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Pinheiro C, Costa T, Amorim de Jesus R, Campos R, Brim R, Teles A, Vilas Boas A, Lordêlo P. Intravaginal nonablative radiofrequency in the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause symptoms: a single-arm pilot study. BMC Womens Health 2021; 21:379. [PMID: 34717608 PMCID: PMC8557609 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) involves vaginal dryness (VD), pain during sexual activity (SAPain), vaginal itching (VI), burning, pain, and symptoms in the urinary organs. Non-ablative radiofrequency (RF) is a type of current with electromagnetic waves with a thermal effect that generates an acute inflammatory process with consequent neocolagenesis and neoelastogenesis. We aimed to describe the clinical response to VD, SAPain, vaginal laxity (VL), VI, burning sensation, pain in the vaginal opening, urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, cytological changes, and adverse effects of non-ablative RF in patients with GSM. METHODS This single-arm pilot study included 11 women diagnosed with GSM with established menopause. Patients with hormone replacement initiation for six months, who used a pacemaker, or had metals in the pelvic region, were excluded. Subjective measures (numeric rating scale of symptoms, Vaginal Health Index-VHI) and objective measures (vaginal maturation index-VMI, vaginal pH, sexual function by the FSFI, and urinary function by the ICIQ-SF) were used. A Likert scale measures the degree of satisfaction with the treatment. Five sessions of monopolar non-ablative RF (41°C) were performed with an interval of one week between each application. The entire evaluation was performed before treatment (T0), one month (T1), and three months (T2) after treatment. Adverse effects were assessed during treatment and at T1 and T2. RESULTS The symptoms and/or signs were reduced after treatment in most patients (T1/T2, respectively): VD 90.9%/81.8%, SAPain 83.3%/66.7, VL 100%/100%, VI 100%/100%, burning 75%/87.5%, pain 75%/75%, and VHI 90.9%/81.9%. Most patients did not show changes in VMI (54.5%) and pH (63.6%) at T1, but there was an improvement in VMI in most patients (54.5%) at T2. Nine patients were satisfied, and two were very satisfied at T1. The treatment was well tolerated, and no adverse effects were observed. There was an improvement in sexual function (72.7%) and urinary function (66.7% in T1 and 83.3% in T2). CONCLUSION Intravaginal RF reduced the clinical symptoms of GSM in most patients, especially during T1, and women reported satisfaction with treatment. The technique showed no adverse effects, and there were positive effects on sexual and urinary function. Trial registration This research was registered at clinicaltrial.gov (NCT03506594) and complete registration date was posted on April 24, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Pinheiro
- Pelvic Floor Care Center (CAAP), Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Av Dom João VI, 275 - Brotas, Salvador, Bahia, 40290000, Brazil
- Pelvic Floor Center Care, Av. ACM, 1034, Itaigara, Salvador, Bahia, 41825-906, Brazil
- Bahia State University, Rua Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, 41150-000, Brazil
| | - Teresa Costa
- Pelvic Floor Care Center (CAAP), Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Av Dom João VI, 275 - Brotas, Salvador, Bahia, 40290000, Brazil
- Pelvic Floor Center Care, Av. ACM, 1034, Itaigara, Salvador, Bahia, 41825-906, Brazil
| | - Raira Amorim de Jesus
- Pelvic Floor Care Center (CAAP), Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Av Dom João VI, 275 - Brotas, Salvador, Bahia, 40290000, Brazil
- Pelvic Floor Center Care, Av. ACM, 1034, Itaigara, Salvador, Bahia, 41825-906, Brazil
| | - Raquel Campos
- Pelvic Floor Care Center (CAAP), Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Av Dom João VI, 275 - Brotas, Salvador, Bahia, 40290000, Brazil
- Pelvic Floor Center Care, Av. ACM, 1034, Itaigara, Salvador, Bahia, 41825-906, Brazil
| | - Rosa Brim
- Pelvic Floor Care Center (CAAP), Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Av Dom João VI, 275 - Brotas, Salvador, Bahia, 40290000, Brazil
- Pelvic Floor Center Care, Av. ACM, 1034, Itaigara, Salvador, Bahia, 41825-906, Brazil
| | - Alcina Teles
- Pelvic Floor Care Center (CAAP), Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Av Dom João VI, 275 - Brotas, Salvador, Bahia, 40290000, Brazil
- Pelvic Floor Center Care, Av. ACM, 1034, Itaigara, Salvador, Bahia, 41825-906, Brazil
| | - Andrea Vilas Boas
- Pelvic Floor Care Center (CAAP), Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Av Dom João VI, 275 - Brotas, Salvador, Bahia, 40290000, Brazil
- Pelvic Floor Center Care, Av. ACM, 1034, Itaigara, Salvador, Bahia, 41825-906, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Lordêlo
- Pelvic Floor Care Center (CAAP), Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Av Dom João VI, 275 - Brotas, Salvador, Bahia, 40290000, Brazil.
- Pelvic Floor Center Care, Av. ACM, 1034, Itaigara, Salvador, Bahia, 41825-906, Brazil.
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Binder RL, Freedman MA, Sharma KB, Farage MA, Wang Y, Combs C, Moore D, Tiesman JP, Bascom CC, Isfort RJ, Warren R. Histological and Gene Expression Analysis of the Effects of Menopause Status and Hormone Therapy on the Vaginal Introitus and Labia Majora. J Clin Med Res 2019; 11:745-759. [PMID: 31803317 PMCID: PMC6879024 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study aimed to determine the effect of menopausal status and hormone therapy on the introitus and labia majora at the levels of histology and gene expression. Methods Three cohorts of 10 women each (pre-menopause, post-menopause and post-menopause + hormone therapy) were selected based on the presentation of clinical atrophy and vaginal pH. Biopsies were obtained from the introitus (fourchette) and labia majora and processed for histology and gene expression analyses with microarrays. Other data collected included self-assessed symptoms, serum estradiol, testosterone, serum hormone binding globulin and the pH of the vagina and labia majora. Results The introitus appears exquisitely sensitive to hormone status. Dramatic changes were observed in histology including a thinning of the epithelium in post-menopausal subjects with vaginal atrophy. Furthermore, there was differential expression of many genes that may contribute to tissue remodeling in the atrophic introitus. Levels of expression of genes associated with wound healing, angiogenesis, cell migration/locomotion, dermal structure, apoptosis, inflammation, epithelial cell differentiation, fatty acid, carbohydrate and steroid metabolism were significantly different in the cohort exhibiting atrophy of the introitus. While changes were also observed at the labia, that site was considerably less sensitive to hormone status. The gene expression changes observed at the introitus in this study were very similar to those reported previously in the atrophic vagina providing further evidence that these changes are associated with atrophy. Conclusions The histological and gene expression changes occurring within the introitus after menopause may contribute to the constellation of symptoms that constitute the genitourinary syndrome of menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murray A Freedman
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kailash B Sharma
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Yu Wang
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - David Moore
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Visual improvements in vaginal mucosa correlate with symptoms of VVA: data from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause 2018; 24:1003-1010. [PMID: 28419068 PMCID: PMC5571882 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the response of the vaginal mucosa with TX-004HR and its correlation with vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA) symptoms, and whether visual examination is a useful measure for assessing VVA. Methods: REJOICE was a 12-week, phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a vaginal, muco-adhesive, 17β-estradiol softgel capsule (TX-004HR 4, 10, and 25 μg) in postmenopausal women with VVA and moderate-to-severe dyspareunia. Treatments were self-administered vaginally once per day for 2 weeks, then twice per week for 10 weeks. The vagina was visually examined at baseline and at weeks 2, 6, 8, and 12; changes were evaluated using a 4-item scale for vaginal color, vaginal epithelial integrity, vaginal epithelial surface thickness, and vaginal secretions. Results: Significant improvements were observed with all three TX-004HR doses versus placebo in vaginal color (least square mean score changes of −0.96 to −1.06 for TX-004HR doses vs −0.60 for placebo at week 12), epithelial integrity (−0.97 to −1.07 vs −0.60), epithelial surface thickness (−0.94 to −1.03 vs −0.61), and secretions (−1.01 to −1.06 vs −0.64) (P < 0.001 for all comparisons at all time points). Both Pearson's correlations and logistic regression receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses significantly correlated the sum of the individual visual assessment scores with dyspareunia (P < 0.0001) and vaginal dryness (P < 0.0001) at 12 weeks. Conclusions: Greater improvements in the vaginal mucosa of postmenopausal women with VVA and moderate-to-severe dyspareunia were observed with TX-004HR versus placebo, and vaginal mucosa assessment scores correlated with vaginal symptoms of dyspareunia and dryness. Visual vaginal assessment by healthcare professionals is a useful measure for diagnosing VVA and assessing response to treatment.
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Perino A, Calligaro A, Forlani F, Tiberio C, Cucinella G, Svelato A, Saitta S, Calagna G. Vulvo-vaginal atrophy: a new treatment modality using thermo-ablative fractional CO2 laser. Maturitas 2014; 80:296-301. [PMID: 25596815 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of thermo-ablative fractional CO2 laser for the treatment of symptoms related to vulvo-vaginal atrophy (VVA) in post-menopausal women. METHODS From April 2013 to December 2013, post-menopausal patients who complained of one or more VVA-related symptoms and who underwent vaginal treatment with fractional CO2 laser were enrolled in the study. At baseline (T0) and 30 days post-treatment (T1), vaginal status of the women was evaluated using the Vaginal Health Index (VHI), and subjective intensity of VVA symptoms was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS). At T1, treatment satisfaction was evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 48 patients were enrolled. Data indicated a significant improvement in VVA symptoms (vaginal dryness, burning, itching and dyspareunia) (P<0.0001) in patients who had undergone 3 sessions of vaginal fractional CO2 laser treatment. Moreover, VHI scores were significantly higher at T1 (P<0.0001). Overall, 91.7% of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the procedure and experienced considerable improvement in quality of life (QoL). No adverse events due to fractional CO2 laser treatment occurred. CONCLUSION Thermo-ablative fractional CO2 laser could be a safe, effective and feasible option for the treatment of VVA symptoms in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Perino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Calligaro
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Histology and Embryology University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Forlani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy.
| | - Corrado Tiberio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaspare Cucinella
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Svelato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saitta
- Department of Human Pathology, School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gloria Calagna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
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Weber MA, Limpens J, Roovers JPWR. Assessment of vaginal atrophy: a review. Int Urogynecol J 2014; 26:15-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00192-014-2464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Colvin CW, Abdullatif H. Anatomy of female puberty: The clinical relevance of developmental changes in the reproductive system. Clin Anat 2012; 26:115-29. [PMID: 22996962 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is the period of biologic transition from childhood to adulthood. The changes that occur at this time are related to the increasing concentrations of sex steroid hormones. In females, most pubertal changes are caused by estrogen stimulation that results from the onset of central puberty. Significant development occurs in the organs of the female reproductive system and results in anatomic changes that characterize reproductive maturity. Adrenal and ovarian androgens also increase during puberty, affecting change that includes the promotion of certain secondary sex characteristics. The ability to recognize normal pubertal anatomy and distinguish between estrogen and androgen effects is important in the ability to diagnose and treat disorders of sex development, precocious puberty, pubertal delay, and menstrual irregularities in children and adolescents. An understanding of this developmental process can also help clinicians identify and treat reproductive pathology in adults and across all female life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wingo Colvin
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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Konyali A, Tölü C, Ayağ BS, Akbağ HI. Observations on hand-mating behaviors, several physiological and hematological parameters in Turkish dairy goats. Anim Sci J 2011; 82:251-8. [PMID: 21729203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine hand-mating behavior of doe and buck and relationships of courtship behavior and physiological and hematological traits according to gestation results. Duration from beginning of observation until mating (M-C), duration between two copulations (C-C) and courtship behavioral index value of each sex (CBIVD; courtship behavioral index value of doe, CBIVB; courtship behavioral index value of buck) and mounting behavior of buck, were observed. Experience of doe was affected of CBIVD and CBIVB (P=0.01 and P=0.01, respectively). Bucks mounted significantly higher times on experienced does than on inexperienced ones (P=0.00). On the other hand service number decreased with an increase in M-C (P=0.00). Elevated service number was observed with increased mounting frequency of buck (P=0.03). There were strong correlations between CBIVD and CBIVB (r=0.48, P=0.00). Pregnancy was not influenced by vaginal pH value. Does, which gave multiple births, had higher vaginal pH (P=0.05). Rectal temperature difference of doe had no influence on success of mating and birth type. On the other hand, birth type was affected by rectal temperature difference of buck. There was no significant difference of hematological parameters according to mating results. Hemoglobin, red blood cell count and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values were higher in single births and mean cell volume value was lower in single births.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Konyali
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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Biglia N, Peano E, Sgandurra P, Moggio G, Panuccio E, Migliardi M, Ravarino N, Ponzone R, Sismondi P. Low-dose vaginal estrogens or vaginal moisturizer in breast cancer survivors with urogenital atrophy: a preliminary study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010; 26:404-12. [PMID: 20196634 DOI: 10.3109/09513591003632258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aim is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two low-dose vaginal estrogen treatments (ETs) and of a non-hormonal vaginal moisturizer in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors with urogenital atrophy. Eighteen patients receiving estriol cream 0.25 mg (n = 10) or estradiol tablets 12.5 microg (n = 8) twice/week for 12 weeks were evaluated and compared with eight patients treated with polycarbophil-based moisturizer 2.5 g twice/week. Severity of vaginal atrophy was assessed using subjective [Vaginal Symptoms Score (VSS), Profile of Female Sexual Function (PFSF)] and objective [Vaginal Health Index (VHI), Karyopycnotic Index (KI)] evaluations, while safety by measuring endometrial thickness and serum sex hormones levels. After 4 weeks, VSS and VHI were significantly improved by both vaginal ETs, with further improvement after 12 weeks. PFSF improved significantly only in estriol group (p = 0.02). Safety measurements did not significantly change. Vaginal moisturizer improved VSS at week 4 (p = 0.01), but score returned to pre-treatment values at week 12; no significant modification of VHI, KI, PFSF was recorded. Both low-dose vaginal ET are effective for relieving urogenital atrophy, while non-hormonal moisturizer only provides transient benefit. The increase of serum estrogens levels during treatment with vaginal estrogen at these dosages is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Biglia
- Department of Oncological Gynaecology, University of Turin, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment of Candiolo (IRCC), Turin, Italy.
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Bonferoni MC, Giunchedi P, Scalia S, Rossi S, Sandri G, Caramella C. Chitosan gels for the vaginal delivery of lactic acid: relevance of formulation parameters to mucoadhesion and release mechanisms. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 7:104. [PMID: 17285750 PMCID: PMC2750341 DOI: 10.1208/pt0704104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the effect of formulation parameters of a mucoadhesive vaginal gel based on chitosan and lactic acid, and to highlight its release mechanisms. Two molecular weight chitosans were used to prepare gels with 2 lactic acid concentrations. Both chitosan molecular weight and lactic acid concentration had a significant and mutually dependent influence on mucoadhesion, measured on pig vaginal mucosa. Similarly, the lactate release profiles were found to be dependent on lactic acid content and polymer molecular weight. One gel formulation based on the stoichiometric lactate to chitosan ratio was subjected to release test in media with 2 different counterions and increasing ionic strength. This test demonstrated that the lactate release is mainly due to ionic displacement.
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Donders GGG, Caeyers T, Tydhof P, Riphagen I, van den Bosch T, Bellen G. Comparison of two types of dipsticks to measure vaginal pH in clinical practice. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 134:220-4. [PMID: 16952417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2005] [Revised: 06/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the practical use of two dispsticks for measuring vaginal pH with a range 4-7 (Merck and Macherey Nagel in the diagnosis of vaginal infections. STUDY DESIGN Routine gynaecological clinic in the General Hospital H Hart in Tienen and vulvo-vaginitis clinic in the University Hospital Gasthuisberg in Leuven, Belgium. After oral consent was obtained, 101 unselected consecutive women presenting for gynaecologic examination between 15 January 2004 and 15 February 2004 were included in an observational study. Vaginal smears were taken from the upper vaginal wall for pH measurement and for fresh wet mount examination by phase contrast microscopy for diagnosing lactobacillary grades and presence of pathogens. The observed color change of two different pH strips were compared with the color scale provided by the company by a junior investigator who was not familiar with the technique, nor with the pathology of the patient. The difficulty of the measurement was scored semi-quantitatively by assessing the time and effort necessary to decide on the correct pH. RESULTS Using the Macherey-Nagel method, the mean pH score was lower in women with normal flora and in women with vaginal infections than when the Merck method was used, but the difference was not significant. The pH became progressively more abnormal with increasing lactobacillary grades, a correlation that was similar for both tests. The reading of the pH sticks was significantly simpler and quicker with Macherey-Nagel than with Merck. Although difficult readings with Merck strips were four times more frequent in the group of women with abnormal flora than in women with normal flora, this difference was not significant. CONCLUSION (1) In both tests (Macherey-Nagel and Merck) the pH was more abnormal (higher) with increasing lactobacillary grades (declining number of lactobacillary morphotypes). (2) The Macherey-Nagel sticks are more user-friendly than Merck's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert G G Donders
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital H Hart Tienen, Belgium.
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Estradiol Absorption From Vaginal Tablets in Postmenopausal Women. Obstet Gynecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00006250-200204000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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