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Gagliano-Jucá T, Napolitano M, Del Grossi Ferraz Carvalho F, Campos R, Mónica FZ, Claudino MA, Antunes E, Lopes AG, De Nucci G. Hydrochlorothiazide Potentiates Contractile Activity of Mouse Cavernosal Smooth Muscle. Sex Med 2016; 4:e113-23. [PMID: 27006319 PMCID: PMC5005312 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hydrochlorothiazide has a negative influence on penile erection but little is known about the mechanism(s) involved. Aims To characterize the effects of this diuretic on mouse corpus cavernosum (CC) smooth muscle in vitro and ex vivo. Methods CC strips of C57BL/6 mice (12–16 weeks old) were mounted in organ baths containing Krebs-Henseleit solution and tissue reactivity was evaluated. Expression of genes encoding diuretic targets and enzymes involved in penile erection were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. Main Outcome Measures Stimulation-response curves to phenylephrine (10 nmol/L–100 μmol/L) or to electrical field stimulation (1–32 Hz) were constructed, with or without hydrochlorothiazide. Strips of CC from mice after long-term hydrochlorothiazide treatment (6 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks) with or without amiloride (0.6 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks) in vivo also were studied. Nitric oxide and Rho-kinase pathways were evaluated. Results Hydrochlorothiazide (100 μmol/L) increased the maximum response to phenylephrine by 64% in vitro. This effect was unaffected by the addition of indomethacin (5 μmol/L) but was abolished by N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100 μmol/L). Hydrochlorothiazide (100 μmol/L) potentiated electrical field stimulation-induced contraction in vitro, but not ex vivo. Long-term treatment with hydrochlorothiazide increased the maximum response to phenylephrine by 60% and resulted in a plasma concentration of 500 ± 180 nmol/L. Amiloride (100μmol/L) caused rightward shifts in concentration-response curves to phenylephrine in vitro. Long-term treatment with hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride did not significantly increase the maximum response to phenylephrine (+13%). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction did not detect the NaCl cotransporter in mouse CC. Hydrochlorothiazide did not change Rho-kinase activity, whereas amiloride decreased it in vitro and ex vivo (approximately 18% and 24% respectively). A 40% decrease in Rock1 expression also was observed after long-term treatment with hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride. Conclusion Hydrochlorothiazide potentiates contraction of smooth muscle from mouse CC. These findings could explain why diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are associated with erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Gagliano-Jucá
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mauro Napolitano
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Rafael Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Zakia Mónica
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mário Angelo Claudino
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anibal Gil Lopes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Camalier CE, Yi M, Yu LR, Hood BL, Conrads KA, Lee YJ, Lin Y, Garneys LM, Bouloux GF, Young MR, Veenstra TD, Stephens RM, Colburn NH, Conrads TP, Beck GR. An integrated understanding of the physiological response to elevated extracellular phosphate. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1536-50. [PMID: 23280476 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that changes in serum phosphate levels influence pathological states associated with aging such as cancer, bone metabolism, and cardiovascular function, even in individuals with normal renal function. The causes are only beginning to be elucidated but are likely a combination of endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and cell autonomous effects. We have used an integrated quantitative biology approach, combining transcriptomics and proteomics to define a multi-phase, extracellular phosphate-induced, signaling network in pre-osteoblasts as well as primary human and mouse mesenchymal stromal cells. We identified a rapid mitogenic response stimulated by elevated phosphate that results in the induction of immediate early genes including c-fos. The mechanism of activation requires FGF receptor signaling followed by stimulation of N-Ras and activation of AP-1 and serum response elements. A distinct long-term response also requires FGF receptor signaling and results in N-Ras activation and expression of genes and secretion of proteins involved in matrix regulation, calcification, and angiogenesis. The late response is synergistically enhanced by addition of FGF23 peptide. The intermediate phase results in increased oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production and is necessary for the late response providing a functional link between the phases. Collectively, the results define elevated phosphate, as a mitogen and define specific mechanisms by which phosphate stimulates proliferation and matrix regulation. Our approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the cellular response to elevated extracellular phosphate, functionally connecting temporally coordinated signaling, transcriptional, and metabolic events with changes in long-term cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Camalier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Torres F, Silva C, Lanza L, Santos AV, Pimenta A, De Lima M, Diniz M. Functional expression of a recombinant toxin – rPnTx2-6 – active in erectile function in rat. Toxicon 2010; 56:1172-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Toda N, Ayajiki K. Phylogenesis of constitutively formed nitric oxide in non-mammals. REVIEWS OF PHYSIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 157:31-80. [PMID: 17236649 DOI: 10.1007/112_0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that nitric oxide (NO) in mammalian tissues is produced from L-arginine via catalysis by NO synthase (NOS) isoforms such as neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) that are constitutively expressed mainly in the central and peripheral nervous system and vascular endothelial cells, respectively. This review concentrates only on these constitutive NOS (cNOS) isoforms while excluding information about iNOS, which is induced mainly in macrophages upon stimulation by cytokines and polysaccharides. The NO signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the functional regulation of mammalian tissues and organs. Evidence has also been accumulated for the role of NO in invertebrates and non-mammalian vertebrates. Expression of nNOS in the brain and peripheral nervous system is widely determined by staining with NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) diaphorase or NOS immunoreactivity, and functional roles of NO formed by nNOS are evidenced in the early phylogenetic stages (invertebrates and fishes). On the other hand, the endothelium mainly produces vasodilating prostanoids rather than NO or does not liberate endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) (fishes), and the ability of endothelial cells to liberate NO is observed later in phylogenetic stages (amphibians). This review article summarizes various types of interesting information obtained from lower organisms (invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds) about the properties and distribution of nNOS and eNOS and also the roles of NO produced by the cNOS as an important intercellular signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Toda
- Toyama Institute for Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research, 7-13, 1-Chome, Azuchi-machi, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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Teixeira CE, Baracat JS, Arantes EC, De Nucci G, Antunes E. Effects of β-adrenoceptor antagonists in the neural nitric oxide release induced by electrical field stimulation and sodium channel activators in the rabbit corpus cavernosum. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 519:146-53. [PMID: 16084509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beta-Adrenoceptor antagonists may present receptor-independent mechanisms, such as blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels. This study aimed to investigate the effects of non-selective (propranolol), and selective beta1- (atenolol, metoprolol and betaxolol) and beta2-adrenoceptor (ICI 118,551) antagonists in the nitric oxide (NO)-mediated rabbit corpus cavernosum relaxations induced by either electrical field stimulation (EFS) or activators of voltage-gated sodium channels. The sodium channel blockers tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin abolished the relaxations induced by EFS or sodium channel activators of binding site-2 (aconitine and veratridine), site-3 (Ts3 toxin), site-4 (Ts1 toxin) and site-5 (brevetoxin-3). The beta-adrenoceptor antagonists failed to affect the relaxations induced by EFS, aconitine and veratridine. Relaxations induced by Ts3 and Ts1 toxins, as well as brevetoxin-3, were markedly reduced by prior addition of propranolol, betaxolol and ICI 118,551. During the established relaxation induced by Ts3 toxin, propranolol failed to restore the basal tone. In conclusion, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists may cause an allosteric inhibition at the binding site-3, -4 and -5 of voltage-gated sodium channels, leading to blockade of neural NO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber E Teixeira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6111, 13081-970, Campinas (SP), Brazil
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Bomfim JHGG, de Godoy MAF, Giglio JR, de Oliveira AM, Arantes EC. Effects Induced by Tityus serrulatus Scorpion Venom and Its Toxins TsTX-I and TsTX-V on the Rat Isolated Retractor Penis Muscle. Pharmacology 2005; 73:190-8. [PMID: 15608440 DOI: 10.1159/000082804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to investigate the pharmacological effects induced by Tityus serrulatus venom (TsV) and its fractions and to compare with the effects induced by pure alpha (TsTX-V) and beta (TsTX-I) toxins isolated from TsV on rat retractor penis muscle (RPM). TsV, fractions X, XI, XIIa, XIIb (0.01-100 microg/ml) and TsTX-V (1 nmol/l-10 micromol/l) induced concentration-dependent contractions. Prazosin and guanethidine or tetrodotoxin (TTX, 5 micromol/l, 30 min) completely abolished these contractions, suggesting complete dependence on sympathetic nerves. TsV or fractions X, XI, XIIa, XIIb (0.01- 100 microg/ml), TsTX-I and TsTX-V (1 nmol/l-10 micromol/l) induced concentration-dependent relaxations in the precontracted RPM. TTX or N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 micromol/l, 30 min) completely abolished the relaxations. Our results suggest that most of TsV-derivated toxins induce contraction and relaxation on RPM by sympathetic and NANC nitrergic nerve stimulation. Noteworthy, TsTX-I only induces relaxation on RPM suggesting that this protein selectively acts on inhibitory nerves.
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Teixeira CE, de Oliveira JF, Baracat JS, Priviero FBM, Okuyama CE, Rodrigues Netto N, Fregonesi A, Antunes E, De Nucci G. Nitric oxide release from human corpus cavernosum induced by a purified scorpion toxin. Urology 2004; 63:184-9. [PMID: 14751389 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(03)00785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of a purified scorpion toxin (Ts3) on human corpus cavernosum (HCC) in vitro. Scorpion venoms cause a massive release of neurotransmitters that contribute to the clinical symptoms resulting from envenomation. METHODS HCC strips were mounted in organ baths containing Krebs solution. After equilibration, the tissues were precontracted with phenylephrine (10 micromol/L). The relaxations caused by Ts3 (30 nmol/L) were compared with those induced by electrical field stimulation (1 to 20 Hz) and nitric oxide (NO, 1 to 100 micromol/L). RESULTS The addition of Ts3 evoked long-lasting relaxations of precontracted HCC strips, and exogenously applied NO and electrical field stimulation caused short-lived responses. The NO synthesis inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 100 micromol/L) reduced by 87% +/- 2% the Ts3-induced relaxations; this inhibition was reversed by pretreating the tissues with L-arginine (1 mmol/L). The relaxant responses mediated by Ts3 were blocked to a similar degree by the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3,-alquinoxalin-1-one] (10 micromol/L). In contrast, the addition of the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor sildenafil (0.1 micromol/L) significantly enhanced Ts3-evoked relaxations by 78% +/- 4%. The sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (1 micromol/L) completely blocked the relaxant responses elicited by both Ts3 and electrical field stimulation, without significantly affecting those elicited by NO. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that Ts3 relaxes the HCC through the release of NO from nitrergic nerves. The elucidation of this mechanism is useful for the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat priapism after scorpion envenomation or to modulate sodium channel activity in the case of penile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber E Teixeira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fernandes de Oliveira J, Teixeira CE, Arantes EC, de Nucci G, Antunes E. Relaxation of rabbit corpus cavernosum by selective activators of voltage-gated sodium channels: role of nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. Urology 2003; 62:581-8. [PMID: 12946781 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(03)00462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the capacity of voltage-gated Na(+) channel activators such as batrachotoxin, aconitine, veratridine, Ts1 (formerly Tityus gamma-toxin), and brevetoxin-3 to induce relaxation of rabbit isolated corpus cavernosum (RbCC) and the pharmacologic mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. The voltage-gated Na(+) channels of the corpus cavernosum are essential for erectile function. A number of biologic toxins exert their effects by modifying the properties of these channels. METHODS Male New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Strips of RbCC were transferred to 10-mL organ baths containing oxygenated and warmed Krebs solution. The RbCC strips were connected to force-displacement transducers, and changes in isometric force were recorded using a PowerLab 400 data acquisition system. Corporeal smooth muscle was precontracted submaximally with phenylephrine (10 micromol/L). RESULTS The binding site-2 (batrachotoxin, aconitine, and veratridine) and binding site-5 (brevetoxin-3) voltage-gated Na(+) channel activators caused slow-onset RbCC relaxations, and the binding site-4 activator Ts1 produced transitory relaxations followed by a return to baseline. The Na(+)channel blockers tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin (0.1 micromol/L each) abolished the relaxations induced by these agonists. Similarly, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (100 micromol/L) markedly reduced the relaxations and l-arginine (1 mmol/L) restored the relaxations. The soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4] oxidiazolo[4,3-alpha] quinoxalin-1-one (10 micromol/L) reduced the relaxations, and the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor sildenafil (100 nmol/L) significantly potentiated the relaxations by all activators. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the relaxations evoked by selective activators of voltage-gated Na(+) channels are mediated by the release of nitric oxide from nitrergic nerves and the activation of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in the smooth muscle cells of erectile tissue.
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