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Silva G, Silvestre-Ferreira AC, Leiva B, Queiroga FL. Serum Biochemistry Parameters of the Endangered Miranda's Donkey Breed: Reference Intervals and the Influence of Gender and Age. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:805. [PMID: 38473190 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Miranda's donkey is an endangered, autochthone breed from Northern Portugal. Understanding the physiological and pathological conditions of Miranda's donkey is crucial for the conservation of the breed. Our study aimed to establish reference intervals (RIs) for blood biochemistry parameters and to evaluate the influence of gender and age on these parameters. Blood samples from 75 clinically healthy animals were analyzed for 21 blood biochemistry parameters using Respons® 920 and Start® 4-Diagnostica-Stago. RIs were calculated according to the ASVCP guidelines, utilizing Reference Advisor software V. 2.1 and the statistical program SPSS version 29 to analyze the effects of gender and age. Significant gender-related differences (p < 0.05) were observed in cholesterol, chlorine, creatinine (CREA), glucose (GLU), sodium, and triglycerides (with higher values in females) and in aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase (CK), gamma-glutamyl transferase, potassium, magnesium (Mg), and urea (with higher values in males). Age-related differences (p < 0.05) were noted for alkaline phosphatase, CK, fibrinogen, GLU, and phosphorus (higher in young animals) and for globulin, Mg, and total protein (higher in adults). The RIs described here are invaluable for assessing and monitoring the health status of individual animals and herds. Our study highlights the importance of considering gender and age in the interpretation of biochemical parameters, providing critical insights for the conservation and management of this endangered breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasiene Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária-AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C Silvestre-Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária-AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Belen Leiva
- AEPGA-Associação para o Estudo e Proteção Gado Asinino, M. Largo da Igreja, n° 48, 5225-011 Atenor, Portugal
| | - Felisbina L Queiroga
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária-AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Reference intervals for hematological and biochemical analytes in a single herd of clinically healthy gelding donkeys in Saint Kitts. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 110:103858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Frączkowska K, Trzebuniak Z, Żak A, Siwińska N. Measurement of Selected Renal Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Adult Donkeys Considering the Influence of Gender, Age and Blood Freezing. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1748. [PMID: 34208098 PMCID: PMC8230895 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The reference values of the serum and urine biochemical parameters have not been well-studied in donkeys. This study aimed to assess the normal values of the selected renal biomarkers, such as: serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, total protein (TP), electrolytes and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), urine protein concentration (UPC), urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR), the urine gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTP)-to-creatinine ratio, serum creatinine-to-urine creatinine ratio (sCr/uCr), serum BUN-to-serum creatinine ratio (sBUN/sCr) and UPC-to-TP ratio, as well as the fractional electrolyte excretion of sodium (FENa) and potassium (FEK) in donkeys. The effects of age, gender and deep freezing of the serum material were investigated. Sixty-five healthy adult donkeys were involved in this study. The results showed higher BUN and TP values and lower albumin, UPCR, FENa and FEK levels in donkeys when compared to the reference values in horses. A significant gender relationship for creatinine and BUN was found. Age influenced the values of albumin, TP, potassium and chlorine. Potassium, sodium and SDMA did not show significant concentration changes after freezing. The study results demonstrated that horse reference range values for some parameters cannot be applied to donkey samples. Only a few of the serum parameters were not affected by freezing, and this should be taken into account when storing biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Frączkowska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.F.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zuzanna Trzebuniak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.F.); (Z.T.)
| | - Agnieszka Żak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Natalia Siwińska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
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Trimboli F, De Amicis I, Di Loria A, Ceniti C, Carluccio A. Reference Ranges for Hematological and Biochemical Profile of Martina Franca Donkeys. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:602984. [PMID: 33392295 PMCID: PMC7775520 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.602984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Martina Franca donkey (MFd) is one of the largest Italian donkey breeds, considered as endangered breed. To support the conservation strategies, knowledge about the physiologic hematological parameters of MFds is needed. The aims of the study were to determine reference value for hematological and major serum parameters in a population of healthy MFds and to estimate the influence of age on these parameters. Eighty-one clinically healthy MFds (17 males and 64 females) in different ages were enrolled: group A (foals, n° 16, animals < 1 year old) group B (young animals, n° 36, from 1 to 3 years old), and group C (adult animals, n° 29, over 3 years old). Red blood cell count (RBC); hematocrit value (HCT); hemoglobin concentration (HGB); mean corpuscular volume (MCV); mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); hemoglobin concentration distribution width (HDW); RBC distribution width (RDW); total white blood cell (WBC); WBC differential count for neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils, and platelets (PLT); mean platelet volume (MPV); platelet volume distribution width; and plateletcrit (PCT) were analyzed. The biochemistry panel included aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total serum protein (TP), albumin (ALB), cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TGL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA), glucose (GLU), Ca2+, phosphorus, Na+, Cl-, K+, and Mg2+. The effect of age on hematological parameters was investigated using one-way ANOVA test. Age of donkeys does not influence total WBC, HGB, HCT, platelet count and MPV, and PCT (P > 0.05). Some leukocyte populations such as eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils showed age-linked variations (P < 0.05). RBC count, RDW, and HDW decrease with age whereas MCV and MCH increase. Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, phosphorus, ALP, GGT, CREA, GLUC, and CHOL decrease with age (P < 0.05), while AST and TP showed an increase with aging (P < 0.05). ALB reaches the lowest values in young donkeys and returns to values of foals in older animals (P < 0.05). Finally, a difference among groups for BUN and TGL was not found (P < 0.05). The results suggest how even for the MFd breed, age is a variable that affects different hematological and biochemical parameters. Compared to other donkey and horses, the MFd breed showed some differences that clinicians involved during conservation strategies need to be consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Trimboli
- Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health, Department of Health Science, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Di Loria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ceniti
- Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health, Department of Health Science, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Augusto Carluccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Goodrich EL, Behling-Kelly E. Clinical Pathology of Donkeys and Mules. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:433-455. [PMID: 31672198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the stoic nature of donkeys and their hybrids, it is important to consider the significance of diagnostic testing modalities that can provide objective health status information beyond the basic physical examination findings. However, clinical pathology assays are also fraught with significant limitations because the results for donkeys, mules, and hinnies can be difficult to interpret, and transference of data from the horse is not always applicable. This article presents considerations for sample collection, storage, analysis, and interpretation strategies for clinical pathology testing of donkeys and their hybrids based on the limited information available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Goodrich
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, A1-212 AHDC, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, S1-062 Schurman Hall, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Some hematological and biochemical reference values of the thoroughbred Appaloosa horse breeds reared in Kyrgyzstan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-019-02991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Survey of biochemical and oxidative profile in donkey foals suckled with one natural and one semi-artificial technique. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198774. [PMID: 29874272 PMCID: PMC5991377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy donkey milking procedures require separating foals from their dams for a few hours a day. Artificial suckling in this species is a good technique for improving milk production and foal welfare. The aim of the work is to compare the effect of two different diets on donkey foals when separated from jennies for milking procedures with and without a milk replacer. Forty newborn Martina Franca donkey foals were subdivided into two experimental groups. Both groups were separated from their respective dams from 8.00to 20.00to allow the jennies to be milked. During the separation, all the foals had access ad libitum to water, hay and feed. During the separation period, one group had the availability of a mechanical milk replacer dispenser, so foals were partially artificially suckled (AS), while the other group had no milk replacer available, and so were totally naturally suckled (NS). The AS group had milk replacer availability until 120±7d of life. Both groups were naturally weaned at 168±7d. Blood samples were collected weekly starting from birth until two wks after weaning (i.e. at 182d), from all the foals included in the trial. Almost all the analytes were influenced by suckling technique and age of foals. Alanine-aminotransferase, aspartate-aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, NEFA, lipid hydroperoxides, serum proteins showed the greatest differences between the two experimental groups. Separating foals from their dams for 12hdaily for 24 weeks does not lead to pathological subclinical and metabolic conditions, thus confirming the high rusticity and resistance of the donkey.
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Dezzutto D, Barbero R, Valle E, Giribaldi M, Raspa F, Biasato I, Cavallarin L, Bergagna S, McLean A, Gennero MS. Observations of the Hematological, Hematochemical, and Electrophoretic Parameters in Lactating Donkeys ( Equus asinus ). J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gloria A, Veronesi MC, Carluccio R, Parrillo S, De Amicis I, Contri A. Biochemical blood analysis along pregnancy in Martina Franca jennies. Theriogenology 2018; 115:84-89. [PMID: 29734125 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The availability of biochemical blood data specific for the pregnant condition are essential for the correct management of both normal pregnancies and also for the prompt recognition of every abnormality. Because of the lacking knowledge about biochemical blood analysis in the donkey along the entire pregnancy, the study was designed to provide first preliminary data about the values and possible changes of blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine-kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA), uric acid (UA), amylase (AMY), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), triglycerides (TRI), cholesterol (CHOL), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), glucose (GLU), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), occurring from the beginning of pregnancy until parturition. The study was performed on 10 Martina Franca healthy jennies with normal pregnancy course and giving birth to mature, healthy and viable foals. Blood samples were collected monthly from the 1st to the 6th month of pregnancy, then twice a month from the 6th to the 9th month and afterwards weekly until parturition. The results showed a significant slight increase of glucose and creatinine in the second quarter of pregnancy and a minor decrease of cholesterol near to parturition, while all the other parameters did not significantly change along pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gloria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Rita Carluccio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio Teramo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Parrillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio Teramo, Italy
| | - Ippolito De Amicis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio Teramo, Italy
| | - Alberto Contri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio Teramo, Italy
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Biochemical and haematological profile of donkeys in the Czech and Slovak Republics: influence of age and sex. ACTA VET BRNO 2017. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201786020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of taking into account the age and sex of the donkeys while assessing individual haematological and biochemical variables. Material used for the study were blood samples collected from 112 clinically healthy donkeys (37 males and 75 females) aged from 05 to 30 years old. Selected haematological and biochemical variables were examined and the influence of sex and age was analyzed by multivariate analysis. Significant differences were found in some of biochemical and haematological variables between groups. The results of this study can be useful for appropriate clinical interpretation of laboratory results in donkeys.
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11
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Reference values for some clinical, hematobiochemical and electrocardiographic parameters in miniature donkeys: the effect of sex, age and season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Reference intervals for hematological and blood biochemistry reference values in healthy mules and hinnies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-016-2276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fantuz F, Maglieri C, Casamassima D, Palazzo M, Chiofalo B, Salimei E. Nutritional status of dairy asses managed with different machine milking strategies. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Fantuz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università di Milano, Italy
| | - C. Maglieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro Alimentari, Ambientali e Microbiologiche, Università del Molise, Italy
| | - D. Casamassima
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, Vegetali e dell’Ambiente, Università del Molise, Italy
| | - M. Palazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, Vegetali e dell’Ambiente, Università del Molise, Italy
| | - B. Chiofalo
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Biochimica, Fisiologia e Produzioni Animali, Università di Messina, Italy
| | - E. Salimei
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro Alimentari, Ambientali e Microbiologiche, Università del Molise, Italy
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Hematological and biochemical findings in pregnant, postfoaling, and lactating jennies. Theriogenology 2015; 85:1233-8. [PMID: 26792379 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (1) verify if significant changes occur in hematological and biochemical parameters in jennies during the last 2 months of pregnancy and the first 2 months of lactation, and (2) determine any differences with mares. Hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated in jennies every 15 days during late pregnancy, parturition, and early lactation. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, analysis of variance for repeated measurements and Tukey's multiple comparison test as post hoc were applied. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Statistical analysis showed differences related to time for Red Blood Cells (RBC) count and Hematocrit (HCT), White Blood Cells (WBC) count, platelet count (PLT), total proteins, blood urea, triglycerides and total cholesterol concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, creatine-phosphokinase activities, sodium (Na) and potassium (K). RBC and HCT were higher in late pregnancy than at foaling and during lactation. The relative anemia might be due to increased water ingestion because of fluid losses. The WBC count was higher at foaling than during late pregnancy and lactation. This could be related to the release of cortisol and catecholamine during delivery. The PLT trend showed lower values from delivery to the first 2 months of lactation compared to late gestation. Blood urea increased near parturition, and then remained constant during delivery and lactation, which might be due to the high energy demand at the beginning of lactation. Triglycerides and total cholesterol showed a decrease from delivery through the lactation period. Thus, jennies seem to have a similar metabolism of fats to ponies and draft horse mares, characterized by a greater fat content and mobilization than light breed horses. Aspartate aminotransferase activity decreased at parturition and early lactation, probably because of a predominance of anabolic over catabolic processes during pregnancy. Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity was lower at delivery and during lactation than at late gestation. This could be due to a physiological load on the liver in the perinatal period. Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity was always higher than in mares, but within the normal range for adult donkeys. Creatine-phosphokinase decreased near delivery, then was constant from parturition through the first 2 months of lactation. Na decreased during lactation, probably due to an increased renal retention mediated by aldosterone release during pregnancy. K showed the same trend as Na, and concentrations are in line with the species. The higher K during pregnancy may be due to reabsorption by the gut. Total proteins decreased more during the postpartum period and lactation than in the gestational period. In conclusion, our results showed significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters in jennies during the last 2 months of pregnancy and the first 2 months of lactation and these changes are only partially comparable to mares.
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Burden FA, Hazell‐Smith E, Mulugeta G, Patrick V, Trawford R, Brooks Brownlie HW. Reference intervals for biochemical and haematological parameters in mature domestic donkeys (
Equus asinus
) in the UK. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Assessment of Prolactin and Quantitative Milk Production After Induction of Lactation in Barren Jennies (Equus asinus): A Pilot Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Molinaro Coelho CM, Duque Moreno JC, Goulart DDS, Caetano LB, Soares LK, Coutinho GH, Alves GE, da Silva LAF. Evaluation of cardiorespiratory and biochemical effects of ketamine-propofol and guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in donkeys (Equus asinus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:602-12. [PMID: 24961870 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the cardiorespiratory and biochemical effects of ketamine-propofol (KP) or guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine (GKX) anesthesia in donkeys. STUDY DESIGN Prospective crossover trial. ANIMALS Eight healthy, standard donkeys, aged 10 ± 5 years and weighing 153 ± 23 kg. METHODS Donkeys were premedicated with 1.0 mg kg(-1) of xylazine (IV) in both treatments. Eight donkeys were administered ketamine (1.5 mg kg(-1)) and propofol (0.5 mg kg(-1) for induction, and anesthesia was maintained by constant rate infusion (CRI) of ketamine (0.05 mg kg(-1) minute(-1)) and propofol (0.15 mg kg(-1) minute(-1)) in the KP treatment. After 10 days, diazepam (0.05 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg(-1)) were administered for induction, and anesthesia was maintained by a CRI (2.0 mL kg(-1) hour(-1)) of ketamine (2.0 mg mL(-1), xylazine (0.5 mg mL(-1)) and guaifenesin (50 mg mL(-1)) solution. Quality of anesthesia was assessed along with cardiorespiratory and biochemical measurements. RESULTS Anesthetic induction took longer in GKX than in KP. The induction was considered good in 7/8 with KP and in 6/8 in GKX. Anesthetic recovery was classified as good in 7/8 animals in both treatments. Xylazine administration decreased heart rate (HR) in both treatments, but in KP the HR increased and was higher than GKX throughout the anesthetic period. Respiratory rate was higher in GKX than in KP. PaO(2) decreased significantly in both groups during the anesthetic period. Glucose concentrations [GLU] increased and rectal temperature and PCV decreased in both treatments. Arterial lactate [LAC] increased at recovery compared with all time points in KP. [GLU] and calcium were higher in GKX than in KP at recovery. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These protocols induced significant hypoxemia but no other cardiorespiratory or metabolic changes. These protocols could be used to maintain anesthesia in donkeys, however, they were not tested in animals undergoing surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia M Molinaro Coelho
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Alberghina D, Fazio F, Arfuso F, Scianò S, Zumbo A, Piccione G. Reference Intervals of Serum Protein Concentrations from Clinically Healthy Female Ragusana Donkeys (Equus asinus) Determined by Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sgorbini M, Bonelli F, Rota A, Baragli P, Marchetti V, Corazza M. Hematology and Clinical Chemistry in Amiata Donkey Foals from Birth to 2 Months of Age. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Niedźwiedź A, Jaworski Z, Filipowski H, Zawadzki M, Wrzosek M, Służewska-Niedźwiedź M, Nicpoń J. Serum biochemical reference intervals for the Polish Konik horse (Equus cabalus gmelini Ant.). Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 42:66-9. [PMID: 23278530 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishment of reference intervals (RI) for serum biochemical analytes is important for monitoring the health of different breeds of horses. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to measure and report RI for serum biochemical analytes of the Polish Konik horse. MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood samples were collected from 74 clinically healthy Polish Konik horses living under controlled natural conditions. These were adult primitive horses, aged 3-15 years, including 28 males (21 stallions, 7 geldings) and 46 mares. Serum analytes were measured and analyzed using a commercial automated analyzer. RESULTS The following RI (medians) were comparable to previously published RI in horses: albumin 34.8-41.3 g/L (38.0); ALP 124-309 U/L (216); ALT 6-33 U/L (19); AST 300-566 U/L (433); calcium 2.8-3.2 mmol/L (3.0); chloride 95-102 mmol/L (99); cholesterol 2.1-3.4 mmol/L (2.7); CK 167-488 U/L (328); creatinine 101-170 μmol/L (136); glucose 2.7-5.3 mmol/L (4.0); lipase 303-1143 U/L (723); magnesium 0.8-1.0 mmol/L (0.9); phosphate 0.9-1.5 mmol/L (1.2); potassium 2.4-5.0 mmol/L (3.7); sodium 138-144 mmol/L (141); total bilirubin 8-16 μmol/L (11.7); total protein 63.5-78.9 g/L (71.2); triglycerides 0.0-0.3 mmol/L (0.1); urea 2.2-7.3 mmol/L (4.7). CONCLUSION Reference intervals established in this study provide a valuable preliminary baseline for assessment of serum analytes in healthy Polish Konik horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Niedźwiedź
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
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Gurgoze SY, Icen H. The Influence of Age on Clinical Biochemical Parameters in Pure-bred Arabian Mares. J Equine Vet Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jordana J, Folch P, Aranguren JA. Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity in the Catalonian donkey breed. J Anim Breed Genet 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2001.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Caldin M, Furlanello T, Solano-Gallego L, Lorenzi DD, Carli E, Tasca S, Lubas G. Reference ranges for haematology, biochemical profile and electrophoresis in a single herd of Ragusana donkeys from Sicily (Italy). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-005-0544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jordana J, Folch P, Aranguren JA. Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity in the Catalonian donkey breed. J Anim Breed Genet 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0388.2001.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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