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Invernizzi F, Nitti A, Pasini D. Regioselective Pummerer rearrangement in [2.2]paracyclophanes. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2020.1825434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Invernizzi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Menzek A, Kazaz C, Eryiğit F, Cengiz M. Synthesis of New Anthraquinone and Naphthohomobarrelene Derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/0308234041640555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cycloadditions of 1,4-naphthoquinone with cycloheptatriene and its 7-carbomethoxy and 7-cyano derivatives are investigated. The synthesis of new anthraquinone and naphthohomobarrelene derivatives is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Menzek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Atatürk University, TR-25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cavit Kazaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Atatürk University, TR-25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Feryat Eryiğit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Sciences, S. Demirel University, TR-32260 isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cengiz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Sciences, S. Demirel University, TR-32260 isparta, Turkey
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Yepes D, Martínez-Araya JI, Jaque P. Solvent effect on the degree of (a)synchronicity in polar Diels-Alder reactions from the perspective of the reaction force constant analysis. J Mol Model 2017; 24:33. [PMID: 29288466 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we computationally evaluated the influence of six different molecular solvents, described as a polarizable continuum model at the M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level, on the activation barrier/reaction rate, overall energy change, TS geometry, and degree of (a)synchronicity of two concerted Diels-Alder cycloadditions of acrolein (R1) and its complex with Lewis acid acrolein···BH3 (R2) to cyclopentadiene. In gas-phase, we found that both exothermicity and activation barrier are only reduced by about 2.0 kcal mol-1, and the asynchronicity character of the mechanism is accentuated when BH3 is included. An increment in the solvent's polarity lowers the activation energy of R1 by 1.3 kcal mol-1, while for R2 the reaction rate is enhanced by more than 2000 times at room temperature (i.e., the activation energy decreases by 4.5 kcal mol-1) if the highest polar media is employed. Therefore, a synergistic effect is achieved when both external agents, i.e., Lewis acid catalyst and polar solvent, are included together. This effect was ascribed to the ability of the solvent to favor the encounter between cyclopentadiene and acrolein···BH3. This was validated by the asymmetry of the TS which becomes highly pronounced when either both or just BH3 is considered or the solvent's polarity is increased. Finally, the reaction force constant κ(ξ) reveals that an increment in the solvent's polarity is able to turn a moderate asynchronous mechanism of the formation of the new C-C σ-bonds into a highly asynchronous one. Graphical abstract A synergistic effect is achieved when both external agents, i.e., Lewis acid catalyst and polar solvent, are included together: lowered energy barriers and increased asynchronicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yepes
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge I Martínez-Araya
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 498, Santiago, Chile.
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Arkan F, Izadyar M. Quantum chemical aspects of solvent effects on the Diels–Alder reaction of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and diethyl azodicarboxylate. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/146867816x14702227410256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive theoretical study was performed regarding the solvent effect on the Diels–Alder reaction of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and the hetero-dienophile, diethyl azodicarboxylate. Reaction rates in the various solutions were studied using SCRF–DFT theory and good agreement with the experimental results was obtained. According to natural bond orbital analysis, it was confirmed that the stabilisation energy of the C–N bonds contributes to the strong interaction between the solvents and transition state (TS) structures. Topological analyses showed a linear correlation between the interaction energy and the sum of electron density at the bond critical point of C–N at the TS. Moreover, with an increase in the overall electron density of the C–N bond critical point, the vibrational frequencies were decreased. Finally, some correlations between the quantum reactivity indices and the rate constants in the presence of 23 solvents were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foroogh Arkan
- Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, International Campus, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Izadyar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Tuvi-Arad I, Avnir D. Quantifying Asymmetry in Concerted Reactions: Solvents Effect on a Diels–Alder Cycloaddition. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4973-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200648h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Tuvi-Arad
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Raanana 43107, Israel
| | - David Avnir
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Sugimoto H, Nakamura S, Ohwada T. Retro-Diels−Alder Reaction of 4H-1,2-Benzoxazines to Generate o-Quinone Methides: Involvement of Highly Polarized Transition States. J Org Chem 2007; 72:10088-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702246w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Engberts JBFN, Fernandez E, García-Río L, Leis JR. AOT-Based Microemulsions Accelerate the 1,3-Cycloaddition of Benzonitrile Oxide to N-Ethylmaleimide. J Org Chem 2006; 71:6118-23. [PMID: 16872194 DOI: 10.1021/jo060809f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We studied the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of benzonitrile oxide to N-ethylmaleimide in AOT/isooctane/water microemulsions at 25.0 degrees C and found the reaction rate to be roughly 150 and 35 times greater than that in isooctane and pure water, respectively. The accelerating effect of the microemulsion is the combined result of an increase in the local concentrations of the reactants through incorporation into the interface and of the intrinsic rate of the process through electrostatic interactions with the headgroups in the surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B F N Engberts
- Physical Organic Chemistry Unit, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Rispens T, Engberts JBFN. Cycloadditions in mixed aqueous solvents: the role of the water concentration. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Fringuelli F, Piermatti O, Pizzo F, Vaccaro L. Recent Advances in Lewis Acid Catalyzed Diels−Alder Reactions in Aqueous Media. European J Org Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200102)2001:3<439::aid-ejoc439>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kong S, Evanseck JD. Density Functional Theory Study of Aqueous-Phase Rate Acceleration and Endo/Exo Selectivity of the Butadiene and Acrolein Diels−Alder Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sue Kong
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530
| | - Jeffrey D. Evanseck
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530
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Kuo CY, Fuh YS, Chaen MC, Yu SJ. Homogeneous Diels-Alder catalysis by organotungsten Lewis acid containing tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine ligand. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Meijer A, Otto S, Engberts JBFN. Effects of the Hydrophobicity of the Reactants on Diels−Alder Reactions in Water. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo981359x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ale Meijer
- Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B. F. N. Engberts
- Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wijnen JW, Engberts JBFN. A Hetero Retro Diels–Alder Reaction in Aqueous Solution: A Dramatic Water-Induced Increase of the Equilibrium Constant and Inhibition of Cycloreversion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199719970607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wijnen JW, Engberts JBFN. Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction in Aqueous Solution: Toward a Better Understanding of Organic Reactivity in Water. J Org Chem 1997; 62:2039-2044. [PMID: 11671507 DOI: 10.1021/jo9623200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) reaction of anthracenedione 1a proceeds considerably faster in aqueous solutions than in organic solvents. Addition of organic solvents to water retards the reaction, whereas glucose induces a modest acceleration. SDS micelles induce a considerable retardation, but even at high concentrations of surfactant (complete micelle-substrate binding), the cycloreversion is not fully inhibited. Correlation with data for solvatochromic indicators strongly suggest that the origin of the water-induced acceleration involves primarily enhanced hydrogen bonding of water to the activated complex for the RDA reaction of 1a. Activation parameters support this view. A comparison of the present results with previous kinetic data for bimolecular and intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions provides insights into the contributions of hydrogen-bond and hydrophobic interactions to the aqueous accelerations of the latter two types of reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W. Wijnen
- Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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van Der Wel GK, Wijnen JW, Engberts JBFN. Solvent Effects on a Diels-Alder Reaction Involving a Cationic Diene: Consequences of the Absence of Hydrogen-Bond Interactions for Accelerations in Aqueous Media. J Org Chem 1996; 61:9001-9005. [PMID: 11667884 DOI: 10.1021/jo9614248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the influence of hydrogen-bond interactions on the accelerations of Diels-Alder reactions in water and highly aqueous mixed solvent systems, second-order rate constants for the Diels-Alder reaction of acridizinium bromide (1a) with cyclopentadiene (CP) have been measured in aqueous media and organic solvents. Only modest rate accelerations were found in water-rich media. This is attributed to the absence of hydrogen-bonding groups in the reactants. Comparison with cycloadditions of CP with 9-carbomethoxyacridizinium bromide (1b), acrylonitrile (3), and methyl vinyl ketone (4), which do contain hydrogen-bond acceptors, reveals substantially larger aqueous accelerations. These results demonstrate that hydrogen bonding is a major factor in aqueous accelerations. Also rate constants for the cycloaddition of CP to 1a in surfactant solutions were determined. Micellar catalysis is observed in SDS solutions, due to binding of both the diene and the dienophile to the anionic micellar surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben K. van Der Wel
- Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Otto S, Bertoncin F, Engberts JBFN. Lewis Acid Catalysis of a Diels−Alder Reaction in Water. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja960318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijbren Otto
- Contribution from the Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Bertoncin
- Contribution from the Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B. F. N. Engberts
- Contribution from the Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wijnen JW, Zavarise S, Engberts JBFN, Charton M. Substituent Effects on an Inverse Electron Demand Hetero Diels−Alder Reaction in Aqueous Solution and Organic Solvents: Cycloaddition of Substituted Styrenes to Di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9518563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan W. Wijnen
- Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Zavarise
- Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B. F. N. Engberts
- Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marvin Charton
- Chemistry Department, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York 11205
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Desimoni G, Faita G, Righetti P, Sfulcini A, Tsyganov D. Solvent effect in pericyclic reactions. IX. The ene reaction. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)80854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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