective DNA sequences in normal cells. In normal and leukemic cells the slow hybrid sequences appeared to have a
T
m
which was 2 C higher than that of the fast hybrid sequences. Individual non-virus-producing chicken embryos, either group-specific antigen positive or negative, contained 40 to 100 copies of the fast sequences and 2 to 6 copies of the slowly hybridizing sequences per cell genome. Normal rat cells did not contain DNA that hybridized with AMV RNA, whereas non-virus-producing rat cells transformed by B-77 avian sarcoma virus contained only the slowly reacting sequences. The results demonstrate that leukemic cells transformed by AMV contain new AMV-specific DNA sequences which were not present before infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shoyab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chamberlin MJ. 10. Bacterial DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
|
20
|
Maitra U, Chakraborty PR, Salvo RA, Huang HH, Bandyopadhyay P, Sarkar P. Transcription of native and denatured DNA preparations by bacteriophage T3 induced RNA polymerase. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1974; 3:125-44. [PMID: 4595837 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4529-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Wyers F, Sentenac A, Fromageot P. Role of DNA-RNA hybrids in eukaryotes. Ribonuclease H in yeast. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 35:270-81. [PMID: 4123953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
23
|
Saucier JM, Wang JC. Angular alteration of the DNA helix by E. coli RNA polymerase. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 239:167-70. [PMID: 4573694 DOI: 10.1038/newbio239167a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
24
|
Semancik JS, Weathers LG. Exocortis virus: an infectious free-nucleic acid plant virus with unusual properties. Virology 1972; 47:456-66. [PMID: 4333740 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
25
|
Tabak HF, Borst P. Formation of self-complementary RNA on a single strand of DNA by RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 246:450-7. [PMID: 4946836 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
26
|
Robertson HD. Enzymatic synthesis of bacteriophage fl DNA: RNA hybrid and double stranded RNA. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 229:169-72. [PMID: 5280103 DOI: 10.1038/newbio229169a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
27
|
Aloni Y, Attardi G. Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells. II. Evidence for complete transcription of mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Biol 1971; 55:251-67. [PMID: 5548607 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
28
|
Baluda MA, Nayak DP. DNA complementary to viral RNA in leukemic cells induced by avian myeloblastosis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 66:329-36. [PMID: 4317913 PMCID: PMC283048 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.66.2.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid hybridization studies were made between 71S-AMV-RNA and DNA from leukemic myeloblasts and from normal chicken cells. There was homology between the viral RNA and chicken cell DNA and to a greater extent between viral RNA and leukemic cell DNA. Leukemic cell DNA hybridized approximately twice as much viral RNA as did normal chicken DNA. Thermal melting studies showed that the viral RNA bound to normal and leukemic cell DNA consists of long polynucleotides (T(m) = 87 degrees and 92 degrees C, respectively, in 2x saline citrate). This suggests that the leukemic cells contain a DNA template of the viral RNA.
Collapse
|
29
|
Hausen P, Stein H. Ribonuclease H. An enzyme degrading the RNA moiety of DNA-RNA hybrids. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1970; 14:278-83. [PMID: 5506170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
30
|
Bishop JO, Robertson FW, Burns JA, Melli M. Methods for the analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid hybridization data. Biochem J 1969; 115:361-70. [PMID: 4901069 PMCID: PMC1185114 DOI: 10.1042/bj1150361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
31
|
Stein H, Hausen P. Enzyme from calf thymus degrading the RNA moiety of DNA-RNA Hybrids: effect on DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Science 1969; 166:393-5. [PMID: 5812039 DOI: 10.1126/science.166.3903.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme present in extracts from calf thymus degrades specifically the RNA moiety of DNA-RNA hybrids. Other nucleic acids, such as single- or double-stranded DNA and single- or double-stranded RNA, are not affected to a comparable degree. If prepared free of the hybrid-degrading enzyme, RNA polymerase from calf thymus shows a fivefold increase in activity on denatured DNA as compared to native DNA.
Collapse
|
32
|
Siegel JE, Hayashi M. Phi-X-174 bacteriophage structural mutants which affect deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. J Virol 1969; 4:400-7. [PMID: 5823229 PMCID: PMC375888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.4.400-407.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven cistrons in phiX-174 were identified and one in particular was studied intensively: cistron A, which is assigned a protein in the mature phage. Amber mutants in this cistron synthesize a new deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) form in addition to circular phage DNA upon infection of the restrictive host. This DNA is linear, non-infectious, and single-stranded; it is formed from the phage strand of replicative form phiX-174 DNA. These mutants produce two different defective particles in the restrictive host. One particle contains circular phage DNA but is not infectious; the other contains the new DNA form and is similar to the 70S particles found in wild-type phage lysates. The mutant A gene product acts independently of normal A protein upon mixed infection of the restrictive host with an A mutant and a mutant from any other cistron or wild type.
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
|
35
|
|
36
|
Bryan RN, Sugiura M, Hayashi M. DNA- dependent RNA-directed protein synthesis in vitro. I. Extent of genome transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1969; 62:483-9. [PMID: 5256226 PMCID: PMC277824 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.62.2.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have described an in vitro system which couples UTP incorporation into RNA by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase with RNA-directed amino acid incorporation into polypeptides. Using the technique of DNA-RNA hybridization, we have demonstrated that the whole PhiX-174 genome is transcribed during concomitant protein synthesis.
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Richardson JP. RNA polymerase and the control of RNA synthesis. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1969; 9:75-116. [PMID: 4888951 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
39
|
Birnstiel M, Speirs J, Purdom I, Jones K, Loening UE. Properties and composition of the isolated ribosomal DNA satellite of Xenopus laevis. Nature 1968; 219:454-63. [PMID: 5668424 DOI: 10.1038/219454a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
40
|
Jones OW, Dieckmann M, Berg P. Ribosome-induced dissociation of RNA from an RNA polymerase-DNA-RNA complex. J Mol Biol 1968; 31:177-89. [PMID: 4865481 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(68)90438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
41
|
|
42
|
Bacteriophage ϕx174 and Related Viruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
|
43
|
Sgaramella V, Polsinelli M. On the relationship between the streptomycin and ribosomal RNA loci. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 149:496-505. [PMID: 4966088 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(67)90177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
44
|
Millette RL, Zillig W, Walter G. Influence of salts on RNA synthesis by DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase from Escherichia coli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1967; 3:183-93. [PMID: 4865567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1967.tb19514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
45
|
|
46
|
|
47
|
Karkas JD, Chargaff E. Template functions in the enzymic formation of polyribonucleotides. IV. Denatured DNA as template. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 58:1645-51. [PMID: 4966514 PMCID: PMC223973 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.4.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
48
|
Kelly RB, Sinsheimer RL. The replication of bacteriophage MS2. VII. Non-conservative replication of double-stranded RNA. J Mol Biol 1967; 26:169-79. [PMID: 6034771 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
49
|
Feix G, Slor H, Weissmann C. Replication of viral RNA. 13. The early product of phage RNA synthesis in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 57:1401-8. [PMID: 5231747 PMCID: PMC224486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.57.5.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
50
|
Michelson AM, Massoulié J, Guschlbauer W. Synthetic polynucleotides. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1967; 6:83-141. [PMID: 5338006 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|