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Cobeña-Reyes J, Yang Q, Stober ST, Burns AB, Martini A. Probabilistic Approach to Low Strain Rate Atomistic Simulations of Ultimate Tensile Strength of Polymer Crystals. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6326-6331. [PMID: 37642670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of the tensile ultimate properties of polymer crystals require the use of empirical potentials that model bond dissociation. However, fully reactive potentials are computationally expensive such that reactive simulations cannot reach the low strain rates of typical experiments. Here, we present a hybrid approach that uses the simplicity of a classical, nonreactive potential, information from bond dissociation energy calculations, and a probabilistic expression that mimics bond breaking. The approach is demonstrated for poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) and, with one tunable parameter, the calculated tensile ultimate stress matches that obtained using a fully reactive simulation at high strain rates. Then, the hybrid simulations are run at much lower strain rates where the ultimate tensile stress is strain rate-independent and consistent with the expected experimental range.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cobeña-Reyes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Quanpeng Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Spencer T Stober
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Adam B Burns
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
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Pramanick R, Verma SK, Kumari R, De S, Neogi S, Neogi S. Effect of thermally induced microstructural changes on the mechanical properties and ballistic performance of poly ( p-phenylene terephthalamide) fibers. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221148390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microstructural variations have a strong influence on the load transfer capacity of the high-performance polymeric fibers, which is also reflected in their ballistic property changes. The focus of the present study is to investigate thermally induced microstructural changes and their reflection on the mechanical properties and theoretical ballistic limit of poly ( p-phenylene terephthalamide) fibers by a correlation. From the quantitative analysis of XRD, thermally induced changes in unit cell a-dimension show profound sensitivity in affecting the tenacity and modulus of the fibers. Based on the physicochemical changes in FTIR and FESEM analysis, significant surface deterioration and changes in the chemical network are observed. However, dimensional variations of the crystal structure along a-direction show a stronger influence than the chemical and morphological changes, reflecting sigmoidal responses with tenacity, modulus and theoretical V50 by correlations. As an effect of unit cell dimensional variation, changes in crystallinity are resulted and lead to the loss in theoretical ballistic limit of the fibers by following first-order kinetics. Lastly, angular separation and (200) orientation angle are determined to build a global correlation with modulus and theoretical ballistic limit for quickly decoding macro-changes in terms of micro-properties. The given correlations can help to identify crystallographic transformations upon other induction techniques and view their effect on mechanical and ballistic parameters. In addition, the given approach can be extended for different ballistic materials under any environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku Pramanick
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sanjeev K Verma
- Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumari
- Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sirshendu De
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sudarsan Neogi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Swati Neogi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Ferrous-Oxalate-Modified Aramid Nanofibers Heterogeneous Fenton Catalyst for Methylene Blue Degradation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173491. [PMID: 36080566 PMCID: PMC9460404 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous Fenton system has drawn great attention in recent years due to its effective degradation of polluted water capability without limitation of the pH range and avoiding excess ferric hydroxide sludge. Therefore, simple chemical precipitation and vacuum filtration method for manufacturing the heterogeneous Fenton aramid nanofibers (ANFs)/ferrous oxalate (FeC2O4) composite membrane catalysts with excellent degradation of methylene blue (MB) is reported in the study. The morphology and structure of materials synthesized were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy spectrum analysis (EDS), infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) equipment. The 10 ppm MB degradation efficiency of composite catalyst and ferrous oxalate (FeC2O4) within 15 min were 94.5% and 91.6%, respectively. The content of methylene blue was measured by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Moreover, the dye degradation efficiency still could achieve 92% after five cycles, indicating the composite catalyst with excellent chemical stability and reusability. Simultaneously, the composite catalyst membrane can degrade not only MB but also rhodamine B (RB), orange II (O II), and methyl orange (MO). This study represents a new avenue for the fabrication of heterogeneous Fenton catalysts and will contribute to dye wastewater purification, especially in the degradation of methylene blue.
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Yang Q, Li W, Stober ST, Burns AB, Gopinadhan M, Martini A. Effect of Aliphatic Chain Length on the Stress–Strain Response of Semiaromatic Polyamide Crystals. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quanpeng Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Wenjun Li
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Spencer T. Stober
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Adam B. Burns
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Manesh Gopinadhan
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
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Yang Q, Li W, Stober ST, Burns AB, Gopinadhan M, Martini A. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Stress–Strain Behavior of Polyamide Crystals. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quanpeng Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Wenjun Li
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Spencer T. Stober
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Adam B. Burns
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Manesh Gopinadhan
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
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Wang S, Meng W, Lv H, Wang Z, Pu J. Thermal insulating, light-weight and conductive cellulose/aramid nanofibers composite aerogel for pressure sensing. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 270:118414. [PMID: 34364635 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Conductive nanocellulose aerogels have attracted significant attention in pressure sensing for wearable devices owing to lightweight, sustainability and good chemical stability. Limited by its flammability and weak mechanical properties, aramid nanofiber (ANF) was designed as reinforcement to overcome the shortcoming mentioned above. Herein, the unidirectional freeze casting method was proposed to fabricate nanocellulose/aramid nanofiber (CA) aerogel. Then, the CA/PPy (CAP) aerogel was obtained by using the oriented structure of CA aerogel as a template for inducing conductive polypyrrole (PPy) in-situ formation inside the composite aerogel. The conductive aerogel with the ordered microstructure exhibited the anisotropic mechanical properties and thermal conductivity. And it could withstand high temperature without any destruction phenomenon. Moreover, the aerogel sensor revealed high strain sensitivity and satisfactory electrochemical performance. Lightweight CAP aerogel with controllable alignment, sensitive sensing property and thermal stability is very promising in pressure sensor under some extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Wang
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wanyao Meng
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haifeng Lv
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junwen Pu
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China.
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Chen C, Wang X, Wang F, Peng T. Preparation and Characterization of Para-Aramid Fibers with the Main Chain Containing Heterocyclic Units. J MACROMOL SCI B 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2019.1694754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Chen
- China Bluestar Chengrand Chemical Co. Ltd, Chengdu, China
- High-Tech Organic Fibers Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuyi Wang
- China Bluestar Chengrand Chemical Co. Ltd, Chengdu, China
- High-Tech Organic Fibers Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengde Wang
- China Bluestar Chengrand Chemical Co. Ltd, Chengdu, China
- High-Tech Organic Fibers Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Peng
- China Bluestar Chengrand Chemical Co. Ltd, Chengdu, China
- High-Tech Organic Fibers Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Xing F, Zhang M, Wang Z, Sun G, Niu H, Wu D. The introduction of benzimidazole and ether moieties into poly( p-phenylene terephthalamide): effects on its microstructure, interactions and properties. RSC Adv 2019; 9:33664-33673. [PMID: 35528888 PMCID: PMC9073527 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (co-PPTA) fibers containing 4,4′-oxidianiline (4,4′-ODA) and 2-(4-aminophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole (BIA) in terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) and p-phenylene diamine (p-PDA) were prepared via a wet spinning method, followed by water washing and drawing at a high temperature. With the addition of a new acid-binding agent, imidazole, the solution prepared by low-temperature polycondensation had suitable viscosity for spinning. Herein, the properties of six co-PPTA fibers with different contents of BIA and 4,4′-ODA segments were studied. The mechanical properties of the co-PPTA fibers were improved with the addition of BIA and ODA; they reached the optimum tensile strength of 2.45 GPa at a p-PDA/ODA/BIA molar ratio of 2/4/4, which showed a higher degree of orientation and the highest crystallinity, and the strength further increased on increasing the thermal drawing ratio. X-ray diffraction indicated that the fibers exhibited highly ordered structures, while two-dimensional wide angle X-ray diffraction showed that molecular packing regions with highly oriented structures were formed. In addition, the co-PPTA fibers exhibited excellent thermal stability when the 5% weight loss temperature was above 492 °C under nitrogen, and glass transition occurred at about 290 °C. Co-poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fibers containing 4,4′-oxidianiline and 2-(4-aminophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole in terephthaloyl chloride and p-phenylene diamine were prepared via a wet spinning method, followed by water washing and drawing at high temperature.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China +86 10 6442 4654 +86 10 6442 1693 +86 10 6442 4654 +86 10 6442 1693
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Jiangsu Shino New Material and Technology Co., Ltd Changzhou 213000 China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China +86 10 6442 4654 +86 10 6442 1693 +86 10 6442 4654 +86 10 6442 1693
| | - Guohua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China +86 10 6442 4654 +86 10 6442 1693 +86 10 6442 4654 +86 10 6442 1693
| | - Hongqing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China +86 10 6442 4654 +86 10 6442 1693 +86 10 6442 4654 +86 10 6442 1693
| | - Dezhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China +86 10 6442 4654 +86 10 6442 1693 +86 10 6442 4654 +86 10 6442 1693
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9
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Xie C, He L, Shi Y, Guo ZX, Qiu T, Tuo X. From Monomers to a Lasagna-like Aerogel Monolith: An Assembling Strategy for Aramid Nanofibers. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7811-7824. [PMID: 31287660 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of nanobuilding blocks into a 3D macroscopic monolith with ordered hierarchical structures has been much desired for broad and large-scale practical applications of nanoarchitectures. In this paper, we demonstrate a fully bottom-up strategy for the preparation of aramid aerogel monoliths. The process starts from the synthesis of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) through the polycondensation of p-phenylenediamine and terephthaloyl chloride, with the assistance of a nonreactive dispersing agent (polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether), which helps the dispersal of the as-synthesized PPTA in an aqueous medium for the formation of p-aramid nanofibers (ANF). Then the vacuum-assisted self-assembly (Vas) technique is skillfully connected with the ice-templated directional solidification (I) technique, and the combined VasI method successfully tailors the self-assembly of ANF to transform the 1D nanofibers into a 3D aerogel monolith with a specific long-range aligned, lasagna-like, multilaminated internal structure. The study of the aerogel microstructure revealed the dependence of the lamina orientation on the direction of the freezing front of ice crystals. This direction should be parallel to the deposition plane of the Vas process if a long-range aligned lamellar structure is desired. The anisotropy of the multilaminated aerogel was proven by the different results in the radial and axial directions in the compression and thermal conductivity tests. As a kind of organic aerogel, the ANF monolith has typical low density, high porosity, and low thermal conductivity. Additionally, the ANF monolith exhibits high compressive stress and excellent thermal stability. Considering its high performance and facile preparation process, potential applications of the ANF aerogel monolith can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , No.1, Tsinghua Garden , Haidian District, Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Lianyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , No.1, Tsinghua Garden , Haidian District, Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Yifei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , No.1, Tsinghua Garden , Haidian District, Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Xia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , No.1, Tsinghua Garden , Haidian District, Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Teng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , No.15, North Third Ring Road , Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029 , P.R. China
| | - Xinlin Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , No.1, Tsinghua Garden , Haidian District, Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
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Priyanka P, Dixit A, Mali HS. High strength Kevlar fiber reinforced advanced textile composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-019-00721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ding X, Kong H, Qiao M, Hu Z, Yu M. Study on Crystallization Behaviors and Properties of F-III Fibers during Hot Drawing in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050856. [PMID: 31083401 PMCID: PMC6572010 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain F-III fibers with high mechanical properties, pristine F-III fibers were hot drawn at the temperature of 250 °C, pressure of 14 MPa, tension of 6 g·d−1, and different times, which were 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 75 min, 90 min, and 105 min, respectively, in supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) in this article. All the samples, including the pristine and treated F-III fibers, were characterized by a mechanical performance tester, wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the thermal stability of F-III fibers was enhanced to some extent, and the tensile strength and modulus of F-III fibers had great changes as the extension of treatment time during hot drawing in Sc-CO2, although the treatment temperature was lower than the glass transition temperature (Tg) of F-III fibers. Accordingly, the phase fraction, orientation factor fc of the (110) crystal plane, fibril length lf, and misorientation angle Bφ of all the samples were also investigated. Fortunately, the hot drawing in Sc-CO2 was successfully applied to the preparation of F-III fibers with high mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoma Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Haijuan Kong
- School of Materials Engineer, Shanghai University of Engineer Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Mengmeng Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Zhifeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Shanghai 201620, China.
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Ding X, Kong H, Qiao M, Hu Z, Yu M. Effect of Different Pressures on Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of F-III Fibers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12050690. [PMID: 30813598 PMCID: PMC6427381 DOI: 10.3390/ma12050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
F-III fibers were treated at different pressures in supercritical carbon dioxide fluid and all samples including untreated and treated F-III fibers were characterized by a mechanical performance tester, wide-angle X-ray scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering. By studying the relationship between mechanical performance and microstructural changes of the samples, it was found that microstructural change was the main cause of variation in mechanical performance. Results revealed that the maximum tensile strength and modulus of F-III fibers were acquired at 14 MPa within the pressure range of 8 MPa to 16 MPa when the temperature, tension and time were 250 °C, 6 g·d−1 and 40 min, respectively. Correspondingly, the microstructures of the samples, including the phase fraction, crystal size, orientation factor, fibril radius, fibril length and misorientation angle, have been investigated. It was fortunate that the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid could be used as a medium during the hot-stretch process to improve the mechanical performance of F-III fibers, although the treatment temperature was lower than the glass transition temperature of the F-III fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoma Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Haijuan Kong
- School of Materials Engineer, Shanghai University of Engineer Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Mengmeng Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Zhifeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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14
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Sandoz-Rosado E, Roenbeck MR, Strawhecker KE. Quantifying High-Performance Material Microstructure Using Nanomechanical Tools with Visual and Frequency Analysis. SCANNING 2018; 2018:4975317. [PMID: 30116466 PMCID: PMC6079397 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4975317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-performance materials like ballistic fibers have remarkable mechanical properties owing to specific patterns of organization ranging from the molecular scale, to the micro scale and macro scale. Understanding these strategies for material organization is critical to improving the mechanical properties of these high-performance materials. In this work, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to detect changes in material composition at an extremely high resolution with transverse-stiffness scanning. New methods for direct quantification of material morphology were developed, and applied as an example to these AFM scans, although these methods can be applied to any spatially-resolved scans. These techniques were used to delineate between subtle morphological differences in commercial ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers that have different processing conditions and mechanical properties as well as quantify morphology in commercial Kevlar®, a high-performance material with an entirely different organization strategy. Both frequency analysis and visual processing methods were used to systematically quantify the microstructure of the fiber samples in this study. These techniques are the first step in establishing structure-property relationships that can be used to inform synthesis and processing techniques to achieve desired morphologies, and thus superior mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Sandoz-Rosado
- Composites and Hybrid Materials Branch, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD, USA
| | - Michael R. Roenbeck
- Composites and Hybrid Materials Branch, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD, USA
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Liu J, Kong HJ, Ma Y, Zhu S, Yu MH. Kinetics Analysis on the Polycondensation Process of Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide): Experimental Verification and Molecular Simulation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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High strength films from oriented, hydrogen-bonded "graphamid" 2D polymer molecular ensembles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3708. [PMID: 29487406 PMCID: PMC5829261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear polymer poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), better known by its tradename Kevlar, is an icon of modern materials science due to its remarkable strength, stiffness, and environmental resistance. Here, we propose a new two-dimensional (2D) polymer, “graphamid”, that closely resembles Kevlar in chemical structure, but is mechanically advantaged by virtue of its 2D structure. Using atomistic calculations, we show that graphamid comprises covalently-bonded sheets bridged by a high population of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Molecular and micromechanical calculations predict that these strong intermolecular interactions allow stiff, high strength (6–8 GPa), and tough films from ensembles of finite graphamid molecules. In contrast, traditional 2D materials like graphene have weak intermolecular interactions, leading to ensembles of low strength (0.1–0.5 GPa) and brittle fracture behavior. These results suggest that hydrogen-bonded 2D polymers like graphamid would be transformative in enabling scalable, lightweight, high performance polymer films of unprecedented mechanical performance.
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Positronium probes free volume to identify para- and meta-aramid fibers and correlation with mechanical strength. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Structure and performances changes during tensile of aromatic copolysulfonamide fibers under different thermal temperatures via in-situ synchrotron SAXS/WAXS. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Roenbeck MR, Sandoz-Rosado EJ, Cline J, Wu V, Moy P, Afshari M, Reichert D, Lustig SR, Strawhecker KE. Probing the internal structures of Kevlar® fibers and their impacts on mechanical performance. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Strain-dependent vibrational spectra and elastic modulus of poly(p-phenylene terephtalamide) from first-principles calculations. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Ultrahigh strength and modulus copolyamide films with uniaxially cold-drawing induced molecular orientation. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315627377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The tensile strength of polymer films is generally lower than 200 MPa. Copolyamide (CPA) films with ultrahigh strength (approximately 317–865 MPa) and high modulus (approximately 3.96–11.76 GPa) were obtained by uniaxial cold-drawing and heat treatment. The relationship between structures and properties in the orientation state was also investigated. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicate that hydrogen bonding interactions change a little with drawing. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns show orientational stretch induces π–π ordered packing after drawing 100%. The tensile strength and modulus of the drawn CPA films are improved approximately 41%–173% and 9%–197% compared to undrawn films. Dichroic ratios obtained under polarized FTIR spectroscopy represent overall orientation factors. The decrease of dichroic ratios at about 3300 cm−1 and 1650 cm−1 and the increase of dichroic ratios at 1515 cm−1 prove that the orientation of macromolecular chains is improved along stretch direction. What’s more, the degree of orientation is further increased after heat treatment, which is the phenomenon of spontaneous orientation. The degree of spontaneous orientation increases with the increase of cold-drawing ratio. Thus, the initial orientation in cold-drawing and spontaneous orientation during heat treatment leads to ultrahigh modulus and high strength.
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22
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Preparation and performance of aramid nanofiber membrane for separator of lithium ion battery. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Li X, Tian F, Zhou P, Yang C, Li X, Bian F, Wang J. In situ synchrotron small- and wide-angle X-ray study on the structural evolution of Kevlar fiber under uniaxial stretching. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17671b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ SAXS and WAXS study on the structural evolution and mechanism of two different Kevlar fibers during stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Feng Tian
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chunming Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Fenggang Bian
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
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Luo L, Wang Y, Huang J, Hong D, Wang X, Liu X. Pre-drawing induced evolution of phase, microstructure and property in para-aramid fibres containing benzimidazole moiety. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10184d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copoly(p-phenylene-benzimidazole-terephthalamide) (PBIA) fibre was spun by wet-spinning and drawn in a coagulating bath with different pre-drawing ratios (R).
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Yazhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Jieyang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Dawei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
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Wang P, Wang K, Zhang J, Luo G. Preparation of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) in a microstructured chemical system. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10275h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PPTA was prepared in a microstructured chemical system, and the apparent polycondensation kinetics was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijian Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Kai Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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Li CS, Zhan MS, Huang XC, Zhou H, Li Y. Hydrothermal aging mechanisms of aramid fibers via synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic thermal mechanical analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Li CS, Zhan MS, Huang XC, Zhou H. The evolution of structure and properties of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) during the hydrothermal aging. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Zhang T, Luo GH, Wei F, Lu YY, Qian WZ, Tuo XL. A novel scalable synthesis process of PPTA by coupling n-pentane evaporation for polymerization heat removal. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2011.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Pauw BR, Vigild ME, Mortensen K, Andreasen JW, Klop EA. Analysing the nanoporous structure of aramid fibres. J Appl Crystallogr 2010. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889810017061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
After consideration of the applicability of classical methods, a novel analysis method for the characterization of fibre void structures is presented, capable of fitting the entire anisotropic two-dimensional scattering pattern to a model of perfectly aligned, polydisperse ellipsoids. It is tested for validity against the computed scattering pattern for a simulated nanostructure, after which it is used to fit the scattering from the void structure of commercially available heat-treated poly(p-phenylene terephtalamide) fibre and its as-spun precursor fibre. The application shows a reasonable fit and results in size distributions for both the lengths and the widths of the ellipsoidal voids. Improvements to the analysis methods are compared, consisting of the introduction of an orientation distribution for the nano-ellipsoids, and the addition of large scatterers to account for the effect of fibrillar scattering on the scattering pattern. The fit to the scattering pattern of as-spun aramid fibre is improved by the introduction of the large scatterers, while the fit to the scattering pattern obtained from the heat-treated fibre improves when an orientation distribution is taken into account. It is concluded that, as a result of the heat treatment, the average width and length of the scatterers increase.
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Castro-Muñiz A, Paredes JI, Martínez-Alonso A, Tascón JM. A study of the surface morphology of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) chars using scanning probe microscopy. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Derombise G, Van Schoors LV, Davies P. Degradation of aramid fibers under alkaline and neutral conditions: Relations between the chemical characteristics and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Rao Y, Waddon A, Farris R. Structure–property relation in poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) fibers. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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