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Rathore S, Varshney A, Mohan S, Dahiya P. An innovative approach of bioremediation in enzymatic degradation of xenobiotics. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 38:1-32. [PMID: 35081881 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2027628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, environmental pollution due to a complex mixture of xenobiotics has become a serious concern. Several xenobiotic compounds cause environmental contamination due to their severe toxicity, prolonged exposure, and limited biodegradability. From the past few decades, microbial-assisted degradation (bioremediation) of xenobiotic pollutants has evolved as the most effective, eco-friendly, and valuable approach. Microorganisms have unique metabolism, the capability of genetic modification, diversity of enzymes, and various degradation pathways necessary for the bioremediation process. Microbial xenobiotic degradation is effective but a slow process that limits its application in bioremediation. However, the study of microbial enzymes for bioremediation is gaining global importance. Microbial enzymes have a huge ability to transform contaminants into non-toxic forms and thereby reduce environmental pollution. Recently, various advanced techniques, including metagenomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics are effectively utilized for the characterization, metabolic machinery, new proteins, metabolic genes of microorganisms involved in the degradation process. These advanced molecular techniques provide a thorough understanding of the structural and functional aspects of complex microorganisms. This review gives a brief note on xenobiotics and their impact on the environment. Particular attention will be devoted to the class of pollutants and the enzymes such as cytochrome P450, dehydrogenase, laccase, hydrolase, protease, lipase, etc. capable of converting these pollutants into innocuous products. This review attempts to deliver knowledge on the role of various enzymes in the biodegradation of xenobiotic pollutants, along with the use of advanced technologies like recombinant DNA technology and Omics approaches to make the process more robust and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayushi Varshney
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
| | - Sumedha Mohan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
| | - Praveen Dahiya
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
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Sango C, Pathak P, Bhardwaj NK, Dalal S, Sharma J. Partial purification of bacterial cellulo-xylanolytic enzymes and their application in deinking of photocopier waste paper. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:61317-61328. [PMID: 34173149 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The potential of alkaline cellulo-xylanolytic enzymes from non-pathogenic Bacillus subtilis strain was tested for deinking of photocopier waste paper. Cellulase and xylanase play a crucial role in deinking of different types of waste paper. Partial purification of cellulo-xylanolytic enzymes was carried out using ultrafiltration followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The ultrafiltered enzyme was used for deinking the photocopier waste paper along with chemical deinking. An enzyme dose of 0.6 IU/g and reaction time of 60 min for ultrafiltered cellulo-xylanolytic enzyme significantly increased deinking efficiency, tear index (9.52%) and folding endurance (5±2%) as compared to chemical deinking. There was improvement in strength properties such as tear index and double-fold along with freeness of pulp (18%). There was slight decrease in tensile index (0.6%) and burst index (16%) while ISO brightness remained unaffected. Enzymatic deinking (74.3%) by ultrafiltered cellulo-xylanolytic from Bacillus subtilis was found significant over conventional chemical deinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakarvati Sango
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, -136 119, India
| | - Puneet Pathak
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, -135 001, India
| | - Nishi K Bhardwaj
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, -135 001, India
| | - Sunita Dalal
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, -136 119, India
| | - Jitender Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, -136 119, India.
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Kumar V, Pathak P, Harsh NSK, Bhardwaj NK. Biodeinking: an eco-friendly alternative for chemicals based recycled fiber processing. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recycling of recovered paper is an inevitable process for saving resources and the environment. Due to strict forest conservation regulations and limitations of the agro-forestry sector, the paper industry is facing the woody fiber crisis for decades. The recycling of waste paper for its utilization as a source of cellulosic fibers for papermaking is a resource-saving and eco-friendly approach and is a need of time. Deinking is an important stage in the recycling of recovered paper. In the conventional deinking process, chemicals have been used for removal of inks and other impurities from waste paper pulp slurry with some certain drawbacks like deinking inefficiency, fiber damage and generation of chemicals and fiber-rich effluent. The application of enzymes for deinking purposes is known as biodeinking and is considered as the potent and environmentally friendly deinking approach. The present write-up provides comprehensive information on various aspects of biodeinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kumar
- Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials , Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development , Paper mill campus , Yamuna Nagar , Haryana 135001, India
| | - Puneet Pathak
- Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials , Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development , Paper mill campus , Yamuna Nagar , Haryana 135001, India
| | - Nirmal Sudhir Kumar Harsh
- Forest Pathology Division , Forest Research Institute Dehradun , Dehradun , Uttarakhand , 248006 India
| | - Nishi Kant Bhardwaj
- Directorate , Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development , Yamuna Nagar 135001 , Haryana , India
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Singh A, Varghese LM, Yadav RD, Mahajan R. A pollution reducing enzymatic deinking approach for recycling of mixed office waste paper. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:45814-45823. [PMID: 32803575 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of xylano-pectinolytic enzymes, co-produced by a single microbial strain Bacillus pumilus, was analysed for the recycling of mixed office waste paper through deinking and compared with the alkaline chemical deinking method. Enzymes showed maximum deinking at pH 8.5, pulp consistency of 10%, xylanase-pectinase dose of 12 and 4 IU per gram pulp, respectively, after 120 min of deinking period, and temperature at 50 °C. A chemi-enzymatic approach was employed with xylano-pectinolytic enzymes and various concentrations of deinking chemicals, which showed that enzyme-treated mixed office waste pulp requires only 40% chemicals for deinking, in order to get the almost same level of various handsheets properties, as obtained by the chemical method with 100% chemicals. Similarly, the effluent load of BOD and COD contents was also decreased by 17.90 and 19.75%. This combinational approach of deinking significantly improved the various properties of the handsheets and resulted in gain of 7.5, 9.38, 6.33 and 11.65% in tear factor, burst factor, breaking length and viscosity of the handsheets, while the effective residual ink concentration analysis of deinked handsheets of mixed office waste paper showed deinking efficiency of 22.45%, which revealed the removal of ink particles during enzymatic deinking steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Libin M Varghese
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Ravi Dutt Yadav
- Trident Limited, Mansa Road, Dhaula, Barnala, Punjab, 148105, India
| | - Ritu Mahajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
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Cicekler M, Tutus A. Effects of cellulase enzyme in deinking of Solvent-Based inks from mixed office wastes. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1834538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Cicekler
- Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tutus
- Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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High-Yield Lignocellulosic Fibers from Date Palm Biomass as Reinforcement in Polypropylene Composites: Effect of Fiber Treatment on Composite Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061423. [PMID: 32604725 PMCID: PMC7361707 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, date palm waste (DPW) stemming from the annual pruning of date palm was used as reinforcing filler in polypropylene (PP) matrix at 40% w/w. Three pre-treatment routes were performed for the DPW, namely (i) defibration, (ii) soft alkali treatment, and (iii) enzymatic treatment, to obtain date palm fibers (DPF) and to investigate the effect of each process on their chemical composition, which will ultimately affect the mechanical properties of the resulting composites. The enzymatic and alkali treatment, combined with maleated polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent, resulted in a composite with higher strength and stiffness than the neat PP. The differences in the reinforcing effect were explained by the change in the morphology of DPF and their chemical surface composition according to the selected treatment of DPW. Enzymatic treatment maximized the tensile strength of the compound as a consequence of an improvement in the interfacial shear strength and the intrinsic resistance of the fibers.
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Reis NS, Brito AR, Pacheco CSV, Costa LCB, Gross E, Santos TP, Costa AR, Silva EGP, Oliveira RA, Aguiar-Oliveira E, Oliveira JR, Franco M. Improvement in menthol extraction of fresh leaves of Mentha arvensis by the application of multi-enzymatic extract of Aspergillus niger. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2018.1494580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadabe S. Reis
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), Itapetinga, Brazil
| | - Aila R. Brito
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), Itapetinga, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa C. B. Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Gross
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Tatielle P. Santos
- Department of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Analu R. Costa
- Department of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Erik G. P. Silva
- Department of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Rosilene A. Oliveira
- Department of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Elizama Aguiar-Oliveira
- Department of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Julieta R. Oliveira
- Department of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Franco
- Department of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
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Evaluation of Enzymatic Deinking of Non-impact Ink Laser-Printed Paper Using Crude Enzyme from Penicillium rolfsii c3-2(1) IBRL. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:451-463. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cellulases: Classification, Methods of Determination and Industrial Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:1346-80. [PMID: 27068832 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cellulases have been receiving worldwide attention, as they have enormous potential to process the most abundant cellulosic biomass on this planet and transform it into sustainable biofuels and other value added products. The synergistic action of endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and β-glucosidases is required for the depolymerization of cellulose to fermentable sugars for transformation in to useful products using suitable microorganisms. The lack of a better understanding of the mechanisms of individual cellulases and their synergistic actions is the major hurdles yet to be overcome for large-scale commercial applications of cellulases. We have reviewed various microbial cellulases with a focus on their classification with mechanistic aspects of cellulase hydrolytic action, insights into novel approaches for determining cellulase activity, and potential industrial applications of cellulases.
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Khelil O, Choubane S, Cheba BA. Co-production of Cellulases and Manganese Peroxidases by Bacillus sp. R2 and Bacillus Cereus 11778 on Waste Newspaper: Application in Dyes Decolourization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protcy.2015.02.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Enzymatic deinking of secondary fibers: cellulases/hemicellulases versus laccase-mediator system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-0991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of enzymes has been suggested as an environmentally friendly alternative to complement conventional chemical deinking in the recycling of recovered paper. This study compares the use of cellulases/hemicellulases versus the laccase-mediator system for deinking printed fibers from newspapers and magazines. For this purpose, two commercial enzyme preparations with endoglucanase and endoxylanase activities (Viscozyme Wheat from Aspergillus oryzae and Ultraflo L from Humicola insolens, Novozymes) and a commercial laccase (NS51002 from Trametes villosa, Novozymes), the latter in the presence of synthetic or natural (lignin-related) mediators, were evaluated. The enzymatic treatments were studied at the laboratory scale using a standard chemical deinking sequence consisting of a pulping stage; an alkaline stage using NaOH, sodium silicate and fatty acid soap; and a bleaching stage using hydrogen peroxide. The handsheets were then prepared and their brightness, residual ink concentration, and strength properties were measured. Among the different enzymatic treatments assayed, both carbohydrate hydrolases were found to deink the secondary fibers more efficiently. Brightness increased up to 3–4% ISO on newspaper fibers, being Ultraflo 20% more efficient in the ink removal. Up to 2.5% ISO brightness increase was obtained when magazine fibers were used, being Viscozyme 9% more efficient in the ink removal. Regarding the laccase-mediator system, alone or in combination with carbohydrate hydrolases, it was ineffective in deinking both newspaper and magazine fibers, resulting in pulps with worse brightness and residual ink concentration values. However, pulp deinking by the laccase-mediator system was displayed when secondary fibers from printed cardboard were used, obtaining up to 3% ISO brightness increase and lower residual ink concentrations.
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Gray BN, Ahner BA, Hanson MR. High-level bacterial cellulase accumulation in chloroplast-transformed tobacco mediated by downstream box fusions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1045-54. [PMID: 18973281 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Thermobifida fusca cel6A gene encoding an endoglucanase was fused to three different downstream box (DB) regions to generate cel6A genes with 14 amino acid fusions. The DB-Cel6A fusions were inserted into the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) chloroplast genome for protein expression. Accumulation of Cel6A protein in transformed tobacco leaves varied over approximately two orders of magnitude, dependent on the identity of the DB region fused to the cel6A open reading frame (ORF). Additionally, the DB region fused to the cel6A ORF affected the accumulation of Cel6A protein in aging leaves, with the most effective DB regions allowing for high level accumulation of Cel6A protein in young, mature, and old leaves, while Cel6A protein accumulation decreased with leaf age when less effective DB regions were fused to the cel6A ORF. In the most highly expressed DB-Cel6A construct, enzymatically active Cel6A protein accumulated at up to 10.7% of total soluble leaf protein (%TSP). The strategy used for high-level endoglucanase expression may be useful for expression of other cellulolytic enzymes in chloroplasts, ultimately leading to cost-effective heterologous enzyme production for cellulosic ethanol using transplastomic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Gray
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Riley-Robb Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Pan J, Nguyen KL. Energy required for detachment of inks from printed newsprint in fibre slurries—Effects of vehicles and aging. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dinçer A, Telefoncu A. Improving the stability of cellulase by immobilization on modified polyvinyl alcohol coated chitosan beads. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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