Immunohistochemical detection of carcinoembryonic antigen in benign hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the prostate with monoclonal antibody

Extensive Metastases in Prostatic Carcinoma with Normal Prostate-Specific Antigen and Raised Carcinoembryonic Antigen – Small Cell Carcinoma of Prostate: A Rare Entity

Small cell carcinoma of prostate is a neuroendocrine tumor of prostate seen in 0.5%–2% of men with carcinoma prostate. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a common tumor marker which is often raised in prostatic carcinoma. However, prostatic carcinoma can progress with normal or low serum PSA levels at the time of diagnosis. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker of different carcinomas. Small cell carcinoma prostate is a highly aggressive tumor which can progress with normal or low serum PSA levels and raised CEA levels. We report a case of 65-year-old male with enlarged prostate with extra-prostatic spread, hepatic metastases, metastatic retroperitoneal and pelvic lymph nodes, osteoblastic metastasis in lumbar spine with normal serum PSA, and raised CEA levels. Prostatic biopsy was suggestive of small cell carcinoma.

Methods of early diagnosis in genitourinary cancer

The commonly employed methods for the early detection of urologic cancers remain the traditional techniques of a carefully performed history and physical examination. Newer developments include, among others, prostate-specific antigen and monoclonal antibodies in prostate cancer, flow cytometry in bladder cancer, computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanning in renal cancer, and ultrasound in testicular cancer. These and other new diagnostic techniques, with further testing and wider use, will hopefully permit the earlier diagnosis of genitourinary cancer.

Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in colonic lesions

We evaluated the likelihood of tissues to be positive for carcinoembryonic antigen and the intensity of carcinoembryonic antigen staining in specimens of villous adenomas, mixed polypoid villous adenomas, polypoid adenomas, and diverticulitis using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The presence of carcinoembryonic antigen could be demonstrated in all of the specimens; however, the intensity of staining varied. Villous adenomas were the most intensely stained, followed by mixed polypoid villous adenomas, polypoid adenomas, and diverticulitis. We conclude that (1) the intensity of tissue levels of carcinoembryonic antigen parallels the malignant potential of these different groups of lesions, (2) carcinoembryonic antigen intensity of mixed polypoid villous adenomas is more similar to villous adenomas than polypoid adenomas, and (3) the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen in diverticulitis is not a result of dysplasia.

Immunohistochemical studies of human renal cell carcinomas for ABO(H) blood group antigens, T antigen-like substance and carcinoembryonic antigen

Immunohistochemical methods were used to examine human renal cell carcinoma tissues for the presence of ABO(H) blood group antigens, T antigen-like substance and carcinoembryonic antigen. None of the 30 tumors examined showed positive staining for the blood group antigens. In the normal adjacent kidney tissues blood group antigens were noted in the glomeruli, distal tubules and collecting ducts, while proximal convoluted tubules were uniformly negative. The presence of T antigen-like substance was noted in 10 of the 30 tumors (33 per cent). Likewise, T antigen-like substance appeared at the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the normal adjacent kidney tissues, while proximal convoluted tubules were negative. With a monoclonal antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen, 19 of the 30 tumors (63 per cent) showed positive staining. Carcinoembryonic antigen also was observed in the glomeruli and tubular epithelia in the normal kidney tissues. Immunohistochemical findings of T antigen-like substance and carcinoembryonic antigen were not found to be correlated with the tumor grade, cell type and stage, as well as survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Immunohistochemical localization of T antigen-like substance in benign hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the prostate

Peanut agglutinin was used in a lectin-anti-lectin immunoperoxidase technique to assess the status of T antigen-like substance in histological sections of benign hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Of 30 benign lesions 26 (86.7 per cent) had negative staining in the glandular epithelia and 4 showed uneven staining of the epithelial cells in a small proportion of the glands. Additionally, 15 of 30 benign lesions (50 per cent) had positive staining restricted to the basal myoepithelial cells in a variable proportion of the glands. All benign lesions demonstrated the presence of normal cryptic T antigen after neuraminidase digestion. Of 25 adenocarcinomas 14 (56 per cent) were positive and 7 (25 per cent) were negative for T antigen but demonstrated the presence of normal cryptic T antigen after neuraminidase digestion, and 4 (16 per cent) were negative for T and cryptic T antigens. Of 8 grade 1, 9 grade 2 and 8 grade 3 tumors, and 9 tumors from patients with bone metastases 3 (37.5 per cent), 8 (88.9 per cent), 7 (87.5 per cent) and 7 (77.8 per cent), respectively, were positive for T antigen or negative for T and cryptic T antigens. The results show a correlation between the status of T antigen-like substance and tumor grade as well as metastasis in patients with prostatic carcinoma.