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Soliman M, Malik A, Auffenberg G, Lewandowski RJ, Salem R, Riaz A. Primary retrograde urinary drainage using image and endoscopy guidance via urostomies. Clin Radiol 2022; 77:553-557. [PMID: 35550302 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To report the technical success of image and endoscopy-guided retrograde trans-urostomy urinary drainage as a primary catheter placement method performed by interventional radiology (IR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine patients (15 attempted drain placements) with ureteric obstruction following radical cystectomy and urostomy creation were included. The patients were referred to IR for urinary drainage. All patients underwent primary image and endoscopy-guided retrograde trans-urostomy urinary drainage. RESULTS Primary image and endoscopy-guided retrograde trans-urostomy urinary drainage was successful in 13/15 (86.6%) attempts. The proposed technique had a limited complication rate omitting the percutaneous nephrostomy access step. CONCLUSION Primary image and endoscopy guided retrograde trans-urostomy urinary drainage should be considered before percutaneous nephrostomy in all patients with a urostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soliman
- Department of Radiology, Section of Interventional Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Malik
- Department of Radiology, Section of Interventional Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G Auffenberg
- Department of Urology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R J Lewandowski
- Department of Radiology, Section of Interventional Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R Salem
- Department of Radiology, Section of Interventional Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Riaz
- Department of Radiology, Section of Interventional Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Baboudjian M, Gondran-Tellier B, Michel F, Abdallah R, Rouy M, Gaillet S, Sichez PC, Boissier R, Bladou F, Lechevallier E, Karsenty G. Miami Pouch: A Simple Technique for Efficient Continent Cutaneous Urinary Diversion. Urology 2021; 152:178-183. [PMID: 33581233 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a contemporary series of Miami pouch (MP) enriched with a full technical description and step-by-step video to contribute to wider use. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective charts review of all patients who had a MP at our center between January 2016 and December 2017 was performed. The MP technique uses the terminal 15cm of ileum and the right colon to build an intestinal heterotopic pouch located in the right iliac fossa and connected to the skin by an efferent catheterizable tube. Primary outcome was continence defined as the absence of leakage between clean intermittent self-catheterization (CISC) with a maximal interval of 4 hours between each CISC. RESULTS Fifteen patients had MP during the study period. Thirty-day postoperative Clavien III complications were observed in 2 (13.3%) patients. At 39 months of median follow-up, continence was obtained for all patients except for 2 patients whom reported intermittent night-time leakages due to long intervals (5 to 7 hours) between 2 CISC. No significant alteration of renal function was reported and no stenosis of the efferent tube neither difficulty to perform CISC was observed. CONCLUSIONS For patients who are candidates for radical cystectomy and not eligible for orthotopic neobladder, intestinal heterotopic pouch with a cutaneous continent urinary diversions as MP may be a reliable alternative. Patients should be informed of the existence of a valid alternative to ileal conduit since it may fit their expectations of a preserved body image without urine collecting appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Baboudjian
- Aix-Marseille University, APHM, La Conception Academic Hospital, Department of Urology and Renal transplantation, Marseille, France.
| | - Bastien Gondran-Tellier
- Aix-Marseille University, APHM, La Conception Academic Hospital, Department of Urology and Renal transplantation, Marseille, France
| | - Floriane Michel
- Aix-Marseille University, APHM, La Conception Academic Hospital, Department of Urology and Renal transplantation, Marseille, France
| | - Rony Abdallah
- Aix-Marseille University, APHM, La Conception Academic Hospital, Department of Urology and Renal transplantation, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Rouy
- Aix-Marseille University, APHM, La Conception Academic Hospital, Department of Urology and Renal transplantation, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Gaillet
- Aix-Marseille University, APHM, La Conception Academic Hospital, Department of Urology and Renal transplantation, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Clement Sichez
- Aix-Marseille University, APHM, La Conception Academic Hospital, Department of Urology and Renal transplantation, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Boissier
- Aix-Marseille University, APHM, La Conception Academic Hospital, Department of Urology and Renal transplantation, Marseille, France
| | - Frank Bladou
- Aix-Marseille University, APHM, La Conception Academic Hospital, Department of Urology and Renal transplantation, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Lechevallier
- Aix-Marseille University, APHM, La Conception Academic Hospital, Department of Urology and Renal transplantation, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Karsenty
- Aix-Marseille University, APHM, La Conception Academic Hospital, Department of Urology and Renal transplantation, Marseille, France
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Kirkpatrick C, Haynes A, Sharma P. Antibiotic prophylaxis is not associated with reduced urinary tract infection-related complications after cystectomy and ileal conduit. Bladder (San Franc) 2018; 5:e35. [PMID: 32775477 PMCID: PMC7401989 DOI: 10.14440/bladder.2018.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Majority of complications after ileal conduit urinary diversion with cystectomy are related to urinary tract infections (UTIs). Controversy exists regarding use of prophylactic antibiotics after surgery. We determined if prophylactic antibiotic use during ureteral stent placement after ileal conduit urinary diversion decreased incidence of UTI-related complications. METHODS We retrospectively identified 75 consecutive patients who underwent ileal conduit urinary diversion with cystectomy at our institution from 2010 to 2016. Patients were stratified based on presence or absence of a UTI-related complication in the 90-day postoperative period. Means were compared with independent t-test and proportions with chi-square analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine independent predictors of UTI-related complications. RESULTS Forty-five patients (60%) were prescribed prophylactic antibiotics after surgery. Mean duration of antibiotic use was 15 d, and mean duration of ureteral stenting was 25 d. Most common antibiotics used included fluoroquinolones (n = 23, 30.7%) followed by sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (n = 14, 18.7%). Rate of 90-day UTI-related complications was 36% (n = 27), and 90-day UTI-related readmission rate was 14.7% (n = 11). On bivariate and multivariate analysis, prophylactic antibiotic use was not associated with reduced 90-day UTI-related complications (P > 0.05). Patients prescribed prophylactic antibiotics had increased incidence of Clostridium difficile infections in the 90-day postoperative period compared to controls (20% vs. 3.3%; P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic antibiotic use after ileal conduit urinary diversion with cystectomy was not associated with reduced UTI-related complications, and rate of Clostridium difficile infections was higher in this patient cohort. The effect of early removal of ureteral stents on UTI risk still has to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson Kirkpatrick
- Department of Urology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Allan Haynes
- Department of Urology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Pranav Sharma
- Department of Urology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Shergill AK, Wang DC, Thipphavong S, Zlotta AR, Jaffer N. Comprehensive Imaging and Surgical Review of Urinary Diversions: What the Radiologist Needs to Know. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2018; 48:161-171. [PMID: 29655890 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Urinary diversions are surgical procedures that reconstruct the lower urinary tract following cystectomy. The 2 common surgical approaches are based on the continence status of the urinary tract. Incontinent diversions have continuous urine drainage through a cutaneous stoma, whereas continent diversions offer the patient the ability to self-void either via stoma catheterization or with the patient's own urethra. Given the large number of diversion procedures available, postsurgical anatomy may be complex. Multiple imaging modalities can be used to assess the postprocedural anatomy, potential complications, and for on-going oncologic monitoring. The purpose of this review is to describe the common surgical techniques and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind K Shergill
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - David C Wang
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - Seng Thipphavong
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - Alexandre R Zlotta
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Nasir Jaffer
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON.
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Urh A, Soliman PT, Schmeler KM, Westin S, Frumovitz M, Nick AM, Fellman B, Urbauer DL, Ramirez PT. Postoperative outcomes after continent versus incontinent urinary diversion at the time of pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 129:580-5. [PMID: 23480870 PMCID: PMC3935607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare outcomes of patients undergoing continent or incontinent urinary diversion after pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies. METHODS Data on patients who underwent pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between January 1993 and December 2010 were collected. A multivariate logistic regression model was used and statistical significance was P<0.05. RESULTS A total of 133 patients were included in this study. The mean age at exenteration was 47.6 (range, 30-73) years in the continent urinary diversion group and 57.2 (range, 27-86) years in the incontinent urinary diversion group (P<0.0001). Forty-six patients (34.6%) had continent urinary diversion, and 87 patients (65.4%) had incontinent urinary diversion. The rates of postoperative complications in patients with continent and incontinent urinary diversion, respectively, were as follows: pyelonephritis, 32.6% versus 37.9% (P=0.58); urinary stone formation, 34.8% versus 2.3% (P<0.001); renal insufficiency, 4.4% versus 14.9% (P=0.09); urostomy stricture, 13.0% versus 1.2% (P=0.007); ureteral (anastomotic) leak, 4.4% versus 6.9% (P=0.71); ureteral (anastomotic) stricture, 13.0% versus 23% (P=0.25); fistula formation, 21.7% versus 19.5% (P=0.82); and reoperation because of complications of urinary diversion, 6.5% versus 2.3% (P=0.34). Among patients with continent urinary diversion, the incidence of incontinence was 28.3%, and 15.2% had difficulty with self-catheterization. CONCLUSION There were no differences in postoperative complications between patients with continent and incontinent conduits except that stone formation was more common in patients with continent conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anze Urh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Pamela T. Soliman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Schmeler
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Shannon Westin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Michael Frumovitz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Alpa M. Nick
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Bryan Fellman
- Division of Quantitative Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Diana L. Urbauer
- Division of Quantitative Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Pedro T. Ramirez
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Lawrentschuk N, Colombo R, Hakenberg OW, Lerner SP, Månsson W, Sagalowsky A, Wirth MP. Prevention and Management of Complications Following Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol 2010; 57:983-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ileal orthotopic neobladder after pelvic exenteration for cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 113:47-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 12/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ferron G, Lim TYK, Pomel C, Soulie M, Querleu D. Creation of the Miami Pouch During Laparoscopic-Assisted Pelvic Exenteration: The Initial Experience. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:466-70. [DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181a1303e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose:To describe the initial experience of laparoscopic hand-assisted Miami pouch in a group of patients undergoing pelvic exenterations for pelvic malignancies.Materials and Methods:Thirteen female patients underwent laparoscopic-assisted pelvic exenteration in our center between September 2000 and November 2007. Six of them had the Miami pouch created for urinary diversion. The continent diversion was created extracorporeally through a right iliac fossa minilaparotomy.Results:The mean total operative time for the laparoscopic-assisted exenteration and reconstruction was 382 minutes (range, 270-480 minutes), but specifically for the Miami pouch, it took a mean time of 106 minutes (range, 90-130 minutes). Four patients (66.7%) had postoperative urinary tract infection that resolved with antibiotics. One patient had a ureteral stenosis requiring stenting and one had a Miami pouch cutaneous fistula that required a fistulectomy. The mean follow-up was 23 months (range, 9-48 months). All patients were continent and were able to self-catheterize approximately 3 to 6 times/d.Conclusions:It is technically feasible to incorporate the creation of the Miami continent urinary pouch through a minilaparotomy during laparoscopic pelvic exenteration without compromising the benefits of laparoscopic surgery.
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Houvenaeghel G, Ghouti L, Moutardier V, Buttarelli M, Lelong B, Delpero JR. Rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap in radical oncopelvic surgery: a safe and useful procedure. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 31:1185-90. [PMID: 16126359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the usefulness of rectus abdominis myocutaneous (RAM) flaps to treat locally advanced pelvic gynaecological or digestive tumours. METHODS We reviewed 46 patients, who received RAM flaps after radical oncopelvic surgery, including: (a) total vaginal reconstruction (TVR); (b) partial vaginal reconstruction (PVR); (c) perineal reconstruction (PR). RESULTS Between 1989 and 1998, 46 patients underwent pelvi-perineal reconstruction with RAM flaps after radical pelvic surgery for carcinoma of the cervix (n=22), anal carcinoma (n=11), rectal carcinoma (n=7), or other pelvic tumours types (n=6). There were two post-operative deaths. Overall surgical morbidity was 45, 6% (n=21). Specific morbidity of the RAM flap was 21, 7% (n=10). Global re-intervention rate was 13% (n=6). CONCLUSION Rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap in radical oncopelvic surgery is useful for vaginal or perineal reconstruction and prevention of pelvic collections after extended resections with a low rate of associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Houvenaeghel
- Department of Digestive and Oncologic Surgery, Anti-cancer Center Paoli-Calmettes, 232 Bd Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Salom EM, Diaz JP, Lambrou NC, Pearson J, Penalver MA. Sigmoid impaction secondary to urinary stones: case report and review of literature. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 97:234-7. [PMID: 15790465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the first case report of a Miami pouch sigmoid fistula developing passage of urinary stones resulting in the presentation of constipation secondary to impaction. CASE REPORT A 49-year-old woman who developed a recurrence of invasive squamous cell cervical carcinoma 1 year after pelvis radiation. She then underwent anterior pelvic exenteration and creation of a Miami pouch. Approximately 14 years after the primary radiation therapy and 13 years after the creation of the exenterative procedure, the patient developed a Miami pouch sigmoid fistula. The decision was made at this time to repair the fistula and remove the urinary stones from the sigmoid colon. Postoperatively, the patient remained continent using intermittent catheterization of the pouch and there was no evidence of recurrence of the cancer. CONCLUSION Conservative management of urinary reservoir complications should always be considered before surgical intervention is attempted. When indicated, surgical management should not be delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emery M Salom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Miami School of Medicine, 11320 NW 46 Lane, Miami FL 33178, USA
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Wilkin M, Horwitz G, Seetharam A, Hartenbach E, Schink JC, Bruskewitz R, Jarrard DF. Long-term complications associated with the Indiana pouch urinary diversion in patients with recurrent gynecologic cancers after high-dose radiation. Urol Oncol 2005; 23:12-5. [PMID: 15885577 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2004.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have assessed the long-term risks associated with the Indiana pouch continent urinary diversion after high-dose radiation therapy. A retrospective review of consecutive female patients who underwent cystectomy and Indiana pouch urinary diversion identified 12 with a history of high-dose pelvic irradiation (mean total 78.1 Gy). Long-term complications and outcomes in this group were compared to a synchronous group of patients (n = 14) with no history of radiation. Mean follow-up in the radiation therapy (RT) and nonirradiated comparison group (CG) were 48.5 and 40.8 months, respectively, with all patients having over 12 months of outcomes assessed. In the RT group, 83% of patients experienced a one or more complications (n = 29) while 57% of the CG did (n = 15; P = 0.2). Complications seen more commonly in the RT group included ureteral stricture/obstruction (5 vs. 2), renal insufficiency (3 vs. 1) and severe incontinence (3 vs. 0). Notably, 23 secondary operative procedures were required in the RT group versus CG (n = 11, P = 0.2). Percutaneous nephrostomy (6 vs. 1; P = 0.03) and ureteral reimplantation (4 vs. 0; P = 0.03) were seen significantly more commonly in the RT group than the CG. Long-term follow-up is critical to assess the complications associated with urinary diversions. We conclude that frequent complications and a significant increase in specific operative procedures are observed in heavily irradiated patients with recurrent gynecologic cancers receiving an Indiana Pouch urinary diversion. Given the risk of renal insufficiency, close monitoring of renal drainage and function is recommended. These considerable long-term complications should be considered when counseling patients contemplating Indiana Pouch urinary diversion after radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wilkin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53792, USA
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Benezra V, Lambrou NC, Salom EM, Penalver MA. Conversion of an incontinent urinary conduit to a continent urinary reservoir (Miami Pouch). Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94:814-7. [PMID: 15350378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE External urinary or gastrointestinal appliances can impair a patient's quality of life. We report on the feasibility of converting an incontinent colonic urinary diversion to a continent urinary reservoir (Miami Pouch). CASE We describe the case of a 66-year-old white female with a history of stage Ib(2) cervical cancer treated by radical abdominal hysterectomy and adjuvant radiation therapy. The patient developed severe radiation cystitis with a neurogenic bladder and bilateral ureteral obstruction. After failing conservative management, a urinary diversion with a transverse colon conduit was performed. The patient remained without evidence of disease for 2 years and led an active lifestyle with regular tennis games. After 7 months of an external appliance for the urinary conduit, the patient presented to the University of Miami for conversion to a continent urinary mechanism which would not require an appliance. We performed an exploratory laparotomy, conversion of a transverse colon conduit to a continent ileo-colonic urinary reservoir (Miami Pouch). There were no postoperative complications. The patient remains disease-free and performs self-catheterization with no need for an external appliance. The patient has been able to resume an active life including sports. CONCLUSIONS Successful conversion of an incontinent urinary conduit to a continent urinary reservoir is possible in a select case resulting in a perceived improvement of quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Benezra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136-1096, USA.
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