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Wang Y, Torma KJ, Pyser JB, Zimmerman PM, Narayan ARH. Substrate-Selective Catalysis Enabled Synthesis of Azaphilone Natural Products. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:708-716. [PMID: 38559303 PMCID: PMC10979483 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Achieving substrate-selectivity is a central element of nature's approach to synthesis. By relying on the ability of a catalyst to discriminate between components in a mixture, control can be exerted over which molecules will move forward in a synthesis. This approach can be powerful when realized but can be challenging to duplicate in the laboratory. In this work, substrate-selective catalysis is leveraged to discriminate between two intermediates that exist in equilibrium, subsequently directing the final cyclization to arrive at either the linear or angular tricyclic core common to subsets of azaphilone natural products. By using a flavin-dependent monooxygenase (FDMO) in sequence with an acyl transferase (AT), the conversion of several orcinaldehyde substrates directly to the corresponding linear tricyclic azaphilones in a single reaction vessel was achieved. Further, mechanistic studies support that a substrate equilibrium together with enzyme substrate selectivity play an import role in the selectivity of the final cyclization step. Using this strategy, five azaphilone natural products were synthesized for the first time as well as a number of unnatural derivatives thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Life
Sciences Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katherine J. Torma
- Life
Sciences Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joshua B. Pyser
- Life
Sciences Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Life
Sciences Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Life
Sciences Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Chaudhary V, Katyal P, Poonia AK, Kaur J, Puniya AK, Panwar H. Natural pigment from Monascus: The production and therapeutic significance. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 133:18-38. [PMID: 34569683 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present review highlights the advantages of using natural colorant over the synthetic one. We have discussed the fermentation parameters that can enhance the productivity of Monascus pigment on agricultural wastes. BACKGROUND Food industry is looking for natural colours because these can enhance the esthetic value, attractiveness, and acceptability of food while remaining nontoxic. Many synthetic food colours (Azorubine Carmoisine, quinoline) have been prohibited due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. Increasing consumer awareness towards the food safety has forced the manufacturing industries to look for suitable alternatives. In addition to safety, natural colorants have been found to have nutritional and therapeutic significance. Among the natural colorants, microbial pigments can be considered as a viable option because of scalability, easier production, no seasonal dependence, cheaper raw materials and easier extraction. Fungi such as Monascus have a long history of safety and therefore can be used for production of biopigments. METHOD The present review summarizes the predicted biosynthetic pathways and pigment gene clusters in Monascus purpureus. RESULTS The challenges faced during the pilot-scale production of Monascus biopigment and taming it by us of low-cost agro-industrial substrates for solid state fermentation has been suggested. CONCLUSION Keeping in mind, therapeutic properties of Monascus pigments and their derivatives, they have huge potential for industrial and pharmaceutical application. APPLICATION Though the natural pigments have wide scope in the food industry. However, stabilization of pigment is the greatest challenge and attempts are being made to overcome this by complexion with hydrocolloids or metals and by microencapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishu Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Priya Katyal
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Anuj Kumar Poonia
- Department of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Puniya
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Harsh Panwar
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Yamashita K, Tokunaga E. Noninvasive and safe cell viability assay for Paramecium using natural pigment extracted from food. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10996. [PMID: 32620770 PMCID: PMC7334208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive, safe and cost-effective cell viability assay is important in many fields of biological research such as cell culture and counting. We examined ten typical natural pigments extracted from food to find that Monascus pigment (MP) or anthocyanin pigment (AP: purple sweet potato and purple cabbage) with Tris (Trimethylolaminomethane) works as a good indicator of viability assay for dye exclusion test (DET) of Paramecium. This was confirmed spectrally by scan-free, non-invasive absorbance spectral imaging A (x, y, λ) microscopy. We developed a new method of cell capture using a metal mesh to confine live Paramecium in a restricted space. This has the advantage that a low-cost and robust capture can be fabricated without using special equipment, compared to a conventional lab-on-a-chip. As a result, MP and AP stained dead cells as quick as methylene blue (MB), a synthetic dye conventionally used in DET within 1 min when treated with microwave and benzalkonium chloride. The natural pigments with Tris had little effect on inhibiting the growth of Paramecium, but MB killed all the cells within 1 h. MP is most useful because it allows non-invasive DET without Tris. This approach provides less invasive and safe DET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Yamashita
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Eiji Tokunaga
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan.
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Chen W, Chen R, Liu Q, He Y, He K, Ding X, Kang L, Guo X, Xie N, Zhou Y, Lu Y, Cox RJ, Molnár I, Li M, Shao Y, Chen F. Orange, red, yellow: biosynthesis of azaphilone pigments in Monascus fungi. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4917-4925. [PMID: 28959415 PMCID: PMC5603960 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00475c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus azaphilone pigments (MonAzPs) are very widely used as food colorants, but their biosynthetic pathway has remained poorly characterized for more than half a century. In this study, the individual steps of MonAzPs biosynthesis in Monascus ruber M7 were elucidated by a combination of targeted gene knockouts, heterologous gene expression, and in vitro chemical and enzymatic reactions. This study describes the first rational engineering of MonAzPs biosynthesis and provides a roadmap for future pathway engineering efforts directed towards the selective production of the most valuable pigments and serves as a model for the biosynthesis of fungal azaphilones in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology , College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87282111
| | - Runfa Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology , College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87282111
| | - Qingpei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology , College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87282111
- Natural Products Center , The University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Rd. , Tucson , Arizona 85706 , USA .
| | - Yi He
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology , College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87282111
| | - Kun He
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology , College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87282111
| | - Xiaoli Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology , College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87282111
| | - Lijing Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology , College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87282111
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology , College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87282111
| | - Nana Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology , College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87282111
| | - Youxiang Zhou
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products , Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430064 , China .
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Natural Products Center , The University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Rd. , Tucson , Arizona 85706 , USA .
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Russell J Cox
- Institut fur Organische Chemie , BMWZ , Leibniz Universitat Hannover , Schneiderberg 1B , 30167 Hannover , Germany
| | - István Molnár
- Natural Products Center , The University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Rd. , Tucson , Arizona 85706 , USA .
| | - Mu Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology , College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87282111
| | - Yanchun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology , College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87282111
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology , College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87282111
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Yuliana A, Singgih M, Julianti E, Blanc PJ. Derivates of azaphilone Monascus pigments. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Controlling composition and color characteristics of Monascus pigments by pH and nitrogen sources in submerged fermentation. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:145-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chen W, He Y, Zhou Y, Shao Y, Feng Y, Li M, Chen F. Edible Filamentous Fungi from the SpeciesMonascus: Early Traditional Fermentations, Modern Molecular Biology, and Future Genomics. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Yi He
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Youxiang Zhou
- Inst. of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Yanchun Shao
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Yanli Feng
- College of Life Sciences; Hubei Normal Univ.; Huangshi Hubei Province 435000 China
| | - Mu Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- National Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Abstract
Abstract
The genus Monascus, comprising nine species, can reproduce either vegetatively with filaments and conidia or sexually by the formation of ascospores. The most well-known species of genus Monascus, namely, M. purpureus, M. ruber and M. pilosus, are often used for rice fermentation to produce red yeast rice, a special product used either for food coloring or as a food supplement with positive effects on human health. The colored appearance (red, orange or yellow) of Monascus-fermented substrates is produced by a mixture of oligoketide pigments that are synthesized by a combination of polyketide and fatty acid synthases. The major pigments consist of pairs of yellow (ankaflavin and monascin), orange (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin) and red (rubropunctamine and monascorubramine) compounds; however, more than 20 other colored products have recently been isolated from fermented rice or culture media. In addition to pigments, a group of monacolin substances and the mycotoxin citrinin can be produced by Monascus. Various non-specific biological activities (antimicrobial, antitumor, immunomodulative and others) of these pigmented compounds are, at least partly, ascribed to their reaction with amino group-containing compounds, i.e. amino acids, proteins or nucleic acids. Monacolins, in the form of β-hydroxy acids, inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis in animals and humans.
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Feng Y, Shao Y, Chen F. Monascus pigments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:1421-40. [PMID: 23104643 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs) as natural food colorants have been widely utilized in food industries in the world, especially in China and Japan. Moreover, MPs possess a range of biological activities, such as anti-mutagenic and anticancer properties, antimicrobial activities, potential anti-obesity activities, and so on. So, in the past two decades, more and more attention has been paid to MPs. Up to now, more than 50 MPs have been identified and studied. However, there have been some reviews about red fermented rice and the secondary metabolites produced by Monascus, but no monograph or review of MPs has been published. This review covers the categories and structures, biosynthetic pathway, production, properties, detection methods, functions, and molecular biology of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Feng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Zheng Y, Xin Y, Shi X, Guo Y. Cytotoxicity of Monascus pigments and their derivatives to human cancer cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:9523-9528. [PMID: 20707312 DOI: 10.1021/jf102128t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Six pigments were separated from Monascus product, and some derivatives were chemically synthesized. The cytotoxicity of different Monascus pigments to various human cancer cells (SH-SY5Y, HepG2, HT-29, BGC-823, AGS, and MKN45) was evaluated. Rubropunctatin showed the greatest anticancer effect within the tested compounds. The inhibition effect of rubropunctatin was higher than that of taxol on the growth of the human gastric cancer cell SH-SY5Y (P<0.05), BGC-823 (P<0.01), AGS (P<0.01), and MKN45 (P<0.05). On the other hand, its cytotoxicity to the normal human gastric epithelial cell GES-1 was less than that of taxol (P<0.01). The experimental data demonstrated that rubropunctatin was a valuable compound with high anticancer activity, which could offer better therapeutic benefits than taxol. Cell apoptosis stages were assayed by annexin V-EGFP/PI staining experiments using flow cytometry. The data showed that 87.63% of tested BGC-823 cells entered the early phase of apoptosis when treated with 5 microM rubropunctatin for 24 h. A drug concentration-dependent cell apoptosis was observed. The analysis of the relationship between pharmaceutical activity and the chemical structure of the tested compounds led to the conclusion that 6-internal ether, 4-carbonyl, and conjugated double bonds in the tricyclic structure of rubropunctatin were necessary to the anticancer effect, whereas the difference of C2H4 in the side chain showed little influence. Rubropunctatin could be supplied as a precursor compound in the development of a new natural anticancer reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunquan Zheng
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Akihisa T, Tokuda H, Yasukawa K, Ukiya M, Kiyota A, Sakamoto N, Suzuki T, Tanabe N, Nishino H. Azaphilones, furanoisophthalides, and amino acids from the extracts of Monascus pilosus-fermented rice (red-mold rice) and their chemopreventive effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:562-565. [PMID: 15686402 DOI: 10.1021/jf040199p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Six azaphilones, monascin (1), ankaflavin (2), rubropunctatin (3), monascorburin (4), rubropunctamine (5), and monascorburamine (6), two furanoisophthalides, xanthomonasin A (7) and xanthomonasin B (8), and two amino acids, (+)-monascumic acid (9) and (-)-monascumic acid (10), isolated from the extracts of Monascus pilosus-fermented rice (red-mold rice) were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in mice, on the induction of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) by TPA in Raji cells, and on the activation of (+/-)-(E)-methyl-2[(E)-hydroxy-imino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexemide (NOR 1), a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Among the compounds tested, seven compounds (1-6 and 10) on TPA-induced inflammation, and six compounds (1, 3-5, 9, and 10) on EBV-EA activation, exhibited potent inhibitory effects. All of the compounds tested showed moderate inhibitory effects on NOR 1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Akihisa
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan.
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Wild D, Tóth G, Humpf HU. New monascus metabolite isolated from red yeast rice (angkak, red koji). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:3999-4002. [PMID: 12083873 DOI: 10.1021/jf020023s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Red yeast rice (angkak, red koji) obtained as cultures of Monascus purpureus on rice was extracted and analyzed by HPLC. In addition to the known red, orange, and yellow pigments and the mycotoxin citrinin, a new Monascus metabolite was detected. It is present in the original red yeast rice and formed in higher amounts when red yeast rice is heated. High-resolution mass spectrometry indicated the molecular formula C(15)H(12)O(4). The chemical structure was elucidated by analysis of NMR data. The new compound, named monascodilone, is characterized by a propenyl group on a pyrone ring, an aromatic ring, and a gamma-lactone group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Wild
- Federal Center for Meat Research, Institute of Microbiology and Toxicology, E. C. Baumann Strasse 20, D-95326 Kulmbach, Germany.
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Ogihara J, Oishi K. Effect of ammonium nitrate on the production of PP-V and monascorubrin homologues by Penicillium sp. AZ. J Biosci Bioeng 2002; 93:54-9. [PMID: 16233165 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(02)80054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2001] [Accepted: 10/22/2001] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A fungal strain, Penicillium sp. AZ, has been found to produce the monascorubramine homologues, PP-V [(10Z)-3-(9a-methyl-3-octanoyl-2,9-dioxo-2,7,9,9a-tetrahydro-furo[3,2-g]isoquinolin-6-yl)-acrylic acid] and PP-R [(10Z)-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-monascorubramine] when cultured in a medium composed of soluble starch, ammonium nitrate, yeast extract, and citrate buffer, pH 5.0. When ammonium nitrate was omitted from the culture medium, PP-V and PP-R production was replaced by orange (PP-O) and yellow-orange (PP-Y) pigment production. The structures of these pigments were determined by FAB-MS and 1H and 13C NMR to be novel compounds, (10Z)-3-(9a-methyl-3-octanoyl-2,9-dioxo-9,9a-dihydro-2H-furo[3,2-g]isochromen-6-yl)-acrylic acid and (10Z)-monascorubrin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ogihara
- Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan.
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Suzuki T, Tanemura K, Okada C, Arai TLK, Awaji A, Shimizu T, Horaguchi T. Synthesis of 7-acetyloxy-3,7-dimethy1-7,8-dihydro-6H-isochromene-6,8-dione and its analogues. J Heterocycl Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570380625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ogihara J, Kato J, Oishi K, Fujimoto Y. PP-R, 7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-monascorubramine, a red pigment produced in the mycelia of Penicillium sp. AZ. J Biosci Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Lac, cochineal, safflower, gardenia, Monascus and elderberry pigments are used as food color additives in Japan. These natural pigments can be analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE has several advantages over thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, such as low capillary cost, reduced operating costs, small sample amounts, low production of waste materials and short analysis time. CE is shown to be a useful technique for the analysis of these natural food pigments and the pigments extracted from commercial food samples by solid-phase extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- Yaegaki Technology Development Laboratories, Yaegaki Bio-industry, Inc., Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
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20
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Biabani MAF, Laatsch H. Advances in chemical studies on low-molecular weight metabolites of marine fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19983400702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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23
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Yongsmith B, Tabloka W, Yongmanitchai W, Bavavoda R. Culture conditions for yellow pigment formation byMonascus sp. KB 10 grown on cassava medium. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1993; 9:85-90. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00656524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/03/1992] [Accepted: 07/16/1992] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Formation of water-solubleMonascus red pigments by biological and semi-synthetic processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sako F, Kobayashi N, Watabe H, Yokosawa N, Taniguchi N. Induction of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione S-transferase in cultured fetal rat hepatocytes by laccaic acid and monascus pigments. Chem Biol Interact 1983; 44:17-26. [PMID: 6133634 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(83)90126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of 8 natural dyes, commercially available as food additives in Japan, was studied on cultured fetal rat hepatocytes. Laccaic acid, one of the carminic acid samples and monascus pigments were found to be very toxic to cultured hepatocytes. Laccaic acid caused an increase in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity. An 11-fold increase was seen 4 days after such addition, a significantly greater elevation than that produced by either the water or acetone solvents employed, or other dyes which have no toxic effects. On the other hand, monascus pigments had an increasing effect on both gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione S-transferase, the later enzyme being elevated approximately 9 times greater than control values within 2-4 days. The increases in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione S-transferase activities by laccaic acid and monascus pigments could be inhibited by the simultaneous addition of either actinomycin D or cycloheximide. This suggests that the induction of these enzymes requires transcription and translation processes.
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