1
|
Murtaza A, Qamar MA, Saleem K, Hardwick T, Zia Ul Haq, Shirinfar B, Ahmed N. Renewable Electricity Enables Green Routes to Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100296. [PMID: 35103382 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses of chemicals using renewable electricity and when generating high atom economies are considered green and sustainable processes. In the present state of affairs, electrochemical manufacturing of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals is not as common place as it could be and therefore, merits more attention. There is also a need to turn attention toward the electrochemical synthesis of valuable chemicals from recyclable greenhouse gases that can accelerate the process of circular economy. CO2 emissions are the major contributor to human-induced global warming. CO2 conversion into chemicals is a valuable application of its utilisation and will contribute to circular economy while maintaining environmental sustainability. Herein, we present an overview of electro-carboxylation, including mechanistic aspects, which forms carboxylic acids using molecular carbon dioxide. We also discuss atom economies of electrochemical fluorination, methoxylation and amide formation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Murtaza
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais Qamar
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Kaynat Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Tomas Hardwick
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zia Ul Haq
- Chemical Engineering department, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | | | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Recent advances in the synthesis of heterocycles and pharmaceuticals from the photo/electrochemical fixation of carbon dioxide. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
3
|
Eliel EL, Bai X, Ohwa M. Enantioselective Syntheses of Substituted γ-Butyrolactones. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
4
|
Ogoshi S, Tonomori KI, Oka MA, Kurosawa H. Reversible Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation between 1,3-Dienes and Aldehyde or Ketone on Nickel(0). J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:7077-86. [PMID: 16719489 DOI: 10.1021/ja060580l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reversible oxidative cyclization of dienes and aldehydes with nickel(0) proceeded to give eta(3):eta(1)-allylalkoxynickel complexes. The treatment of these complexes with carbon monoxide led to the formation of the corresponding lactone and/or the regeneration of a butadiene and an aldehyde concomitant with the formation of Ni(CO)(3)(PCy(3)). The scission of the nickel-oxygen bond of the allylalkoxy complexes with ZnMe(2) leading to eta(3)-allyl(methyl)nickel was very efficient to suppress the reverse reaction of the oxidative cyclization. The methylated eta(3)-allylnickel compound underwent the reductive elimination. The carbonylative coupling reaction of the eta(3)-allyl(methyl)nickel proceeded as well under a carbon monoxide atmosphere. Similarly, the addition of Me(3)SiCl to eta(3):eta(1)-allylalkoxynickel complexes was also efficient for the inhibition of the reverse reaction. The resulting eta(3)-1-siloxyethylallylnickel complex was treated with carbon monoxides followed by the addition of MeOH to give the expected hydroxyester. This method is efficient as well even for the eta(3):eta(1)-allyl(alkoxy)nickel complex containing acetone as a component, which was so prone to undergo the reverse reaction hampering its isolation. The isolation of the eta(3):eta(1)-allylalkoxynickel complex containing ketone as a component was made easier by the use of heavier butadiene and ketone, such as 2,3-dibenzyl-1,3-butadiene and benzophenone or by the use of cyclobutanone. The reaction with styrene oxide gave the eta(3):eta(1)-allylalkoxynickel containing phenylacetoaldehyde, an isomer of styrene oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yanada R, Koh Y, Nishimori N, Matsumura A, Obika S, Mitsuya H, Fujii N, Takemoto Y. Indium-Mediated Atom-Transfer and Reductive Radical Cyclizations of Iodoalkynes: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of HIV-Protease Inhibitors. J Org Chem 2004; 69:2417-22. [PMID: 15049639 DOI: 10.1021/jo035482m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel indium-mediated radical cyclization reactions of aliphatic iodoalkynes have been studied. Treatment of iodoalkynes with a catalytic amount of In (0.1 equiv) and I(2) (0.05 equiv) promotes atom-transfer 5-exo cyclization to give five-membered alkenyl iodides. In contrast, reaction with In (2 equiv) and I(2) (1 equiv) yields reductive 5-exo cyclization products via the same 5-exo cyclization. Both processes are most likely initiated by low-valent indium species. To demonstrate versatility of these reactions, optically active HIV protease inhibitors were synthesized by this reductive cyclization method. Among them, several products, which contain a hydroxyethylamine dipeptide isostere as a transition state-mimicking substructure, proved to possess potent activity (IC(50) = 5-39 nM) against a wide spectrum of HIV strains, including multidrug-resistant variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Yanada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Haaima G, Mawson SD, Routledge A, Weavers RT. Reaction of iodoalkylidene lactones with nucleophiles. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Haaima G, Hanton LR, Lynch MJ, Mawson SD, Routledge A, Weavers RT. Photoisomerisation of (E)-iodoalkylidene lactones a route to (Z)-iodoalkylidene Lactones. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Mawson SD, Weavers RT. α-Trifluoromethylmethylene and α-trifluoromethylethylidene γ-butyrolactones. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)93400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
10
|
|