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Oliveira K, Reis A, Silva A, Silva C, Goes A, Serakides R, Ocarino N. Osteogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured with different concentrations of prolactin. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the in vitro effect of prolactin in osteogenic potential of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) in female rats. ADSCs were cultured in osteogenic medium with and without the addition of prolactin and distributed into three groups: 1) ADSCs (control), 2) ADSCs with addition of 100ng/mL of prolactin and 3) ADSCs with addition of 300ng/mL of prolactin. At 21 days of differentiation, the tests of MTT conversion into formazan crystals, percentage of mineralized nodules and cells per field and quantification of genic transcript for alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, BMP-2 and collagen I by real-time RT-PCR were made. The addition of prolactin reduced the conversion of MTT in group 3 and increased the percentage of cells per field in the groups 2 and 3, however without significantly increasing the percentage of mineralized nodules and the expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, BMP-2 and collagen I. In conclusion, the addition of prolactin in concentrations of 100ng/mL and 300ng/mL does not change the osteogenic differentiation to the ADSCs of female rats despite increase in the cellularity of the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A.M.S. Reis
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A.P. Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - A.M. Goes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Mechanistic investigations on the etiology of Risperdal® Consta®-induced bone changes in female Wistar Hannover rats. Toxicology 2012; 299:90-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lee TY, Chung MY, Chung HK, Choi JH, Kim TY, So HS. Bone density in chronic schizophrenia with long-term antipsychotic treatment: preliminary study. Psychiatry Investig 2010; 7:278-84. [PMID: 21253412 PMCID: PMC3022315 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2010.7.4.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decreased bone mineral density has been found in the chronic schizophrenic patients who have been given a long-term administration of antipsychotics. Hyperprolactinemia from the antipsychotics and the negative symptom of schizophrenia were considered as the causes for this finding. In this study, the effect of hyperprolactinemia and the negative symptom of schizophrenia on bone mineral density was investigated on male schizophrenic patients. METHODS The cross-sectional study was carried out with the subjects of 45 male schizophrenic patients who have undertaken the monotherapy with risperidone, olanzapine and clozapine for at least one year. The demographic factors, clinical symtoms, bone mineral density and hematological test were examined for all the subjects. RESULTS No significant relationship was found between hyperprolactinemia and the decreased bone mineral density in the subjects. The negative schizophrenia symptom of the subjects showed a significant effect on the decreased bone mineral density. CONCLUSION The decreased bone mineral density finding in the male schizophrenic patients may be caused by the negative schizophrenia symptom rather than the hyperprolactinemia due to the antipsychotics. Additional studies are further required regarding other factors that may affect the decreased bone mineral density such as activity, calcium intake and exposure to sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moon-Yong Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Veterans Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Kyung Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Veterans Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Veterans Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Veterans Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok So
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Veterans Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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The antipsychotics haloperidol and chlorpromazine increase bone metabolism and induce osteopenia in female rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 58:360-8. [PMID: 20709132 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the antipsychotic drugs haloperidol (HAL) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) on bone mineral density (BMD) in female rats and to examine the relationship between the effects on bone and reproductive organs or hormone concentrations. Female rats were orally administered HAL (2 or 10 mg/kg) or CPZ (25 or 50 mg/kg) once daily (7 days/week) for 6 months resulting in a significant increase in prolactin. Hyperprolactinemia resulted in enlarged corpora lutea in the ovary, because prolactin has a luteotropic activity. Thus, atrophy in the uterus, epithelial mucification in the vagina and continuous diestrus stages were observed. These events in the reproductive organs induced a decrease in estradiol, elevation of biochemical markers of bone metabolism, significant reductions of BMD in trabecular bone of the femur and decreased trabecular bone in the femur. The bone loss is associated with an increase in bone resorption due to decreased estradiol derived from the luteotropic activity of prolactin. The mechanism of dopamine blockers to induce bone loss in female rats is considered to be rodent specific because the luteotropic effects of prolactin are confined primarily to rodents. Also, it appears that chronic hyperprolactinemia and maintained corpora lutea leading to bone loss are commonly inducible in female rats receiving long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs possessing dopamine D2 receptor antagonist activity.
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Abstract
Any process interfering with dopamine synthesis, its transport to the pituitary gland, or its action at the level of lactotroph dopamine receptors can cause hyperprolactinemia. As described in this article, considering the complexity of prolactin regulation, many factors could cause hyperprolactinemia, and hyperprolactinemia can have clinical effects not only on the reproductive axis. Once any drug effects are excluded, prolactinomas are the most common cause of hyperprolactinemia. The most frequent symptom is hypogonadism in both genders. Medical and surgical therapies generally have excellent results, and most prolactinomas are well controlled or even cured in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Mancini
- Internal Medicine, San Marino Hospital, 47899, Republic of San Marino
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Abstract
Schizophrenic illness is associated with high rates of osteoporosis, the etiology of which remains obscure, but which may be at least partly explained by the prolactin-raising properties of antipsychotic medication. Conventional antipsychotics all cause hyperprolactinemia, whereas a limited number of atypical antipsychotic drugs do not. To investigate this further, we designed a cross-sectional comparison study between groups taking either prolactin-raising or prolactin-sparing antipsychotic medication. Participants were required to be premenopausal women with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and to have received exclusively either prolactin-raising (n = 26), or olanzapine (n = 12) antipsychotic medication. Half of the subjects in the prolactin-raising group were being treated with conventional (n = 13), and half with newer "atypical," antipsychotic drugs (n = 13). Subjects had lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density (BMD) evaluated by a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometer (DEXA) scan. A blood sample was taken to measure prolactin and sex hormone axis measures. The results demonstrated that the group taking prolactin-raising medication had higher rates of bone pathology, compared with the olanzapine group. High prolactin levels were related to measures of hypogonadism and low BMD values. Within the prolactin-raising group, those taking newer atypical compounds had higher levels of prolactin, lower levels of sex hormones, and lower BMD values than the group taking conventional antipsychotic medication. These findings suggest that the high rates of osteoporosis associated with schizophrenia may result from hypogonadism secondary to antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia, and that the prolactin-raising profile of antipsychotic drugs should be considered when choosing an antipsychotic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica O'Keane
- Section of Perinatal Psychiatry, The Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK. v.o'
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Pharmacogenomics as an Aspect of Molecular Autopsy for Forensic Pathology/Toxicology: Does GenotypingCYP 2D6Serve as an Adjunct for Certifying Methadone Toxicity? J Forensic Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs2002392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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AmpFℓSTR® Profiler Plus™ Short Tandem Repeat DNA Analysis of Casework Samples, Mixture Samples, and Nonhuman DNA Samples Amplified under Reduced PCR Volume Conditions (25 µL). J Forensic Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs2002188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Osteoporosis Associated with the Treatment of Paraphilias: A Clinical Review of Seven Case Reports. J Forensic Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs2002089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Halbreich U, Kinon BJ, Gilmore JA, Kahn LS. Elevated prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia: mechanisms and related adverse effects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28 Suppl 1:53-67. [PMID: 12504072 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The neurologic processes involved in schizophrenia are complex and diverse and the mechanisms through which antipsychotic agents exert their effects have been only partly elucidated. Hyperprolactinemia is a common side effect of treatment with many antipsychotics and is particularly associated with conventional ('typical') agents as well as the atypical antipsychotic risperidone. In contrast, other atypical agents introduced over the last decade do not elevate prolactin levels. This article discusses the regulatory mechanisms involved in prolactin secretion, the physiologic role of prolactin, and the etiology of hyperprolactinemia. Elevated prolactin levels may play important roles, both direct and indirect, in various pathologic states, including breast cancer, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disorders, and sexual disturbances. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia may be associated with similar clinical manifestations; these are examined with particular reference to patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Halbreich
- BioBehavioral Program, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Hayes C Ste 1, 3435 Main St, Building 5, Buffalo, NY 14214-3016, USA.
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Vestergaard P, Jørgensen JOL, Hagen C, Hoeck HC, Laurberg P, Rejnmark L, Brixen K, Weeke J, Andersen M, Conceicao FL, Nielsen TL, Mosekilde L. Fracture risk is increased in patients with GH deficiency or untreated prolactinomas--a case-control study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002; 56:159-67. [PMID: 11874406 DOI: 10.1046/j.0300-0664.2001.01464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pituitary secretes many hormones of significance to bone turnover and thus skeletal integrity. The aim of this study was to examine fracture risk in patients with pituitary disorders with special reference to GH deficiency and hyperprolactinaemia. DESIGN Case-control study. MEASUREMENTS Fracture occurrence. PATIENTS A self-administered questionnaire was issued to 537 consecutive patients with pituitary disorders excluding Cushing's disease. A total of 426 (79%) returned the questionnaire and 422 of these could be analysed. Each respondent was compared to three age- and gender-matched control respondents to the same questionnaire drawn randomly from the background population. RESULTS The patients had a mean age of 51.4 +/- 14.8 years. One hundred and eight patients had acromegaly, 86 had prolactinomas, 136 had non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA), 23 had craniopharyngiomas, and 73 had other types of pituitary disorders. For the total group the fracture risk was not elevated either before or after confirmed diagnosis compared to controls. However, among the patients with prolactinomas, the fracture risk was significantly increased before (relative risk, RR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1--2.3) but not after diagnosis. In patients with NFPA, fracture risk was borderline significantly elevated following diagnosis (RR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.0--2.6). Patients with subnormal stimulated peak GH values suggestive of GH deficiency had a significantly higher risk of fractures after diagnosis than patients who had normal stimulated peak GH values (odds ratio, OR = 4.90, 95% CI: 1.10--21.88). CONCLUSIONS Untreated prolactinomas were associated with a significant increase in fracture risk. Growth hormone deficiency was also associated with a higher fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vestergaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus Amtssygehus, Medical Department M (Endocrinology and Diabetes), Aarhus Kommunehospital, Aarhus, University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Coss D, Yang L, Kuo CB, Xu X, Luben RA, Walker AM. Effects of prolactin on osteoblast alkaline phosphatase and bone formation in the developing rat. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279:E1216-25. [PMID: 11093907 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.6.e1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to determine whether maternal prolactin (PRL) had any effects on bone formation in the developing rat pup. Because the most prevalent forms of PRL in rats are unmodified and phosphorylated PRL, both recombinant PRL and a molecular mimic of phosphorylated PRL (PP-PRL) were administered to pregnant animals. Blood samples from the dams showed normal estrogen and progesterone and no effect of extra PRL on parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, or alkaline phosphatase (AP). In newborn pups, however, there was a 30% decrease in blood AP in both PRL-treated groups, whereas PTH and calcium levels were not different from controls. When primary rat osteoblasts were exposed to both PRLs, AP activity was reduced, with PP-PRL being the more potent form of the hormone. Histological examination of pup bone formation showed reduced calvarial bone and reduced endochondral ossification in pups exposed to PP-PRL. These results are the first to show a direct inhibitory effect of PRL on osteoblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Coss
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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Morimoto I, Kai K, Okada Y, Okimoto N, Uriu K, Akino K, Yamashita S, Nakamura T, Eto S. Skeletal changes in rats bearing mammosomatotrophic pituitary tumors: a model of acromegaly with gonadal dysfunction. Bone 2000; 26:255-61. [PMID: 10709998 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(99)00274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) exerts potent effects on bone metabolism, resulting in an increased bone formation in animals and humans. Acromegaly has been associated with increased bone turnover, whereas the net effect of the increased bone metabolism has been obscured because patients with acromegaly are often associated with hypogonadism. We investigated changes in cortical and cancellous bone in adult rats implanted mammosomatotrophic pituitary tumor cells (GH3) as a model of acromegaly with gonadal dysfunction. Acromegaly model rats were prepared by implanting GH3 cells into female Wistar-Furth rats at 17 weeks of age. At 28 weeks of age, GH3-bearing rats (GH rats) showed very high serum GH levels and a moderate increase in serum prolactin levels, resulting in low circulating estradiol levels. The GH rats showed significant increases in body weight and in length and volume of both the femur and vertebral body. Bone mineral content values of either the midfemur or the whole lumbar body were significantly greater in the GH rats compared with littermate controls, while the areal bone mineral density values of the respective bones were not different between the two groups. The parameters of mechanical strength of the femur were significantly larger in the GH rats than in controls, whereas those of the lumbar vertebral body cylinder specimen were not different between the two groups. Respective normalized mechanical parameters of the femur and the vertebral body were the same in the GH rats as in controls. In the midfemur, the GH rats showed a significant increase in the total cross-sectional area without influencing the bone marrow area, resulting in an increase in the cortical bone area and the moment of inertia compared with controls. The indices of periosteal bone formation in the midfemur were greater in the GH rats compared with controls, but the endocortical bone formation and resorption were not different between the two groups. In the vertebral body cancellous bone, the GH rats had an increase in bone turnover rate, whereas the structural parameters were not different between the two groups. These results from GH3-bearing rats demonstrate that an excess of GH increases cortical bone mass in rats accompanied with estrogen deficiency, while no large effect on vertebral body cancellous bone mass is seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Morimoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Kalkwarf HJ. Hormonal and dietary regulation of changes in bone density during lactation and after weaning in women. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1999; 4:319-29. [PMID: 10527473 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018780425600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactating women secrete approximately 250 mg of calcium in breast milk each day. Some of the calcium used for milk production comes from bone as women experience a transient 3-9% decrease in bone density during lactation. This loss appears to be obligatory and under hormonal regulation as lactation-induced bone loss occurs even when calcium intake is high. Bone mineral is recovered after lactation ceases or menses resume. Recovery of bone mineral appears to be complete even when pregnancies and lactations are closely spaced, and lactation does not increase future risk of osteoporotic fracture. Current data point to estrogen and parathyroid hormone-related peptide as regulating bone mobilization during lactation. The typical calcium regulatory hormones, parathyroid hormone, calcitriol and calcitonin, do not appear to stimulate bone resorption during lactation. Restoration of ovarian hormone production and decreased production of PTHrP2 are likely to result in the recovery of bone mineral after lactation has ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kalkwarf
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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