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Nasseri MA, Shahabi M, Alavi G SA, Allahresani A. A novel, efficient and magnetically recyclable Cu-Ni bimetallic alloy nanoparticle as a highly active bifunctional catalyst for Pd-free Sonogashira and C-N cross-coupling reactions: a combined theoretical and experimental study. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22158-22171. [PMID: 37492518 PMCID: PMC10364789 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01965a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a Fe3O4@SiO2@Cyt-Ni/Cu nanocomposite as a novel heterogeneous bimetallic catalyst was synthesized which exhibits efficient performance for the Sonogashira and C-N cross-coupling reactions. The characterization of the catalyst was studied by FT-IR, PXRD, VSM, EDX, TEM, FE-SEM and TGA analyses. The geometry optimization and relative energies of the designed bimetallic complexes were theoretically determined using density functional theory (DFT) calculation at the B3LYP/6-31G**/LANL2DZ level. The catalyst showed good activity in the coupling of various aryl halides with alkynes (Sonogashira reaction) as well as aryl halide with N-heterocycles and achieved coupling products with good to high yields for all of them in a short time. The high catalytic performance could be due to the synergistic effect between Ni and Cu, which causes the reaction to proceed more efficiently. This heterogeneous nanocatalyst could be easily recovered from the reaction mixture with an external magnet and reused for 7 consecutive runs with minimal loss of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Nasseri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Birjand P. O. Box 97175-615 Birjand Iran
| | - Mansoore Shahabi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Birjand P. O. Box 97175-615 Birjand Iran
| | - Seyyedeh Ameneh Alavi G
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Birjand P. O. Box 97175-615 Birjand Iran
| | - Ali Allahresani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Birjand P. O. Box 97175-615 Birjand Iran
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2
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Sruthi PR, Nimmi PP, Babu SS, Anas S. Highly Efficient and Reusable Polymer Supported Palladium Catalyst for Copper Free Sonogashira Reaction in Water. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sukumaran Santhosh Babu
- Organic Chemistry Division National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL) Pune Maharashtra India- 411008
| | - Saithalavi Anas
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam Kerala India- 686560
- Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences (IIRBS) Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam Kerala India- 686560
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3
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Farajzadeh N, Aftab J, Yenilmez HY, Özdemir S, Gonca S, Altuntas Bayir Z. The design and Synthesis of Metallophthalocyanine-Gold Nanoparticle Hybrids as Biological Agents. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of 4-2-(4-ethynyl-N,N-dimethylaniline)pthalonitrile (1) and its new peripherally tetra-substituted metal phthalocyanines {M= Co (2), Zn (3)}. Characterization of the prepared compounds was carried out by performing...
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Aftab J, Farajzadeh N, Yenilmez HY, Özdemir S, Gonca S, Altuntas Bayir Z. New phthalonitrile/metal phthalocyanines-gold nanoparticle conjugates for biological applications. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4466-4476. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of nanoscience and its effect on the development of the scientific fields particularly materials chemistry have been well-known today. In this study, a new di-substituted phthalonitrile derivative namely...
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Bimetallic Ni/Cu mesoporous silica nanoparticles as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Platonova YB, Volov AN, Tomilova LG. Palladium(II) phthalocyanines efficiently promote phosphine-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction at room temperature. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Ismael A, Wang X, Bennett TLR, Wilkinson LA, Robinson BJ, Long NJ, Cohen LF, Lambert CJ. Tuning the thermoelectrical properties of anthracene-based self-assembled monolayers. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6836-6841. [PMID: 33033599 PMCID: PMC7504895 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02193h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that the electrical conductance of single molecules can be controlled in a deterministic manner by chemically varying their anchor groups to external electrodes. Here, by employing synthetic methodologies to vary the terminal anchor groups around aromatic anthracene cores, and by forming self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of the resulting molecules, we demonstrate that this method of control can be translated into cross-plane SAM-on-gold molecular films. The cross-plane conductance of SAMs formed from anthracene-based molecules with four different combinations of anchors are measured to differ by a factor of approximately 3 in agreement with theoretical predictions. We also demonstrate that the Seebeck coefficient of such films can be boosted by more than an order of magnitude by an appropriate choice of anchor groups and that both positive and negative Seebeck coefficients can be realised. This demonstration that the thermoelectric properties of SAMs are controlled by their anchor groups represents a critical step towards functional ultra-thin-film devices for future molecular-scale electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ismael
- Physics Department , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YB , UK . ;
- Department of Physics , College of Education for Pure Science , Tikrit University , Tikrit , Iraq .
| | - Xintai Wang
- Physics Department , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YB , UK . ;
- The Blackett Laboratory , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Troy L R Bennett
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , MSRH , White City , London , W12 0BZ , UK .
| | - Luke A Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , MSRH , White City , London , W12 0BZ , UK .
| | | | - Nicholas J Long
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , MSRH , White City , London , W12 0BZ , UK .
| | - Lesley F Cohen
- The Blackett Laboratory , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Physics Department , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YB , UK . ;
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8
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Palladium and Copper Catalyzed Sonogashira cross Coupling an Excellent Methodology for C-C Bond Formation over 17 Years: A Review. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonogashira coupling involves coupling of vinyl/aryl halides with terminal acetylenes catalyzed by transition metals, especially palladium and copper. This is a well known reaction in organic synthesis and plays a role in sp2-sp C-C bond formations. This cross coupling was used in synthesis of natural products, biologically active molecules, heterocycles, dendrimers, conjugated polymers and organic complexes. This review paper focuses on developments in the palladium and copper catalyzed Sonogashira cross coupling achieved in recent years concerning substrates, different catalyst systems and reaction conditions.
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9
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Palladium(II) octaalkoxy- and octaphenoxyphthalocyanines: Synthesis and evaluation as catalysts in the Sonogashira reaction. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Wang L, Yan J, Li P, Wang M, Su C. The effects of amines on oxidative homo-coupling of terminal alkynes promoted by copper salts. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/0308234054497083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of all kinds of amines on homo-couplings (Glaser reactions) of terminal alkynes promoted by copper salts and the Sonogashira coupling reactions were studied systematically. Diethylamine (2° amine) can serve as an excellent solvent, base and coordination ligand in the oxidative homo-coupling of terminal alkynes and several modified Glaser coupling procedures have been developed which are based on a catalytic amount of cuprous salts (CuI, CuBr or CuCl) with diethylamine systems. Homo-coupling of terminal acetylenes in the Sonogashira reaction could be inhibited by using triethylamine (3° amine) as reaction medium, and the cross-coupling products were formed as the exclusive products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Coal Teachers College, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jincan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Coal Teachers College, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Coal Teachers College, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Coal Teachers College, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Caina Su
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Coal Teachers College, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
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Zhang J, Qin Z, Yao K. Pyridine “alligator-clip” as molecular negative differential resistor predicted by first-principles study. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Wilson LE, Hassenrück C, Winter RF, White AJP, Albrecht T, Long NJ. Functionalised Biferrocene Systems towards Molecular Electronics. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy E. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; South Kensington London UK
| | | | - Rainer F. Winter
- Fachbereich Chemie; Universität Konstanz; Universitätsstraße 10 Konstanz Germany
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; South Kensington London UK
| | - Tim Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; South Kensington London UK
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; South Kensington London UK
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13
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Das S, Samanta S, Ray S, Biswas P. 3,6-Di(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine capped Pd(0) nanoparticles: a catalyst for copper-free Sonogashira coupling of aryl halides in aqueous medium. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13252e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
3,6-Di(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (pytz) capped Pd(0) nanoparticles (TzPdNPs) act as a catalyst in Sonogashira coupling under copper- and ligand-free conditions in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipto Das
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah
- India
| | - Suvendu Samanta
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah
- India
| | - Shounak Ray
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah
- India
| | - Papu Biswas
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah
- India
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14
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Sedghi G, Esdaile LJ, Anderson HL, Martin S, Bethell D, Higgins SJ, Nichols RJ. Comparison of the conductance of three types of porphyrin-based molecular wires: β,meso,β-fused tapes, meso-Butadiyne-linked and twisted meso-meso linked oligomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:653-7. [PMID: 22083901 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The length dependence of charge transport is evaluated in three families of porphyrin-based wires. Planar edge-fused tapes and alkyne-linked oligomers mediate efficient charge transport with exceptionally shallow distance dependence, whereas the conductances of the twisted singly linked chains decrease steeply with increasing oligomer length. The planar tapes are more conjugated than the alkyne-linked oligomers, but these two types of wires have similar conductance attenuation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Sedghi
- Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
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15
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Sedghi G, García-Suárez VM, Esdaile LJ, Anderson HL, Lambert CJ, Martín S, Bethell D, Higgins SJ, Elliott M, Bennett N, Macdonald JE, Nichols RJ. Long-range electron tunnelling in oligo-porphyrin molecular wires. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:517-23. [PMID: 21804555 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Short chains of porphyrin molecules can mediate electron transport over distances as long as 5-10 nm with low attenuation. This means that porphyrin-based molecular wires could be useful in nanoelectronic and photovoltaic devices, but the mechanisms responsible for charge transport in single oligo-porphyrin wires have not yet been established. Here, based on electrical measurements of single-molecule junctions, we show that the conductance of the oligo-porphyrin wires has a strong dependence on temperature, and a weak dependence on the length of the wire. Although it is widely accepted that such behaviour is a signature of a thermally assisted incoherent (hopping) mechanism, density functional theory calculations and an accompanying analytical model strongly suggest that the observed temperature and length dependence is consistent with phase-coherent tunnelling through the whole molecular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Sedghi
- Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
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16
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Yi C, Blum C, Lehmann M, Keller S, Liu SX, Frei G, Neels A, Hauser J, Schürch S, Decurtins S. Versatile strategy to access fully functionalized benzodifurans: redox-active chromophores for the construction of extended pi-conjugated materials. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3350-7. [PMID: 20420448 DOI: 10.1021/jo100323s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthetic approach to construct a fully substituted benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran (BDF) 2a via base-catalyzed double annulations is presented. Compound 2a can readily undergo Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira coupling reactions to afford in good yields a manifold of extended pi-conjugated BDF derivatives, e.g., with pyridine termini (4-6) and with different spacers. These are highly luminescent materials that undergo two reversible one-electron oxidations. Remarkably, their photophysical and electrochemical properties can be largely tuned by methylation or protonation. Consequently, they can function as pH-dependent fluorescence switches. Finally, the observed electronic properties are explained on the basis of density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Yi
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Chandra A, Singh B, Upadhyay S, Singh RM. Copper-free Sonogashira coupling of 2-chloroquinolines with phenyl acetylene and quick annulation to benzo[b][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives in aqueous ammonia. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Ma C, Ren Y, Zhang Q, Ding K, Zhao J, Zhang D. A Novel One-pot Synthesis of Pyrroloquinoline and Pyrroloisoquinoline Derivatives in Ionic Liquid. CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2007.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ho TI, Elangovan A, Hsu HY, Yang SW. Highly Fluorescent N,N-Dimethylaminophenylethynylarenes: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Electrochemiluminescence. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:8626-33. [PMID: 16852021 DOI: 10.1021/jp0444518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new family of aryl-pi-donor-aryl molecules has been synthesized and studied with respect to their photophysical properties and electrogenerated chemiluminscence (ECL) for the first time. Anthracene, phenanthrene, naphthalene, biphenyl, and fluorene were coupled with N,N-dimethylanilino moiety via a C-C triple bond (1-7). Introduction of such a strong electron-donating moiety as N,N-dimethylanilino group through a triple bond imparts new properties to the resultant molecules that are not commonly observed for the parent arenes. All molecules show absorption in the near-visible region and emission totally in the visible region with high fluorescence quantum yields. Bright solid-state photoluminescence has also been noticed for all the compounds in the visible region. 9-Anthryl- and 1-naphthyl- derivatives exhibited blue-shifted electrochemiluminescence (ECL) relative to their photoluminescence because of aggregation. 9-Phenanthryl- and 2-naphthyl- derivatives did not show ECL. 2-Biphenyl derivative showed monomeric ECL while 4-biphenyl counterpart exhibited excimer ECL. No ECL was observed for 2-fluorenyl derivative. The observed electronic properties are discussed with regard to the structure of the molecules. The characteristics of the molecules chosen in the present study open up new prospects and promises for novel tunable organic materials, on the basis of simple extension of conjugation to promote intramolecular communication, for ECL, OLED, and other optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Ing Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei - 106, Taiwan.
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Elangovan A, Wang YH, Ho TI. Sonogashira coupling reaction with diminished homocoupling. Org Lett 2003; 5:1841-4. [PMID: 12762666 DOI: 10.1021/ol034320+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The side product from homocoupling reaction of two terminal acetylenes in the Sonogashira reaction can be reduced to about 2% using an atmosphere of hydrogen gas diluted with nitrogen or argon. Terminal arylethynes, diarylethynes, and a few new arylpyridylethynes with donor substituents have been synthesized in very good yields. Comparative control experiments suggest that the homocoupling yield is determined by concentration of both catalyst and oxygen.
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Akhtaruzzaman M, Tomura M, Zaman MB, Nishida JI, Yamashita Y. Synthesis and characterization of new linear pi-conjugated molecules containing bis(ethynylpyridine) units with a benzothiadiazole spacer. J Org Chem 2002; 67:7813-8. [PMID: 12398508 DOI: 10.1021/jo0202334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three novel 4,7-bis(n-pyridylethynyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazoles (n = 2, 3, and 4) were synthesized by using the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of 4,7-dibromo-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with the corresponding ethynylpyridines in the presence of a Pd(II) catalyst. The viologen analogues were also prepared by methylation of pyridyl nitrogen atoms. X-ray structure analysis of these compounds revealed the linear molecular structures with unusual columnar crystal structures. Insertion of a benzothiadiazole moiety into the acetylene-pyridine skeleton brings about a large increase in electron affinity and the bispyridyl compounds obtained here show high fluorescence quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Akhtaruzzaman
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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Fukuyama T, Shinmen M, Nishitani S, Sato M, Ryu I. A copper-free Sonogashira coupling reaction in ionic liquids and its application to a microflow system for efficient catalyst recycling. Org Lett 2002; 4:1691-4. [PMID: 12000275 DOI: 10.1021/ol0257732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The PdCl2(PPh3)2-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction, in good to high yields, was performed in an ionic liquid ([BMIm][PF6]) in the absence of a copper salt. The use of an ionic liquid allows for the facile separation and recycling of the catalyst. The application of the above reaction in a microflow system in conjunction with an IMM micromixer was also successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
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