Crystal structures of two new compounds containing 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole and triarylamine units

Induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) by clotrimazole, a non-planar aromatic compound. Computational studies on structural features of clotrimazole and related imidazole derivatives

The classical pathway for induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) by xenobiotics is ligand binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). High-affinity AhR ligands are planar polyaromatic molecules such as the prototypic ligand, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The present work investigated the ability of the imidazole derivative, clotrimazole [1-(2'chlorotrityl)imidazole, CLO], to induce CYP1A in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes at the catalytic activity (determined as 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, EROD) and at the transcriptional level. CLO resulted in a significant increase of hepatocyte EROD activity and CYP1A mRNA at a concentration of 1.56 microM. Computational studies on the molecular structure of CLO show that CLO is unlikely to take a planar conformation. Further indications that CLO does not behave like a planar AhR ligand come from the experimental observation that co-incubation of trout hepatocytes with CLO and the AhR antagonist, alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha-NF), did not result in an inhibition of CLO induction of CYP1A mRNA, whereas alpha-NF was able to inhibit CYP1A induction by the prototpyic, planar AhR ligand, beta-naphthoflavone. The experimental findings on CLO agree with previous results obtained for another non-planar imidazole derivative, 1-benzylimidazole (BIM). Further, computational studies showed that the non-planar imidazoles, BIM and CLO, are highly similar with respect to some electrostatic properties, namely the dipole moment and the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP). Overall our experimental and computational studies suggest that transcriptional activation of CYP1A by the imidazole derivatives CLO and BIM is mediated by a mechanism different to that of prototypic CYP1A inducers such as the planar AhR-ligands.