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Lisnyak VG, Sherwood TC, Snyder SA. The Development of Reaction Cascades to Synthesize Dimeric Coccinellid Alkaloids. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1610-1622. [PMID: 33646762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the past decade, our group has been intensely interested in achieving the laboratory synthesis of varied members of the coccinellid alkaloid family of natural products. These compounds, produced by varied species of ladybugs throughout the world as defensive agents, include several polycyclic members that can formally be considered as either monomeric or dimeric with architectures that contain between 3 and 7 ring systems along with an array of stereocenters. As a result of their fascinating structures, many groups have achieved syntheses of varied monomeric members using a variety of synthetic strategies and tactics. However, no efforts to synthesize any of the dimeric structures had been reported at the time we began our studies, and only a modest amount of study had been performed as relates to their biosynthesis, with little knowledge of how the larger structures might actually arise in Nature. In this Account, we provide an overview of our general synthetic considerations to achieve a global synthesis of the collection, efforts that have led to date to the formal and total synthesis of 12 different members, 4 at the dimer level. Critical was (1) the identification of a key, common intermediate to enable access to a large number of monomeric substructures in short order, (2) careful thinking as to how the larger structures might arise biosynthetically to fuel building block design, and (3) the development of several reaction cascades that rapidly assembled the majority of their molecular complexity in single-pot operations. Key discoveries in the program include the finding that when efforts to achieve intermolecular dimerizations fail with advanced intermediates, attempts to couple more functionalized fragments earlier and then fold them into the desired structure can be an effective strategy. We also highlight suggestive evidence that a non-natural isomer we originally prepared from one of those cascades may, in fact, be a natural product. And, in particular, we will focus on how two key cascades were developed, as a result of synthetic challenges at varied points in our explorations, which proved capable of forging multiple bonds, rings, and stereocenters in the target structures. One of these includes a designed event that combined 9 different chemical reactions in a single pot and may prove useful for the synthesis of other targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav G. Lisnyak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Trevor C. Sherwood
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Scott A. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Lisnyak VG, Snyder SA. A Concise, Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of Chilocorine C Fueled by a Reductive Cyclization/Mannich Reaction Cascade. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12027-12033. [PMID: 32551575 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Among defensive alkaloids isolated from ladybugs, the heterodimeric member chilocorine C possesses an alluring monomeric unit that combines quinolizidine and indolizidine substructures. Indeed, the overall stereochemical disposition of its ring fusions is distinct from those of related natural products. Herein we show that a carefully orchestrated sequence with several chemoselective transformations, including a designed cascade that accomplishes nine distinct chemical reactions in one-pot, can smoothly forge that domain and ultimately enable a 15-step, 11-pot enantiospecific synthesis of the natural product. Mechanistic studies, density functional theory calculations, and the delineation of several other unsuccessful approaches highlight its unique elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav G Lisnyak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Scott A Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Hamidi H, Daraie M, Momeni T. Recent applications of the Wittig reaction in alkaloid synthesis. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2020; 84:201-334. [PMID: 32416953 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Wittig reaction is the chemical reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a triphenyl phosphonium ylide (the Wittig reagent) to afford an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide. Noteworthy, this reaction results in the synthesis of alkenes in a selective and predictable fashion. Thus, it became as one of the keystone of synthetic organic chemistry, especially in the total synthesis of natural products, where the selectivity of a reaction is paramount of importance. A literature survey disclosed the existence of vast numbers of related reports and comprehensive reviews on the applications of this important name reaction in the total synthesis of natural products. However, the aim of this chapter is to underscore, the applications of the Wittig reaction in the total synthesis of one the most important and prevalent classes of natural products, the alkaloids, especially those showing important and diverse biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Hamidi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Daraie
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Alujas-Burgos S, Bayón P, Figueredo M. Recent advances in the synthesis of azaphenalene alkaloids: first enantioselective approaches. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8218-8229. [PMID: 30168549 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01443d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Azaphenalene alkaloids are biosynthesised and segregated by diverse insects of the Coccinellidae family (ladybirds) and are believed to play an important role in the defensive mechanism against their natural predators. The particular unique framework of these alkaloids, along with their potential in the field of biological pest control, has led to several research groups developing synthetic sequences to prepare these compounds. The main purpose of the present review is to provide an update of the more recent synthetic progress towards these alkaloids, including the pioneering enantioselective approaches to chiral congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Alujas-Burgos
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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Alujas-Burgos S, Oliveras-González C, Álvarez-Larena Á, Bayón P, Figueredo M. Iterative Synthetic Strategy for Azaphenalene Alkaloids. Total Synthesis of (−)-9aepi-Hippocasine. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5052-5057. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Alujas-Burgos
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Álvarez-Larena
- Servei de Difracció de Raigs X, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pau Bayón
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Figueredo
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Abstract
This review defines symmetric molecules from a synthetic perspective and shows various strategies that take advantage of molecular symmetry to construct them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
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Gao AX, Hamada T, Snyder SA. The Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Exochomine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10301-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison X. Gao
- Dept. of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
| | - Tomoaki Hamada
- Dept. of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
| | - Scott A. Snyder
- Dept. of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
- Dept. of Chemistry University of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
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Gao AX, Hamada T, Snyder SA. The Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Exochomine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison X. Gao
- Dept. of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
| | - Tomoaki Hamada
- Dept. of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
| | - Scott A. Snyder
- Dept. of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
- Dept. of Chemistry University of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
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Sherwood T, Trotta AH, Snyder SA. A strategy for complex dimer formation when biomimicry fails: total synthesis of ten coccinellid alkaloids. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9743-53. [PMID: 24959981 PMCID: PMC4105056 DOI: 10.1021/ja5045852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although dimeric natural products can often be synthesized in the laboratory by directly merging advanced monomers, these approaches sometimes fail, leading instead to non-natural architectures via incorrect unions. Such a situation arose during our studies of the coccinellid alkaloids, when attempts to directly dimerize Nature's presumed monomeric precursors in a putative biomimetic sequence afforded only a non-natural analogue through improper regiocontrol. Herein, we outline a unique strategy for dimer formation that obviates these difficulties, one which rapidly constructs the coccinellid dimers psylloborine A and isopsylloborine A through a terminating sequence of two reaction cascades that generate five bonds, five rings, and four stereocenters. In addition, a common synthetic intermediate is identified which allows for the rapid, asymmetric formal or complete total syntheses of eight monomeric members of the class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor
C. Sherwood
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Adam H. Trotta
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Scott A. Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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Sloggett JJ, Haynes KF, Obrycki JJ. Hidden costs to an invasive intraguild predator from chemically defended native prey. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sloggett JJ, Obrycki JJ, Haynes KF. Identification and quantification of predation: novel use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of prey alkaloid markers. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Laurent P, Braekman JC, Daloze D, Pasteels JM. Chilocorine D, a novel heptacyclic alkaloid from a coccinellid beetle (Chilocorus renipustulatus). Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Lebrun B, Braekman JC, Daloze D, Kalushkov P, Pasteels JM. Isopsylloborine A, a new dimeric azaphenalene alkaloid from ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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