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Ghasemabadi PG, Tabasi ZA, Salari P, Zhao Y, Bodwell GJ. Long-range Through-space Charge Transfer in a pH-responsive Mixed Cyclophane of Pyridine and Teropyrene. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302404. [PMID: 37682562 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
A large, strained (SE=44.2 kcal/mol) and conformationally flexible mixed cyclophane of pyridine and teropyrene was synthesized using two intramolecular Wurtz coupling reactions and an unprecedented Scholl reaction between the unreactive 2 positions of the pyrene systems in a triply bridged pyrenophane. Protonation of the pyridine unit results in a greatly enhanced preference for nesting in the cavity of the highly bent teropyrene system (θcalc =162.6°) and emergence of a charge transfer absorption band (λmax =592 nm) due to a long range (5.0-5.5 Å), through-space intramolecular transition between the teropyrene and pyridinium units, which does not exist in the neutral cyclophane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghods Ghasemabadi
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Zahra A Tabasi
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Parinaz Salari
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Graham J Bodwell
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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2
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Xu D, Zheng WH. Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties of Planar Chiral Azahelicenes Based on [2.2]Paracyclophane. Org Lett 2021; 23:8612-8616. [PMID: 34647746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three pairs of planar chiral heteroarenes were synthesized using palladium-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig coupling and hypervalent iodine-mediated oxidative cyclization from optically pure 4-amino[2.2]paracyclophane. Among them, an enantiomer of planar chiral azahelicene was found to have circularly polarized luminescence activity that was remarkably stronger than that of planar chiral heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Tsuchiya M, Maeda H, Inoue R, Morisaki Y. Construction of helical structures with planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane: fusing helical and planar chiralities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9256-9259. [PMID: 34519318 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03320d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optically active conjugated molecules bearing one-handed helical structures, in which two [4]helicenes or two phenanthrenes are stacked at terminal benzene moieties, were prepared using enantiopure [2.2]paracyclophane as a chiral scaffold. The obtained molecules exhibited excellent chiroptical properties such as circularly polarized luminescence with high disymmetry factors. Planar chiral pseudo-meta-disubstituted [2.2]paracyclophane was also optically resolved on the sub-gram-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Tsuchiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University. 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.
| | - Hazuki Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University. 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University. 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Morisaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University. 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.
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Novel bis-nitrile grafted [6]Helicenes through a photochemical pathway: Chiroptical and photophysical properties. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Aida Y, Nogami J, Sugiyama H, Uekusa H, Tanaka K. Enantioselective Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)-Based Planar Chiral Bent Cyclophanes by Rhodium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition. Chemistry 2020; 26:12579-12588. [PMID: 32350943 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-based planar chiral cyclophanes was achieved for the first time by the rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular regio- and enantioselective [2+2+2] cycloaddition of tethered diyne-benzofulvenes followed by stepwise oxidative transformations. The thus synthesized planar chiral bent cyclophanes, that possess bent p-terphenyl- and 9-fluorenone-cores, were converted to 9-fluorenol-based ones with excellent ee values of >99 % by diastereoselective 1,2-reduction. These 9-fluorenol-based cyclophanes exhibited high fluorescence quantum yields, which were significantly higher than that of an acyclic reference molecule (78-82 % vs. 48 %). The bending effect on the chiroptical property was also examined, which revealed that the anisotropy factors (gabs values) for electronic circular dichroism (ECD) of these 9-fluorenol-based planar chiral bent cyclophanes increase as the tether length becomes shorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimasa Aida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Juntaro Nogami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Haruki Sugiyama
- Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, Hiyoshi 4-1-1, Kohoku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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Hafedh N, Aloui F. Synthesis, structural characterization and photophysical properties of 7-cyanohexahelicene. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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7
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Ghasemabadi PG, Yao T, Bodwell GJ. Cyclophanes containing large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6494-518. [PMID: 26024232 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00274e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophanes have been firmly entrenched as a distinct class of compounds for well over half a century. The two main factors that have kept this field of chemistry going so strongly for such a long time are tremendous structural diversity and the interesting behaviour that is often observed. Although a very large number cyclophanes has been reported, only a very small proportion of them contain polycyclic aromatic systems that can be thought of as "large", i.e. with ≥4 rings. This Review puts the spotlight on such cyclophanes, illuminating both the chemistry that was used to synthesize them and what was learned from studying them. Context for the main body is provided by the careful consideration of the anatomy of a cyclophane and the classification of general synthetic approaches. The subsequent sections cover eleven different PAHs and are organized primarily according to increasing size of the aromatic system, starting with pyrene (C16, the only large polycyclic aromatic system to have been incorporated into numerous cyclophanes) and ending with hexabenzo[bc,ef,hi,kl,no,qr]coronene (C42).
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Hoffmann N. Photochemical reactions applied to the synthesis of helicenes and helicene-like compounds. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Yavari K, Retailleau P, Voituriez A, Marinetti A. Heterohelicenes with Embedded P-Chiral 1H-Phosphindole or Dibenzophosphole Units: Diastereoselective Photochemical Synthesis and Structural Characterization. Chemistry 2013; 19:9939-47. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Gingras M, Félix G, Peresutti R. One hundred years of helicene chemistry. Part 2: stereoselective syntheses and chiral separations of carbohelicenes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:1007-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35111k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Warnke MM, Cotton FA, Armstrong DW. Enantioseparation of extended metal atom chain complexes: unique compounds of extraordinarily high specific rotation. Chirality 2007; 19:179-83. [PMID: 17192837 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extended metal atom chains (EMACs) contain a linear metal chain wrapped by various ligands. Most complexes are of the form M(3)(dpa)(4)X(2), where M = metal, dpa = 2,2'-dipyridylamide, and X = various anions. The ligands form helical coils about the metal chain, which results in chiral EMAC complexes. The EMACs containing the metals Co and Cu were partially separated in polar organic mode using a vancomycin-based chiral stationary phase. Under similar conditions, two EMACs with Ni metal and varying anions could be baseline separated. The polar organic mode was used because of the instability of the compounds in aqueous mobile phases. Also, these conditions are more conducive to preparative separations. Polarimetric measurements on the resolved enantiomers of Ni(3)(dpa)(4)Cl(2) indicate that they have extraordinarily high specific rotations (on the order of 5000 deg cc/g dm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Warnke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
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Tani Y, Ubukata T, Yokoyama Y, Yokoyama Y. Chiral Helicenoid Diarylethene with Highly Diastereoselective Photocyclization1. J Org Chem 2007; 72:1639-44. [PMID: 17286436 DOI: 10.1021/jo062022v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel photochromic helicenoid diarylethene (R)-1-[1-(1-methoxymethoxyethyl)-2-naphtho[2,1-b]thienyl]-2-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)hexafluorocyclopentene was synthesized enantioselectively. It showed highly diastereoselective photocyclization (90% de) and a large change (950 degrees) in the specific optical rotation value at 633 nm upon UV light irradiation in ethyl acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tani
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Lin
- a Liquid Crystal Institute, Chemical Physics and NSF AIXOM Center, Kent State University , Kent , OH , 44242
| | - L.-C. Chien
- a Liquid Crystal Institute, Chemical Physics and NSF AIXOM Center, Kent State University , Kent , OH , 44242
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Lanari D, Marrocchi A, Minuti L, Rosini C, Superchi S, Taticchi A. Synthesis and absolute configuration of a new chiral [2.2]paracyclophane-based diene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Dreher SD, Weix DJ, Katz TJ. Easy Synthesis of Functionalized Hetero[7]helicenes. J Org Chem 1999; 64:3671-3678. [PMID: 11674496 DOI: 10.1021/jo990065o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hetero[7]helicenebisquinones can be synthesized easily on a multigram scale by combining the silyl enol ethers of 3,6-diacetyldibenzofuran, 3,6-diacetyldibenzothiophene, and 3,6-diacetylcarbazole with p-benzoquinone. They can be resolved into their enantiomers by a procedure that had previously been used to resolve carbohelicenebisquinones. Their absolute configurations are assigned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer D. Dreher
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027
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Rozenberg V, Dubrovina N, Sergeeva E, Antonov D, Belokon' Y. An improved synthesis of ( S )-(+)- and ( R )-(−)-[2.2]paracyclophane-4-carboxylic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(98)00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chiral [2.2]paracyclophanes—III. The preparation of unique homochiral amino-acids derived from [2.2]paracyclophane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(97)00590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Gottarelli G, Proni G, Spada GP, Fabbri D, Gladiali S, Rosini C. Conformational and Configurational Analysis of 4,4‘-Biphenanthryl Derivatives and Related Helicenes by Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy and Cholesteric Induction in Nematic Mesophases. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo951823n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlo Rosini
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Pischel I, Grimme S, Kotila S, Nieger M, Vögtle F. A configurationally stable pyrrolohelicene: experimental and theoretical structure-chiroptic relationships. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(95)00427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tanaka K, Osuga H, Suzuki H, Kishida H. An efficient synthetic method for optically pure heterohelicenes. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)61323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pereira DE, Neelima, Leonard NJ. A Resolvable octaheterohelicene based on the 1,3,4,6-tetraazapentalene ring system. Tetrahedron 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pereira DE, Clauson GL, Leonard NJ. Dissymmetry of certain substituted dipyridotetraazapentalenes. Tetrahedron 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Condensed Benzenoid Cyclophanes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-403002-2.50008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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Mikeš F, Boshart G, Gil-Av E. Resolution of optical isomers by high-performance liquid chromatography, using coated and bonded chiral charge-transfer complexing agents as stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)82245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Martin R, Marchant M. Resolution and optical properties ([α]max, ord and cd) of hepta-, octa- and nonahelicene. Tetrahedron 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)91468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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