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Yakout DW, Shree N, Mabb AM. Effect of pharmacological manipulations on Arc function. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2020; 2:100013. [PMID: 34909648 PMCID: PMC8663979 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is a brain-enriched immediate early gene that regulates important mechanisms implicated in learning and memory. Arc levels are controlled through a balance of induction and degradation in an activity-dependent manner. Arc further undergoes multiple post-translational modifications that regulate its stability, localization and function. Recent studies demonstrate that these features of Arc can be pharmacologically manipulated. In this review, we discuss some of these compounds, with an emphasis on drugs of abuse and psychotropic drugs. We also discuss inflammatory states that regulate Arc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina W. Yakout
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nitheyaa Shree
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angela M. Mabb
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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2
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Kobayashi Y. Alkyl Pyridinesulfonates and Allylic Pyridinecarboxylates, New Boosters for the Substitution at Secondary Carbons. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-19-919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Kobayashi Y, Yamaguchi K, Morita M. Regio- and stereoselective SN2′ reaction of an allylic picolinate in the synthesis of LY426965. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Essali N, Sanders J. Interdependent adrenergic receptor regulation of Arc and Zif268 mRNA in cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett 2016; 612:38-42. [PMID: 26655475 PMCID: PMC4727989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that signals by stimulating the α1, α2 and β adrenergic receptor (AR). We determined the role of these receptors in regulating the immediate early genes, Activity Regulated Cytoskeleton Associated Protein (Arc) and Zif268 in the rat cerebral cortex. RX821002, an α2-AR antagonist, produced Arc and Zif268 elevations across cortical layers. Next we examined the effects of delivering RX821002 with an α1-AR antagonist, prazosin, and a β-AR antagonist, propranolol. RX821002 given with a prazosin and propranolol cocktail, or with each of these antagonists individually, decreased Arc and Zif268 to saline-treated control levels in most cortical layers. Arc and Zif268 levels were also similar to saline-treated control levels when rats were given a prazosin and propranolol cocktail alone, or when each of these antagonists were delivered individually. Taken together, these data reveal that α2-AR uniquely exert a tonic inibitory regulation of both Arc and Zif268 compared to α1 and β-AR. However, the ability of RX821002 to increase Arc and Zif268 is interdependent with α1 and β-AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah Essali
- College of Medicine, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Jeff Sanders
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA.
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5
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Li Y, Pehrson AL, Waller JA, Dale E, Sanchez C, Gulinello M. A critical evaluation of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc/Arg3.1)'s putative role in regulating dendritic plasticity, cognitive processes, and mood in animal models of depression. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:279. [PMID: 26321903 PMCID: PMC4530346 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is primarily conceptualized as a mood disorder but cognitive dysfunction is also prevalent, and may limit the daily function of MDD patients. Current theories on MDD highlight disturbances in dendritic plasticity in its pathophysiology, which could conceivably play a role in the production of both MDD-related mood and cognitive symptoms. This paper attempts to review the accumulated knowledge on the basic biology of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc or Arg3.1), its effects on neural plasticity, and how these may be related to mood or cognitive dysfunction in animal models of MDD. On a cellular level, Arc plays an important role in modulating dendritic spine density and remodeling. Arc also has a close, bidirectional relationship with postsynaptic glutamate neurotransmission, since it is stimulated by multiple glutamatergic receptor mechanisms but also modulates α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor internalization. The effects on AMPA receptor trafficking are likely related to Arc's ability to modulate phenomena such as long-term potentiation, long-term depression, and synaptic scaling, each of which are important for maintaining proper cognitive function. Chronic stress models of MDD in animals show suppressed Arc expression in the frontal cortex but elevation in the amygdala. Interestingly, cognitive tasks depending on the frontal cortex are generally impaired by chronic stress, while those depending on the amygdala are enhanced, and antidepressant treatments stimulate cortical Arc expression with a timeline that is reminiscent of the treatment efficacy lag observed in the clinic or in preclinical models. However, pharmacological treatments that stimulate regional Arc expression do not universally improve relevant cognitive functions, and this highlights a need to further refine our understanding of Arc on a subcellular and network level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Alan L Pehrson
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica A Waller
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Elena Dale
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Connie Sanchez
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Gulinello
- Behavioral Core Facility, Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, USA
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6
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Voigt JP, Fink H. Serotonin controlling feeding and satiety. Behav Brain Res 2015; 277:14-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Eriksson TM, Delagrange P, Spedding M, Popoli M, Mathé AA, Ögren SO, Svenningsson P. Emotional memory impairments in a genetic rat model of depression: involvement of 5-HT/MEK/Arc signaling in restoration. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:173-84. [PMID: 21242991 PMCID: PMC3265836 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunctions are common in major depressive disorder, but have been difficult to recapitulate in animal models. This study shows that Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats, a genetic rat model of depression, display a pronounced impairment of emotional memory function in the passive avoidance (PA) task, accompanied by reduced transcription of Arc in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. At the cellular level, FSL rats have selective reductions in levels of NMDA receptor subunits, serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptors and MEK activity. Treatment with chronic escitalopram, but not with an antidepressant regimen of nortriptyline, restored memory performance and increased Arc transcription in FSL rats. Multiple pharmacological manipulations demonstrated that procognitive effects could also be achieved by either disinhibition of 5-HT(1A)R/MEK/Arc or stimulation of 5-HT₄R/MEK/Arc signaling cascades. Taken together, studies of FSL rats in the PA task revealed reversible deficits in emotional memory processing, providing a potential model with predictive and construct validity for assessments of procognitive actions of antidepressant drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Eriksson
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Delagrange
- Inst De Recherches Servier, Experimental Sciences, Suresnes, France
| | - M Spedding
- Inst De Recherches Servier, Experimental Sciences, Suresnes, France
| | - M Popoli
- Center of Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A A Mathé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S O Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Svenningsson
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Nanna Svartz väg 2, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden. E-mail:
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9
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Grinevich V, Kolleker A, Eliava M, Takada N, Takuma H, Fukazawa Y, Shigemoto R, Kuhl D, Waters J, Seeburg PH, Osten P. Fluorescent Arc/Arg3.1 indicator mice: a versatile tool to study brain activity changes in vitro and in vivo. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 184:25-36. [PMID: 19628007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The brain-specific immediate early gene Arc/Arg3.1 is induced in response to a variety of stimuli, including sensory and behavior-linked neural activity. Here we report the generation of transgenic mice, termed TgArc/Arg3.1-d4EGFP, expressing a 4-h half-life form of enhanced green fluorescent protein (d4EGFP) under the control of the Arc/Arg3.1 promoter. We show that d4EGFP-mediated fluorescence faithfully reports Arc/Arg3.1 induction in response to physiological, pathological and pharmacological stimuli, and that this fluorescence permits electrical recording from activated neurons in the live mouse. Moreover, the fluorescent Arc/Arg3.1 indicator revealed activity changes in circumscribed brain areas in distinct modes of stress and in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. These findings identify the TgArc/Arg3.1-d4EGFP mouse as a versatile tool to monitor Arc/Arg3.1 induction in neural circuits, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Grinevich
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Santos MS, Li H, Voglmaier SM. Synaptic vesicle protein trafficking at the glutamate synapse. Neuroscience 2008; 158:189-203. [PMID: 18472224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the integral and associated proteins of synaptic vesicles is subject to regulation over time, by region, and in response to activity. The process by which changes in protein levels and isoforms result in different properties of neurotransmitter release involves protein trafficking to the synaptic vesicle. How newly synthesized proteins are incorporated into synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic bouton is poorly understood. During synaptogenesis, synaptic vesicle proteins sort through the secretory pathway and are transported down the axon in precursor vesicles that undergo maturation to form synaptic vesicles. Changes in protein content of synaptic vesicles could involve the formation of new vesicles that either mix with the previous complement of vesicles or replace them, presumably by their degradation or inactivation. Alternatively, new proteins could individually incorporate into existing synaptic vesicles, changing their functional properties. Glutamatergic vesicles likely express many of the same integral membrane proteins and share certain common mechanisms of biogenesis, recycling, and degradation with other synaptic vesicles. However, glutamatergic vesicles are defined by their ability to package glutamate for release, a property conferred by the expression of a vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT). VGLUTs are subject to regional, developmental, and activity-dependent changes in expression. In addition, VGLUT isoforms differ in their trafficking, which may target them to different pathways during biogenesis or after recycling, which may in turn sort them to different vesicle pools. Emerging data indicate that differences in the association of VGLUTs and other synaptic vesicle proteins with endocytic adaptors may influence their trafficking. These observations indicate that independent regulation of synaptic vesicle protein trafficking has the potential to influence synaptic vesicle protein composition, the maintenance of synaptic vesicle pools, and the release of glutamate in response to changing physiological requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Santos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine, 401 Parnassus Avenue, LPPI-A101, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA
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11
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de Foubert G, O'Neill MJ, Zetterström TSC. Acute onset by 5-HT6-receptor activation on rat brain brain-derived neurotrophic factor and activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein mRNA expression. Neuroscience 2007; 147:778-85. [PMID: 17560041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of previous studies have shown that chronic but not acute treatment with antidepressant drugs targeting the central 5-HT system, enhances mRNA expression for a number of genes including, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the effector immediate early gene (IEG), activity-regulated, cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc). The present study investigated the effects of 5-HT(6)-receptor activation on hippocampal and cortical levels of mRNA expression of BDNF and Arc in the rat. The selective 5-HT(6)-receptor agonist LY-586713 was administered acutely (0.1-10 mg/kg, s.c.) and mRNA levels of BDNF and Arc were measured 18 h later. Administration of LY-586713 caused a bell-shaped dose response on hippocampal BDNF mRNA expression, having no effect at 0.1 mg/kg, a significant up-regulation at 1 mg/kg and no effect at 10 mg/kg. The up-regulation in BDNF expression observed at 1 mg/kg was completely blocked by pre-treatment with the selective 5-HT(6)-receptor antagonist SB-271046 (10 mg/kg, s.c.). The effective dose (1 mg/kg) of LY-586713 on the induction of BDNF expression was also tested on Arc expression. Acute administration of LY-586713 at this dose caused marked increases of the Arc mRNA levels in cortical and hippocampal regions. These increases were also attenuated by SB-271046 (10 mg/kg) in all regions of the hippocampus, as well as the parietal cortex. However, in frontal cortical regions there was no attenuation by the antagonist. Moreover, SB-271046 alone increased Arc expression in these regions. The results presented here provide the first evidence for the involvement of the 5-HT(6) receptor in regulating BDNF and Arc mRNA expression, suggesting that LY-586713 has potential effects on neuronal plasticity. Overall, these findings suggest that, as opposed to more general 5-HT receptor activation by, for example, antidepressants, direct 5-HT(6)-receptor activation results in a more rapid rise in BDNF and Arc mRNA expression which does not require repeated administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G de Foubert
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, UK
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Childers WE, Abou-Gharbia MA, Kelly MG, Andree TH, Harrison BL, Ho DM, Hornby G, Huryn DM, Potestio L, Rosenzweig-Lipson SJ, Schmid J, Smith DL, Sukoff SJ, Zhang G, Schechter LE. Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzodioxanylpiperazine derivatives as potent serotonin 5-HT(1A) antagonists: the discovery of Lecozotan. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3467-70. [PMID: 15887953 DOI: 10.1021/jm049493z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzodioxanylpiperazine derivatives possessing a 4-aryl amide substituent was prepared and evaluated for 5-HT(1A) affinity and functional antagonist activity in vitro and in vivo. All of the compounds in this series possessed high affinity for the human 5-HT(1A) receptor and many displayed potent antagonist activity in vitro and varying degrees of intrinsic activity in vivo. Compound 11c (Lecozotan) was selected for further development and is currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne E Childers
- Chemical and Screening Sciences and Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000, USA.
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13
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Pei Q, Sprakes M, Millan MJ, Rochat C, Sharp T. Erratum to “The novel monoamine reuptake inhibitor and potential antidepressant, S33005, induces Arc gene expression in cerebral cortex” [Eur. J. Pharmacol. 489 (2004) 179–185]. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 495:227-33. [PMID: 15838995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent data show that corticolimbic expression of the effector immediate early gene Arc is up-regulated by standard antidepressant drugs. Here, we tested the effect upon Arc expression of a novel antidepressant and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), (-)1-(1-dimethylaminomethyl) 5-methoxybenzocyclobutan-1-yl) cyclohexanol (S33005). Arc mRNA abundance in frontal, cingulate, orbital and parietal cortices, hippocampus (CA1 pyramidal layer) and striatum was elevated in rats treated daily for 14 but not 7 days with 10 mg/kg i.p. S33005 compared to saline. Fourteen but not 7 days treatment with 10 mg/kg i.p. venlafaxine, the prototypical SNRI, also elevated Arc mRNA, but its effects were not as pronounced and detected in fewer regions, compared to S33005. Neither S33005 nor venlafaxine altered Arc mRNA after acute injection nor altered brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA after repeated administration. These data demonstrate that sustained treatment with SNRIs increases Arc expression in corticolimbic regions, and underpin previous neurochemical and behavioural evidence that S33005 is efficacious in models predictive of antidepressant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pei
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK
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Pei Q, Sprakes M, Millan MJ, Rochat C, Sharp T. The novel monoamine reuptake inhibitor and potential antidepressant, S33005, induces Arc gene expression in cerebral cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 489:179-85. [PMID: 15087240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent data show that corticolimbic expression of the effector immediate early gene Arc is up-regulated by standard antidepressant drugs. Here, we tested the effect upon Arc expression of a novel antidepressant and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), (-)1-(1-dimethylaminomethyl) 5-methoxybenzocyclobutan-1-yl) cyclohexanol (S33005). Arc mRNA abundance in frontal, cingulate, orbital and parietal cortices, hippocampus (CA1 pyramidal layer) and striatum was elevated in rats treated daily for 14 but not 7 days with 10 mg/kg i.p. S33005 compared to saline. Fourteen but not 7 days treatment with 10 mg/kg i.p. venlafaxine, the prototypical SNRI, also elevated Arc mRNA, but its effects were not as pronounced and detected in fewer regions, compared to S33005. Neither S33005 nor venlafaxine altered Arc mRNA after acute injection nor altered brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA after repeated administration. These data demonstrate that sustained treatment with SNRIs increases Arc expression in corticolimbic regions, and underpin previous neurochemical and behavioural evidence that S33005 is efficacious in models predictive of antidepressant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pei
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
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Pei Q, Zetterström TSC, Sprakes M, Tordera R, Sharp T. Antidepressant drug treatment induces Arc gene expression in the rat brain. Neuroscience 2003; 121:975-82. [PMID: 14580947 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of antidepressants is not known but neuroadaptive processes akin to long-term potentiation have been postulated. Arc (Activity-regulated, cytoskeletal-associated protein) is an effector immediate early gene implicated in LTP and other forms of neuroplasticity. Recent data show that Arc expression is regulated by brain 5-hydroxytryptamine neurones, a target of many antidepressants. Here in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry were used to examine whether Arc expression in rat brain is altered by antidepressant drug treatment. Repeated administration of the monoamine reuptake inhibitors paroxetine, venlafaxine or desipramine induced region-specific increases in Arc mRNA. These increases were greatest in regions of the cortex (frontal and parietal cortex) and hippocampus (CA1 layer) and absent in the caudate putamen. Repeated treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, tranylcypromine, increased Arc mRNA in a similar fashion to the monoamine reuptake inhibitors. The antidepressant drugs also increased the number of Arc-immunoreactive cells in the parietal cortex. Acute antidepressant injection, and repeated administration of the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine, produced either limited or no changes in Arc mRNA. The data suggest that chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs induces Arc gene expression in specific regions across the rat forebrain. Up-regulation of Arc expression may be part of the process by which antidepressant drugs achieve long-term changes in synaptic function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Pei
- University Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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