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Beld J, Abbriano R, Finzel K, Hildebrand M, Burkart MD. Probing fatty acid metabolism in bacteria, cyanobacteria, green microalgae and diatoms with natural and unnatural fatty acids. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1299-312. [PMID: 26886879 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00804b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, fatty acid synthases are responsible for the biosynthesis of fatty acids in an iterative process, extending the fatty acid by two carbon units every cycle. Thus, odd numbered fatty acids are rarely found in nature. We tested whether representatives of diverse microbial phyla have the ability to incorporate odd-chain fatty acids as substrates for their fatty acid synthases and their downstream enzymes. We fed various odd and short chain fatty acids to the bacterium Escherichia coli, cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Major differences were observed, specifically in the ability among species to incorporate and elongate short chain fatty acids. We demonstrate that E. coli, C. reinhardtii, and T. pseudonana can produce longer fatty acid products from short chain precursors (C3 and C5), while Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 lacks this ability. However, Synechocystis can incorporate and elongate longer chain fatty acids due to acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase (AasS) activity, and knockout of this protein eliminates the ability to incorporate these fatty acids. In addition, expression of a characterized AasS from Vibrio harveyii confers a similar capability to E. coli. The ability to desaturate exogenously added fatty acids was only observed in Synechocystis and C. reinhardtii. We further probed fatty acid metabolism of these organisms by feeding desaturase inhibitors to test the specificity of long-chain fatty acid desaturases. In particular, supplementation with thia fatty acids can alter fatty acid profiles based on the location of the sulfur in the chain. We show that coupling sensitive gas chromatography mass spectrometry to supplementation of unnatural fatty acids can reveal major differences between fatty acid metabolism in various organisms. Often unnatural fatty acids have antibacterial or even therapeutic properties. Feeding of short precursors now gives us easy access to these extended molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Beld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
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Comparison of fatty acid analysis methods for assessing biorefinery applicability of wastewater cultivated microalgae. Talanta 2012; 97:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lesot P, Baillif V, Billault I. Combined Analysis of C-18 Unsaturated Fatty Acids Using Natural Abundance Deuterium 2D NMR Spectroscopy in Chiral Oriented Solvents. Anal Chem 2008; 80:2963-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702443b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lesot
- Université de Paris-Sud (XI), ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique, Equipe de RMN en Milieu Orienté, UFR des sciences d'Orsay, Bât. 410, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, and Université de Nantes, CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, UMR CNRS 6230, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Vincent Baillif
- Université de Paris-Sud (XI), ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique, Equipe de RMN en Milieu Orienté, UFR des sciences d'Orsay, Bât. 410, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, and Université de Nantes, CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, UMR CNRS 6230, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Isabelle Billault
- Université de Paris-Sud (XI), ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique, Equipe de RMN en Milieu Orienté, UFR des sciences d'Orsay, Bât. 410, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, and Université de Nantes, CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, UMR CNRS 6230, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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Zuppini A, Andreoli C, Baldan B. Heat stress: an inducer of programmed cell death in Chlorella saccharophila. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:1000-9. [PMID: 17567640 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) has been recognized as a fundamental cellular process conserved in metazoans, plants and yeast. However, the cellular mechanisms leading to PCD have not been fully elucidated in unicellular organisms. Evidence is presented that heat stress induces PCD in Chlorella saccharophila cells. Our results demonstrate that heat shock triggers a PCD pathway occurring with characteristics features such as chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, cell shrinkage and detachment of the plasma membrane from the cell wall, and suggest the presence of caspase 3-like activity. The caspase 3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO gave significant protection against heat shock-induced cell death. Moreover, a reduction in photosynthetic pigment contents associated with alteration of chloroplast morphology and a fairly rapid disappearance of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit and the light-harvesting complex of PSII have been observed. The timing of events in the signaling cascade associated with the C. saccharophila heat shock PCD response is discussed. Insights into this field may have general implications for understanding the pathway of cell death in unicellular green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zuppini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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