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Lian Q, Chen J, Huang K, Hou K, Fang J, Wei W, Zhou J. Alkali-Driven Photoinduced N-Dealkylation of Aryl Tertiary Amines and Amides. Org Lett 2023; 25:8387-8392. [PMID: 37966124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
By extending the photoinduced oxidative mechanism of aryl tertiary amines proposed earlier to an alkaline environment based on the prediction of quantum mechanics computations and the validation of meticulous experiments, we discovered a photoinduced oxidative N-dealkylation method for both aryl tertiary amines and amides. The dealkylation was achieved in an alkaline environment under mild conditions accompanied by excellent functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lian
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinke Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaipeng Huang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqiang Hou
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Wei
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zhang X, Shen Y, Rovis T. Photoinduced Nickel-Catalyzed Selective N-Demethylation of Trialkylamines Using C(sp 2)-Bromides as HAT Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3294-3300. [PMID: 36724205 PMCID: PMC9997100 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
N-Demethylation of trialkylamines is a useful transformation, but typically requires harsh reaction conditions and stepwise procedures, as well as judicious protection of labile functional groups. Herein we report a mild, catalytic approach for the demethylation of trialkylamines by utilizing photoinduced nickel catalysis wherein C(sp2)-bromides serve as hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) reagents. This method achieves direct demethylation of trialkylamines with wide functional group compatibility, making it highly suitable for late-stage derivatization of complex molecules. Mechanistic investigations provide evidence that C(sp2) radicals generated via photoinduced Ni-C(sp2) bond homolysis are involved in hydrogen atom abstraction from trialkylamines. Utilizing steric control of the C(sp2)-bromides, our HAT approach achieves demethylation with excellent site selectivity in the presence of benzyl-substituted amines, which is complementary to the selectivity of classical approaches that afford debenzylation product instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yangyang Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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3
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Najmi AA, Bischoff R, Permentier HP. N-Dealkylation of Amines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103293. [PMID: 35630770 PMCID: PMC9146227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-dealkylation, the removal of an N-alkyl group from an amine, is an important chemical transformation which provides routes for the synthesis of a wide range of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, bulk and fine chemicals. N-dealkylation of amines is also an important in vivo metabolic pathway in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Identification and synthesis of drug metabolites such as N-dealkylated metabolites are necessary throughout all phases of drug development studies. In this review, different approaches for the N-dealkylation of amines including chemical, catalytic, electrochemical, photochemical and enzymatic methods will be discussed.
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Wang S, Yang J, Li D, Yang J. Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade N‐Dealkylation/N‐Methyl Oxidation of Aromatic Amines by Using TEMPO and Oxygen as Oxidants. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shihaozhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China
| | - Jiale Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China
| | - Dianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China
| | - Jinhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China
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Zhao H, Leonori D. Minimization of Back-Electron Transfer Enables the Elusive sp 3 C-H Functionalization of Secondary Anilines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7669-7674. [PMID: 33459469 PMCID: PMC8048505 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Anilines are some of the most used class of substrates for application in photoinduced electron transfer. N,N-Dialkyl-derivatives enable radical generation α to the N-atom by oxidation followed by deprotonation. This approach is however elusive to monosubstituted anilines owing to fast back-electron transfer (BET). Here we demonstrate that BET can be minimised by using photoredox catalysis in the presence of an exogenous alkylamine. This approach synergistically aids aniline SET oxidation and then accelerates the following deprotonation. In this way, the generation of α-anilinoalkyl radicals is now possible and these species can be used in a general sense to achieve divergent sp3 C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibo Zhao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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Zhao H, Leonori D. Minimization of Back‐Electron Transfer Enables the Elusive sp
3
C−H Functionalization of Secondary Anilines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaibo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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7
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Kuş N, Sharma A, Fausto R. First observation of methane photochemical generation from an N,N-dimethylamino-substituted arene: the case of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzaldehyde (DMABA). Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Kuninobu Y, Nishi M, Takai K. Iron-catalyzed synthesis of glycine derivatives via carbon–nitrogen bond cleavage using diazoacetate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:8860-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03781h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Anderson KW, Mendez-Perez M, Priego J, Buchwald SL. Palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl nonaflates. J Org Chem 2004; 68:9563-73. [PMID: 14656080 DOI: 10.1021/jo034962a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first detailed study of the palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl nonaflates is reported. Use of ligands 2-4 and 6 allows for the catalytic amination of electron-rich and -neutral aryl nonaflates with both primary and secondary amines. With use of Xantphos 5, the catalytic amination of a variety of functionalized aryl nonaflates resulted in excellent yields of anilines; even 2-carboxymethyl aryl nonaflate is effectively coupled with a primary alkylamine. Moderate yields were obtained when coupling halo-aryl nonaflates with a variety of amines, where in most cases the aryl nonaflate reacted in preference to the aryl halide. Overall, aryl nonaflates are an effective alternative to triflates in palladium-catalyzed C-N bond-forming processes due to their increased stability under the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Görner H, Döpp D. Photoinduced demethylation of 4-nitro-N,N-dimethylaniline. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002; 1:270-7. [PMID: 12661967 DOI: 10.1039/b200352j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The title compound (3) upon photoexcitation becomes demethylated by either an external acceptor in benzene or the methoxide ion in methanol. The triplet state of 4-nitroaniline (1), 4-nitro-N-methylaniline (2), 3 and the 3-nitro analogue (4) in solution at room temperature was characterized by time-resolved UV-vis spectroscopy. The triplet state of 3 in benzene reacts with other nitroarenes, such as nitrobenzene and nitronaphthalenes, by demethylation, yielding eventually 2 and further products. This quenching reaction is close to the diffusion-controlled limit. The conversion of 3 into 2 is accompanied by a permanent bleaching at 370-400 nm within 10 its and the quantum yield is up to 0.3, this being in agreement with the quantum yield of intersystem crossing. An intermediate with peaks at 420 and 700 nm is attributed to a C-centered radical: H2*C(CH3)N-C6H4-NO2, which is also involved with 3 in methanol in the presence of methoxide. The overall H-atom transfer takes place within a few micros. Another electron transfer reaction, involving the non-absorbing alpha-aminoethyl radical, occurs from triethylamine to the triplet state of 3. The observed transient with a maximum at 330 nm in benzene or acetonitrile is assigned to the conjugate acid of the radical anion of 3 which subsequently disproportionates in the ms range. The photochemical properties of 1-4 and the mechanisms of the demethylation and reduction reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Görner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Pandey G, Das P, Reddy PY. Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) Promoted Oxidative Activation of 1-(N-Benzyl-N-methylglycyl)-(S)-prolinol: Development of Novel Strategies Towards Enantioselective Syntheses of α-Amino Acids, TheirN-Methyl Derivatives and α-Hydroxy Acids Employing (S)-Prolinol as aRecyclable Chiral Auxiliary. European J Org Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(200002)2000:4<657::aid-ejoc657>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) in organic synthesis. PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER V 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-56746-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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14
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Sundberg RJ, Desos P, Gadamasetti KG, Sabat M. Photoactive C16-C21 fragmentation of catharanthine. Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(91)80680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Santamaria J, Kaddachi M, Rigaudy J. Electron-transfer activation. Photocyanation of tertiary amines. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)97719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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