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Van Hoesen K, Mundo W, Mierau S, Hochheimer CJ, Eggers L, Shaw S, Russo BC, Reno E. Evaluation of Escherichia coli Inactivation at High Altitudes Using Solar Water Disinfection. Wilderness Environ Med 2023; 34:38-44. [PMID: 36509669 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Solar disinfection (SODIS) is an effective method for microbiologic inactivation of contaminated water using ultraviolet rays at low elevations. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of SODIS at higher elevations. METHODS The ability of SODIS to inactivate Escherichia coli bacteria was evaluated at an altitude of ≥1600 m using Nalgene bottles, disposable plastic water bottles, and Ziploc plastic bags. Bacterial viability was determined through measurement of colony forming units (CFUs). Decreases in CFUs were determined at each time point relative to those at the baseline, and a multivariable regression analysis was used to assess significant changes in CFUs. RESULTS Bacterial CFUs in exposed containers decreased by >5 log after 6 h of exposure to sunlight. In contrast, the CFUs remained nearly unchanged in unexposed containers, showing a mean decrease of 0.3 log. By 2 h, bacterial inactivation at high altitudes was 1.7-fold greater than that at lower altitudes (P<0.05). By 6 h, nearly all bacteria were inactivated at high or low altitudes. At 6 h, no statistical difference was observed in the efficiency of inactivation between elevations. Compared with Nalgene bottles, plastic bottles had a 1.4-fold greater decrease in CFUs (P<0.05). No statistical difference in bacterial inactivation was found between plastic bottles and plastic bags. CONCLUSIONS At high altitudes, SODIS is an effective method for inactivating E coli. Further research investigating other microorganisms is warranted to determine whether SODIS is suitable for disinfecting contaminated water at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Van Hoesen
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - William Mundo
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
| | - Savannah Mierau
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Camille J Hochheimer
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Steven Shaw
- Graduate School, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Brian C Russo
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Elaine Reno
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Gandhi J, Prakash H. Photo-disinfection Processes for Bacterial Inactivation and Underlying Principles for Water Constituents’ Impact: A Review. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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Feng W, Liu Y, Gao L. Stormwater treatment for reuse: Current practice and future development - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113830. [PMID: 34600425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater harvesting is an effective measure to mitigate flooding risk and pollutant migration in our urban environment with the continuously increasing impermeable faction. Treatment of harvested stormwater also provides the fit-for-purpose water sources as an alternative to potable water supply ensuring the reliability and sustainability of the water management in the living complex. In order to provide the water management decision-maker with a broad range of related technology database and to facilitate the implementation of stormwater harvesting in the future, a comprehensive review was undertaken to understand the corresponding treatment performance, the applicable circumstances of current stormwater treatment and harvesting technologies. Technologies with promising potential for stormwater treatment were also reviewed to investigate the feasibility of being used in an integrated process. The raw stormwater quality and the required quality for different levels of stormwater reuses (irrigation, recreational, and potable) were reviewed and compared. The required level of treatment is defined for different 'fit-for-purpose' uses of harvested stormwater. Stormwater biofilter and constructed wetland as the two most advanced and widely used stormwater harvesting and treatment technologies, their main functionality, treatment performance and adequate scale of the application were reviewed based on published peer-reviewed articles and case studies. Excessive microbial effluent that exists in stormwater treated using these two technologies has restricted the stormwater reuse in most cases. Water disinfection technologies developed for wastewater and surface water treatment but with high potential to be used for stormwater treatment have been reviewed. Their feasibility and limitation for stormwater treatment are presented with respect to different levels of fit-for-purpose reuses. Implications for future implementation of stormwater treatment are made on proposing treatment trains that are suitable for different fit-for-purpose stormwater reuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Feng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Li Gao
- Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia; South East Water Corporation, Seaford, VIC, 3198 Australia.
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Brockliss S, Luwe K, Ferrero G, Morse T. Assessment of the 20L SODIS bucket household water treatment technology under field conditions in rural Malawi. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 240:113913. [PMID: 34971863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two billion people worldwide consume unsafe drinking water. The problem is particularly pronounced in Sub-Saharan Africa, where more than a quarter of the population relies on unimproved surface water sources. Based on the principles of solar water disinfection (SODIS), a new household water treatment technology, the SODIS bucket, was developed to improve the microbial quality of water from these sources based on controlled tests in a laboratory setting. This study set out to evaluate the efficacy of the technology in a field setting, in rural communities in the Chikwawa District in southern Malawi. SODIS experiments were carried out in two different vessels (1-L PET bottles and 20-L polypropylene SODIS buckets), over three months using unprotected water sources normally used by community members. Vessels were exposed to direct sunlight for 8 h per day in a village setting and were sampled at regular intervals to determine total coliforms, E. coli, turbidity, UV transmittance and UV dose. In these experiments, the SODIS bucket reached inactivation targets for E. coli (<1 CFU/100 mL) in two of seven experiments and for total coliforms in one of seven for total coliforms (<50 CFU/100 mL), despite having greater UV doses than were seen in the evaluation carried out under controlled conditions during the bucket's development. PET bottles reached inactivation targets for both E. coli and total coliforms in five of seven experiments. There was no single factor that could be identified as preventing adequate inactivation, but the role of organic matter, inconsistent nature of the water source, and vessel size, when coupled with organic matter, were identified as contributing factors. This study highlights the need for further prototyping to provide a suitable pre-treatment step for unprotected water sources, and the importance of field testing with real-life parameters to ensure new technologies are context appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Brockliss
- UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, Netherlands; Mott MacDonald, 111 S Wood Ave, Iselin, NJ, 08830, USA
| | - Kondwani Luwe
- Centre for Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Appropriate Technology Development, Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Giuliana Ferrero
- UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, Netherlands; WASH Consulting, Achterom 80, 2611PS, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Tracy Morse
- Centre for Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Appropriate Technology Development, Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, Glasgow, UK.
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5
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Chen C, Guo L, Yang Y, Oguma K, Hou LA. Comparative effectiveness of membrane technologies and disinfection methods for virus elimination in water: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149678. [PMID: 34416607 PMCID: PMC8364419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has brought viruses into the public horizon. Since viruses can pose a threat to human health in a low concentration range, seeking efficient virus removal methods has been the research hotspots in the past few years. Herein, a total of 1060 research papers were collected from the Web of Science database to identify technological trends as well as the research status. Based on the analysis results, this review elaborates on the state-of-the-art of membrane filtration and disinfection technologies for the treatment of virus-containing wastewater and drinking water. The results evince that membrane and disinfection methods achieve a broad range of virus removal efficiency (0.5-7 log reduction values (LRVs) and 0.09-8 LRVs, respectively) that is attributable to the various interactions between membranes or disinfectants and viruses having different susceptibility in viral capsid protein and nucleic acid. Moreover, this review discusses the related challenges and potential of membrane and disinfection technologies for customized virus removal in order to prevent the dissemination of the waterborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Lihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Kumiko Oguma
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Li-An Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China; Xi'an High-Tech Institute, Xi'an 710025, China.
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6
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Chaúque BJM, Rott MB. Solar disinfection (SODIS) technologies as alternative for large-scale public drinking water supply: Advances and challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130754. [PMID: 34029967 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal waterborne diseases, continue to stand out among the most lethal diseases in developing countries, because of consuming contaminated water taken from unsafe sources. Advances made in recent decades in methods of solar water disinfection (SODIS) have shown that SODIS is an effective and inexpensive method of providing drinking water, capable of substantially reducing the prevalence and mortality of waterborne diseases. The increased impact of SODIS in communities lacking drinking water services depends on a successful upgrade from conventional SODIS (based on PET bottle reactors) in high flow continuous flow systems for solar water disinfection (CFSSWD). This review aimed to identify the main limitations of conventional SODIS that hinder its application as a large-scale drinking water supply strategy, and to propose ways to overcome these limitations (without making it economically inaccessible) based on the current frontier of advances technological. It was found that the successful development of the CFSSWD depends on overcoming the current limitations of conventional SODIS and the development of systems whose configurations allow combining the properties of solar pasteurization (SOPAS) and SODIS. Different improvements need to be made to the main components of the CFSSWD, such as increasing the performance of solar radiation collectors, photo and thermal reactors and heat exchangers. The integration of disinfection technologies based on photocatalytic and photothermal nanomaterials also needs to be achieved. The performance evaluation of the CFSSWD should be made considering resistant microorganisms, such as the environmental resistance structures of bacteria or protozoa (spores or (oo)cysts) as targets of disinfection approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil; Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Universidade Rovuma, Niassa Branch, Mozambique.
| | - Marilise Brittes Rott
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil.
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Insights into Solar Disinfection Enhancements for Drinking Water Treatment Applications. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131910570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poor access to drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene has always been a major concern and a main challenge facing humanity even in the current century. A third of the global population lacks access to microbiologically safe drinking water, especially in rural and poor areas that lack proper treatment facilities. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is widely proven by the World Health Organization as an accepted method for inactivating waterborne pathogens. A significant number of studies have recently been conducted regarding its effectiveness and how to overcome its limitations, by using water pretreatment steps either by physical, chemical, and biological factors or the integration of photocatalysis in SODIS processes. This review covers the role of solar disinfection in water treatment applications, going through different water treatment approaches including physical, chemical, and biological, and discusses the inactivation mechanisms of water pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and even protozoa and fungi. The review also addresses the latest advances in different pre-treatment modifications to enhance the treatment performance of the SODIS process in addition to the main limitations and challenges.
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8
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Nie Y, Sun X, Wang M, Tian X, Yang C, Dai C. Natural alumina/silica suspended particles in water to enhance ofloxacin degradation with UVA-H 2O 2 driven by surface chemistry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125259. [PMID: 33545644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UV-H2O2 is the most widely used oxidizing system with established effectiveness and a high level of technical development for practical application. However, little attention was paid on the effect of suspended particles in natural water on organic contaminants removal via UV-H2O2 technique. In this study, this effect of suspended particles to enhance the contaminant degradation was explored using silica/alumina-based oxides (MCM-41 and Al@MCM-41) as the representative. The results showed that MCM-41 had no effect on OFX degradation compared with UV-H2O2. While the degradation efficiency and reaction rate were greatly enhanced at a pH range of 3.0-9.0 especially at acidic pH values (3.0-5.0) in the presence of Al@MCM-41. The probe experiments proved that OFX adsorption followed by surface reaction process played an important role to enhance the performance of UV-H2O2. Based on the characterization results, the positive effect of suspended particles was not related to their surface area and pore size distribution, but dependent on the chemical composition and surface acid-base property. The suspended particles can provide an active surface composed of acid and base sites. The base site can create a local basic micro-environment by producing more •OH et al. While the dissociated acid sites in Al@MCM-41 with a negative charged surface favor OFX adsorption and then reaction with produced ROS. Our findings suggest that the enhanced performance of UVA-H2O2 induced by suspended particles should be concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulun Nie
- Faculty of Materials and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- CCCC Ecological Environmental Protection Investment Company, F/2 Yiheyangguang Tower B, No 12 Dongtucheng Road, Beijing 100013, PR China
| | - Miao Wang
- Faculty of Materials and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xike Tian
- Faculty of Materials and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Chao Yang
- Faculty of Materials and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Chu Dai
- Faculty of Materials and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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García-Gil Á, García-Muñoz RA, McGuigan KG, Marugán J. Solar Water Disinfection to Produce Safe Drinking Water: A Review of Parameters, Enhancements, and Modelling Approaches to Make SODIS Faster and Safer. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113431. [PMID: 34198857 PMCID: PMC8201346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is one the cheapest and most suitable treatments to produce safe drinking water at the household level in resource-poor settings. This review introduces the main parameters that influence the SODIS process and how new enhancements and modelling approaches can overcome some of the current drawbacks that limit its widespread adoption. Increasing the container volume can decrease the recontamination risk caused by handling several 2 L bottles. Using container materials other than polyethylene terephthalate (PET) significantly increases the efficiency of inactivation of viruses and protozoa. In addition, an overestimation of the solar exposure time is usually recommended since the process success is often influenced by many factors beyond the control of the SODIS-user. The development of accurate kinetic models is crucial for ensuring the production of safe drinking water. This work attempts to review the relevant knowledge about the impact of the SODIS variables and the techniques used to develop kinetic models described in the literature. In addition to the type and concentration of pathogens in the untreated water, an ideal kinetic model should consider all critical factors affecting the efficiency of the process, such as intensity, spectral distribution of the solar radiation, container-wall transmission spectra, ageing of the SODIS reactor material, and chemical composition of the water, since the substances in the water can play a critical role as radiation attenuators and/or sensitisers triggering the inactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela García-Gil
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-G.); (R.A.G.-M.)
| | - Rafael A. García-Muñoz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-G.); (R.A.G.-M.)
| | - Kevin G. McGuigan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, DO2 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Javier Marugán
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-G.); (R.A.G.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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Cowie BE, Porley V, Robertson N. Solar Disinfection (SODIS) Provides a Much Underexploited Opportunity for Researchers in Photocatalytic Water Treatment (PWT). ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley E. Cowie
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Victoria Porley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Neil Robertson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
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Household aluminum foil matte and bright side reflectivity measurements: Application to a photobioreactor light concentrator design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 25:e00399. [PMID: 31867227 PMCID: PMC6906702 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the design of a light concentrator intended to be used to cast uniform lighting over a photobioreactor. Household aluminum foils was chosen as reflective material to build the concentrator. This choice raised the question of which side to use. Thus measurements of household aluminum foil reflectivity spectra on both bright and matte sides were undergone. These measurements were done using an integrating sphere, over a 250-2500 nm range. Diffuse and total reflectivities were acquired, for two samples each time. The obtained results are very repeatable and in good agreement with literature on rolled aluminum sheets, for the bright side at least, as matte side data were not found. Specular reflectivity is higher for the bright side while diffuse reflectivity is higher for the matte one. Furthermore, both sides of the foil have the same total reflectivity, around 86 % in the visible range of the spectrum, 97% in the near infrared. Our measurements are readability usable and available as supplementary materials. Finally, we applied these findings to the in silico design of lab scale light concentrator illuminating a new photobioreactor. A modified version of the raytracing software Soltrace was used to determine which of the two sides of our household aluminum foil was be best suited for our application.
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12
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Wang L, Yuan Z, Karahan HE, Wang Y, Sui X, Liu F, Chen Y. Nanocarbon materials in water disinfection: state-of-the-art and future directions. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9819-9839. [PMID: 31080989 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Water disinfection practices are critical for supplying safe drinking water. Existing water disinfection methods come with various drawbacks, calling for alternative or complementary solutions. Nanocarbon materials (NCMs) offer unique advantages for water disinfection owing to their high antimicrobial activity, often low environmental/human toxicity, and tunable physicochemical properties. Nevertheless, it is a challenge to assess the research progress made so far due to the structure and property diversity in NCMs as well as their different targeted applications. Because of these, here we provide a broad outline of this emerging field in three parts. First, we introduce the antimicrobial activities of the different types of NCMs, including fullerenes, nanodiamonds, carbon (nano)dots, carbon nanotubes, and graphene-family materials. Next, we discuss the current status in applying these NCMs for different water disinfection problems, especially as hydrogel filters, filtration membranes, recyclable aggregates, and electrochemical devices. We also introduce the use of NCMs in photocatalysts for photocatalytic water disinfection. Lastly, we put forward the key hurdles of the field that hamper the realization of the practical applications and propose possible directions for future investigations to address those. We hope that this minireview will encourage researchers to tackle these challenges and innovate NCM-based water disinfection platforms in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Ziwen Yuan
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - H Enis Karahan
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yilei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Xiao Sui
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Fei Liu
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NSW, 2006, Australia. and State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Pichel N, Vivar M, Fuentes M. The problem of drinking water access: A review of disinfection technologies with an emphasis on solar treatment methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:1014-1030. [PMID: 30609481 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The lack of access to safe drinking water is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Despite the collective global effort that has been made, the drinking water sources of at least 2 billion people are faecally contaminated, resulting in more than half a million diarrhoeal deaths each year, with the majority occurring in developing countries. Technologies for the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in water are therefore of great significance for human health and well-being. However, conventional technologies to provide drinking water, although effective, present limitations that impede their global application. These treatment methods often have high energy and chemical demands, which limits their application for the prevention of waterborne diseases in the most vulnerable regions. These shortcomings have led to rapid research and development of advanced alternative technologies. One of these alternative methods is solar disinfection, which is recognised by the World Health Organization as one of the most appropriate methods for producing drinkable water in developing countries. This study reviews conventional technologies that are being applied at medium to large scales to purify water and emerging technologies currently in development. In addition, this paper describes the merits, demerits, and limitations of these technologies. Finally, the review focuses on solar disinfection, including a novel technology recently developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pichel
- IMDEA Water Institute, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Spain.
| | - M Vivar
- Grupo IDEA, EPS Linares, Universidad de Jaén, Linares 23700, Spain
| | - M Fuentes
- IMDEA Water Institute, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Spain; Grupo IDEA, EPS Linares, Universidad de Jaén, Linares 23700, Spain
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15
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Ryberg EC, Chu C, Kim JH. Edible Dye-Enhanced Solar Disinfection with Safety Indication. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13361-13369. [PMID: 30411884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The rural developing world faces disproportional inequity in drinking water access, where point-of-use water treatment technologies often fail to achieve adequate levels of pathogen removal, especially for viruses. Solar disinfection (SODIS) is practiced because of its universal applicability and low implementation cost, though the excessively long treatment time and lack of safety indication hinder wider implementation. This study presents an enhanced SODIS scheme that utilizes erythrosine-a common food dye-as a photosensitizer to produce singlet oxygen for virus inactivation and to indicate the completion of water disinfection through photobleaching color change. Experimental results and predictions based on global solar irradiance data suggest that over 99.99% inactivation could be achieved within 5 min in the majority of developing countries, reducing the time for SODIS by 2 orders of magnitude. Preserving the low cost of traditional SODIS, erythrosine embodies edible dye-enhanced SODIS, an efficient water disinfection method that could potentially be used by governments and non-governmental organizations to improve drinking water quality in rural developing communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ryberg
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT) , Yale University , 17 Hillhouse Ave. , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT) , Yale University , 17 Hillhouse Ave. , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT) , Yale University , 17 Hillhouse Ave. , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
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Marjanovic M, Giannakis S, Grandjean D, de Alencastro LF, Pulgarin C. Effect of μM Fe addition, mild heat and solar UV on sulfate radical-mediated inactivation of bacteria, viruses, and micropollutant degradation in water. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 140:220-231. [PMID: 29715646 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, solar disinfection (SODIS) was enhanced by moderate addition of Fe and sodium peroxydisulfate (PDS), under solar light. A systematic assessment of the activating factors was performed, firstly isolated, then in pairs and concluded in the combined Fe/heat/solar UV-PDS activation process. Solar light was the most effective (single) activator, and its combination with Fe and heat (double activation) yielded high level of synergies (up to S = 2.13). The triple activation was able to reduce the bacterial load up to 6-log in less than 1 h, similarly to the photo-Fenton process done in comparison (SODIS alone: >5 h). Fe-oxides were suitable activators of PDS under the same conditions while the presence of organic matter enhanced bacterial inactivation by the triple activated PDS process. The degradation of a (selected) mixture of micropollutants (i.e. drugs, pesticides) was also achieved in similar order of magnitude, and faster than the photo-Fenton process. Finally, the removal of a viral pathogen indicator (MS2 bacteriophage) was attained at minute-range residence times. The aforementioned facts indicate the suitability of the mild, combined process, as a potential SODIS enhancement, producing safe drinking water for sunny and especially for developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloch Marjanovic
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefanos Giannakis
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Dominique Grandjean
- ENAC, IIE, Central Environmental Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luiz Felippe de Alencastro
- ENAC, IIE, Central Environmental Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cesar Pulgarin
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Wu X, Feng Z, Yuan B, Zhou Z, Li F, Sun W. Effects of solution chemistry on the sunlight inactivation of particles-associated viruses MS2. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 162:179-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ndounla J, Pulgarin C. Solar light (hv) and H2O2/hv photo-disinfection of natural alkaline water (pH 8.6) in a compound parabolic collector at different day periods in Sahelian region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:17082-17094. [PMID: 26122565 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The photo-disinfection of natural alkaline surface water (pH 8.6 ± 0.3) for drinking purposes was carried out under solar radiation treatments. The enteric bacteria studied were the wild total coliforms/Escherichia coli (10(4) CFU/ml) and Salmonella spp. (10(4) CFU/ml) naturally present in the water. The photo-disinfection of a 25-l water sample was carried out in a solar compound parabolic collector (CPC) in the absence and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The addition of H2O2 (10 mg/L) to the sample water was sufficient to enhance the photo-disinfection and ensure an irreversible lethal action on the wild enteric bacteria contents of the sample. The inactivation kinetic of the system was significantly enhanced compared to the one carried out without H2O2 addition. The effect of the solar radiation parameters on the efficiency of the photo-disinfection were assessed. The pH has increased during the treatment in all the photo-disinfection processes (hv and H2O2/hv). The Salmonella spp strain has shown the best effective inactivate time in alkaline water than the one recorded under acidic or near-neutral conditions. The evolution of some physico-chemical parameters of the water (turbidity, NO2(-), NO3(-), NH4(+), HPO4(2-), and bicarbonate (HCO3(-))) was monitored during the treatment. Finally, the possible mechanistic process involved during the enteric bacteria inactivation was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ndounla
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering GPAO, Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Laboratoire Eau, Dépollution, Ecosystème et Santé (LEDES), Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - C Pulgarin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering GPAO, Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Disinfection of urban effluents using solar TiO2 photocatalysis: A study of significance of dissolved oxygen, temperature, type of microorganism and water matrix. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Queluz JGT, Alves TR, Sánchez-Román RM. DESINFECÇÃO SOLAR: UMA SOLUÇÃO DE BAIXO CUSTO PARA O TRATAMENTO DE ÁGUAS RESIDUÁRIAS. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ENGENHARIA DE BIOSSISTEMAS 2014. [DOI: 10.18011/bioeng2014v8n3p199-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nas últimas décadas diversos estudos mostraram a eficiência dos raios UV para a remoção de patógenos das águas. A radiação solar, que tem um componente importante de radiação UV, afeta as cadeias do DNA dos microorganismos causando a perda da sua atividade biológica seguida da morte celular, pela incapacidade de se reproduzir. Existem diversos modelos e maneiras de realizar a desinfecção solar. De modo geral, o sistema é composto apenas por um recipiente que permita a exposição da água à radiação solar. Para isso, podem ser utilizadas garrafas PET, garrafas de vidro, reatores, caixas de concreto, etc. Estas características justificam seu baixo custo de instalação e manutenção e, portanto, torna essa tecnologia adequada para ser adotada por países em desenvolvimento e/ou comunidades rurais de baixa renda. A SODIS é, portanto, uma ótima alternativa para regiões entre as latitudes com maior incidência de raios UV, onde está localizado grande parte dos países em desenvolvimento. A desinfecção solar, além de ser uma tecnologia simples e barata, não produz subprodutos tóxicos.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. T. Queluz
- Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Amin MT, Nawaz M, Amin MN, Han M. Solar disinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in harvested rainwater: a step towards potability of rainwater. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90743. [PMID: 24595188 PMCID: PMC3940928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficiency of solar based disinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in rooftop harvested rainwater was evaluated aiming the potability of rainwater. The rainwater samples were exposed to direct sunlight for about 8–9 hours and the effects of water temperature (°C), sunlight irradiance (W/m2), different rear surfaces of polyethylene terephthalate bottles, variable microbial concentrations, pH and turbidity were observed on P. aeruginosa inactivation at different weathers. In simple solar disinfection (SODIS), the complete inactivation of P. aeruginosa was obtained only under sunny weather conditions (>50°C and >700 W/m2) with absorptive rear surface. Solar collector disinfection (SOCODIS) system, used to improve the efficiency of simple SODIS under mild and weak weather, completely inactivated the P. aeruginosa by enhancing the disinfection efficiency of about 20% only at mild weather. Both SODIS and SOCODIS systems, however, were found inefficient at weak weather. Different initial concentrations of P. aeruginosa and/or Escherichia coli had little effects on the disinfection efficiency except for the SODIS with highest initial concentrations. The inactivation of P. aeruginosa increased by about 10–15% by lowering the initial pH values from 10 to 3. A high initial turbidity, adjusted by adding kaolin, adversely affected the efficiency of both systems and a decrease, about 15–25%; in inactivation of P. aeruginosa was observed. The kinetics of this study was investigated by Geeraerd Model for highlighting the best disinfection system based on reaction rate constant. The unique detailed investigation of P. aeruginosa disinfection with sunlight based disinfection systems under different weather conditions and variable parameters will help researchers to understand and further improve the newly invented SOCODIS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T. Amin
- Alamoudi Water Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Alamoudi Water Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad N. Amin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mooyoung Han
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Seoul National University, Shinrimdong, KwanakGu, Seoul, South Korea
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Helali S, Polo-López MI, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Ohtani B, Amano F, Malato S, Guillard C. Solar photocatalysis: A green technology for E. coli contaminated water disinfection. Effect of concentration and different types of suspended catalyst. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dessie A, Alemayehu E, Mekonen S, Legesse W, Kloos H, Ambelu A. Solar disinfection: an approach for low-cost household water treatment technology in Southwestern Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:25. [PMID: 24410979 PMCID: PMC3895732 DOI: 10.1186/2052-336x-12-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection of contaminated water using solar radiation (SODIS) is known to inactivate bacteria. Its inactivation efficiency depends on local conditions where the disinfection is made. This study was aiming to test the efficiency of solar disinfection using different water parameters as low-cost household water treatment technology. Inactivation of microbes was tested using fecal coliform as test organism. The SODIS experiment was carried out at turbidity 2NTU, pH 7, and various water temperature (38.1°C, 41.8°C, 45.6°Cand 51.1°C) and solar intensities, using clear and black plastic bottles filled to different depths. The results show that the rate of microbial inactivation in relation to depth of water, turbidity, container type, intensity of light and color of container was statistically significant (p < 0.05). However, bottle placement, exposure and water pH were unrelated to microbial inactivation. Bacterial re-growth was not observed after solar disinfection. By adjusting the parameters, complete and irreversible fecal coliform inactivation was achieved within an exposure time of less than four hours in the areas where the solar irradiance is about 3.99 kW/m2 and above. Our results indicate that application of SODIS could play a significant role in the provision of safe water in rural communities of developing countries where there is ample sunshine, specifically in sub-Saharan African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awrajaw Dessie
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Alemayehu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Helmut Kloos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Speeding up the solar water disinfection process (SODIS) against Cryptosporidium parvum by using 2.5l static solar reactors fitted with compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs). Acta Trop 2012; 124:235-42. [PMID: 22944729 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Water samples of 0, 5, and 100 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) spiked with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were exposed to natural sunlight in 2.5l static borosilicate solar reactors fitted with two different compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs), CPC1 and CPC1.89, with concentration factors of the solar radiation of 1 and 1.89, respectively. The global oocyst viability was calculated by the evaluation of the inclusion/exclusion of the fluorogenic vital dye propidium iodide and the spontaneous excystation. Thus, the initial global oocyst viability of the C. parvum isolate used was 95.3 ± 1.6%. Using the solar reactors fitted with CPC1, the global viability of oocysts after 12h of exposure was zero in the most turbid water samples (100 NTU) and almost zero in the other water samples (0.3 ± 0.0% for 0 NTU and 0.5 ± 0.2% for 5 NTU). Employing the solar reactors fitted with CPC1.89, after 10h exposure, the global oocyst viability was zero in the non-turbid water samples (0 NTU), and it was almost zero in the 5 NTU water samples after 8h of exposure (0.5 ± 0.5%). In the most turbid water samples (100 NTU), the global viability was 1.9 ± 0.6% after 10 and 12h of exposure. In conclusion, the use of these 2.5l static solar reactors fitted with CPCs significantly improved the efficacy of the SODIS technique as these systems shorten the exposure times to solar radiation, and also minimize the negative effects of turbidity. This technology therefore represents a good alternative method for improving the microbiological quality of household drinking water in developing countries.
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McGuigan KG, Conroy RM, Mosler HJ, du Preez M, Ubomba-Jaswa E, Fernandez-Ibañez P. Solar water disinfection (SODIS): a review from bench-top to roof-top. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 235-236:29-46. [PMID: 22906844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar water disinfection (SODIS) has been known for more than 30 years. The technique consists of placing water into transparent plastic or glass containers (normally 2L PET beverage bottles) which are then exposed to the sun. Exposure times vary from 6 to depending on the intensity of sunlight and sensitivity of the pathogens. Its germicidal effect is based on the combined effect of thermal heating of solar light and UV radiation. It has been repeatedly shown to be effective for eliminating microbial pathogens and reduce diarrhoeal morbidity including cholera. Since 1980 much research has been carried out to investigate the mechanisms of solar radiation induced cell death in water and possible enhancement technologies to make it faster and safer. Since SODIS is simple to use and inexpensive, the method has spread throughout the developing world and is in daily use in more than 50 countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. More than 5 million people disinfect their drinking water with the solar disinfection (SODIS) technique. This review attempts to revise all relevant knowledge about solar disinfection from microbiological issues, laboratory research, solar testing, up to and including real application studies, limitations, factors influencing adoption of the technique and health impact.
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Comparison of different solar reactors for household disinfection of drinking water in developing countries: evaluation of their efficacy in relation to the waterborne enteropathogen Cryptosporidium parvum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:645-52. [PMID: 23032082 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a type of treatment that can significantly improve the microbiological quality of drinking water at household level and therefore prevent waterborne diseases in developing countries. Cryptosporidium parvum is an obligate protozoan parasite responsible for the diarrhoeal disease cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals. Recently, this parasite has been selected by the WHO as a reference pathogen for protozoan parasites in the evaluation of household water treatment options. In this study, the field efficacy of different static solar reactors [1.5 l transparent plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles as well as 2.5 l borosilicate glass and 25 l methacrylate reactors fitted with compound parabolic concentrators (CPC)] for solar disinfection of turbid waters experimentally contaminated with C. parvum oocysts was compared. Potential oocyst viability was determined by inclusion/exclusion of the fluorogenic vital dye propidium iodide. The results demonstrate that static solar reactors fitted with CPCs are an excellent alternative to the conventional SODIS method with PET bottles. These reactors improved the efficacy of the SODIS method by enabling larger volumes of water to be treated and, in some cases, the C. parvum oocysts were rendered totally unviable, minimising the negative effects of turbidity.
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Fontán-Sainz M, Gómez-Couso H, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Ares-Mazás E. Evaluation of the solar water disinfection process (SODIS) against Cryptosporidium parvum using a 25-L static solar reactor fitted with a compound parabolic collector (CPC). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:223-8. [PMID: 22302852 PMCID: PMC3269405 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Water samples of 0, 5, and 30 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) spiked with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were exposed to natural sunlight using a 25-L static solar reactor fitted with a compound parabolic collector (CPC). The global oocyst viability was calculated by the evaluation of the inclusion/exclusion of the fluorogenic vital dye propidium iodide and the spontaneous excystation. After an exposure time of 8 hours, the global oocyst viabilities were 21.8 ± 3.1%, 31.3 ± 12.9%, and 45.0 ± 10.0% for turbidity levels of 0, 5, and 30 NTU, respectively, and these values were significantly lower (P < 0.05) that the initial global viability of the isolate (92.1 ± 0.9%). The 25-L static solar reactor that was evaluated can be an alternative system to the conventional solar water disinfection process for improving the microbiological quality of drinking water on a household level, and moreover, it enables treatment of larger volumes of water (> 10 times).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fontán-Sainz
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
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Amin MT, Han MY. Roof-harvested rainwater for potable purposes: application of solar collector disinfection (SOCO-DIS). WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:5225-5235. [PMID: 19783275 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of solar disinfection (SODIS), recommended by the World Health Organization, has been determined for rainwater disinfection, and potential benefits and limitations discussed. The limitations of SODIS have now been overcome by the use of solar collector disinfection (SOCO-DIS), for potential use of rainwater as a small-scale potable water supply, especially in developing countries. Rainwater samples collected from the underground storage tanks of a rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) system were exposed to different conditions of sunlight radiation in 2-L polyethylene terephthalate bottles in a solar collector with rectangular base and reflective open wings. Total and fecal coliforms were used, together with Escherichia coli and heterotrophic plate counts, as basic microbial and indicator organisms of water quality for disinfection efficiency evaluation. In the SOCO-DIS system, disinfection improved by 20-30% compared with the SODIS system, and rainwater was fully disinfected even under moderate weather conditions, due to the effects of concentrated sunlight radiation and the synergistic effects of thermal and optical inactivation. The SOCO-DIS system was optimized based on the collector configuration and the reflective base: an inclined position led to an increased disinfection efficiency of 10-15%. Microbial inactivation increased by 10-20% simply by reducing the initial pH value of the rainwater to 5. High turbidities also affected the SOCO-DIS system; the disinfection efficiency decreased by 10-15%, which indicated that rainwater needed to be filtered before treatment. The problem of microbial regrowth was significantly reduced in the SOCO-DIS system compared with the SODIS system because of residual sunlight effects. Only total coliform regrowth was detected at higher turbidities. The SOCO-DIS system was ineffective only under poor weather conditions, when longer exposure times or other practical means of reducing the pH were required for the treatment of stored rainwater for potable purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Amin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.
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Mtapuri-Zinyowera S, Midzi N, Muchaneta-Kubara C, Simbini T, Mduluza T. Impact of solar radiation in disinfecting drinking water contaminated withGiardia duodenalisandEntamoeba histolytica/disparat a point-of-use water treatment. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:847-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Manjón F, García-Fresnadillo D, Orellana G. Water disinfection with Ru(ii) photosensitisers supported on ionic porous silicones. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:926-32. [DOI: 10.1039/b902014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Effectiveness of solar disinfection using batch reactors with non-imaging aluminium reflectors under real conditions: Natural well-water and solar light. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 93:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Méndez-Hermida F, Ares-Mazás E, McGuigan KG, Boyle M, Sichel C, Fernández-Ibáñez P. Disinfection of drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under natural sunlight and using the photocatalyst TiO2. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2007; 88:105-11. [PMID: 17624798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The results of a batch-process solar disinfection (SODIS) and solar photocatalytic disinfection (SPCDIS) on drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium are reported. Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst suspensions were exposed to natural sunlight in Southern Spain and the oocyst viability was evaluated using two vital dyes [4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and propidium iodide (PI)]. SODIS exposures (strong sunlight) of 8 and 12h reduced oocyst viability from 98% (+/-1.3%) to 11.7% (+/-0.9%) and 0.3% (+/-0.33%), respectively. SODIS reactors fitted with flexible plastic inserts coated with TiO2 powder (SPCDIS) were found to be more effective than those which were not. After 8 and 16 h of overcast and cloudy solar irradiance conditions, SPCDIS reduced oocyst viability from 98.3% (+/-0.3%) to 37.7% (+/-2.6%) and 11.7% (+/-0.7%), respectively, versus to that achieved using SODIS of 81.3% (+/-1.6%) and 36.0% (+/-1.0%), respectively. These results confirm that solar disinfection of drinking water can be an effective household intervention against Cryptosporidium contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Méndez-Hermida
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Sichel C, Blanco J, Malato S, Fernández-Ibáñez P. Effects of experimental conditions on E. coli survival during solar photocatalytic water disinfection. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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McGuigan KG, Méndez-Hermida F, Castro-Hermida JA, Ares-Mazás E, Kehoe SC, Boyle M, Sichel C, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Meyer BP, Ramalingham S, Meyer EA. Batch solar disinfection inactivates oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum and cysts of Giardia muris in drinking water. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 101:453-63. [PMID: 16882154 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether batch solar disinfection (SODIS) can be used to inactivate oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum and cysts of Giardia muris in experimentally contaminated water. METHODS AND RESULTS Suspensions of oocysts and cysts were exposed to simulated global solar irradiation of 830 W m(-2) for different exposure times at a constant temperature of 40 degrees C. Infectivity tests were carried out using CD-1 suckling mice in the Cryptosporidium experiments and newly weaned CD-1 mice in the Giardia experiments. Exposure times of > or =10 h (total optical dose c. 30 kJ) rendered C. parvum oocysts noninfective. Giardia muris cysts were rendered completely noninfective within 4 h (total optical dose >12 kJ). Scanning electron microscopy and viability (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole/propidium iodide fluorogenic dyes and excystation) studies on oocysts of C. parvum suggest that inactivation is caused by damage to the oocyst wall. CONCLUSIONS Results show that cysts of G. muris and oocysts of C. parvum are rendered completely noninfective after batch SODIS exposures of 4 and 10 h (respectively) and is also likely to be effective against waterborne cysts of Giardia lamblia. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results demonstrate that SODIS is an appropriate household water treatment technology for use as an emergency intervention in aftermath of natural or man-made disasters against not only bacterial but also protozoan pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G McGuigan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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Mani SK, Kanjur R, Bright Singh IS, Reed RH. Comparative effectiveness of solar disinfection using small-scale batch reactors with reflective, absorptive and transmissive rear surfaces. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:721-7. [PMID: 16427118 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the enhancement of solar disinfection using custom-made batch reactors with reflective (foil-backed) or absorptive (black-backed) rear surfaces, under a range of weather conditions in India. Plate counts of Escherichia coli ATCC11775 were made under aerobic conditions and under conditions where reactive oxygen species (ROS) were neutralised, i.e. in growth medium supplemented with 0.05% w/v sodium pyruvate plus incubation under anaerobic conditions. While the addition of either an absorptive or a reflective backing enhanced reactor performance under strong sunlight, the reflective reactor was the only system to show consistent enhancement under low sunlight, where the process was slowest. Counts performed under ROS-neutralised conditions were slightly higher than those in air, indicating that a fraction of the cells become sub-lethally injured during exposure to sunlight to the extent that they were unable to grow aerobically. However, the influence of this phenomenon on the dynamics of inactivation was relatively small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibu K Mani
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682-016, Kerala, India
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Méndez-Hermida F, Castro-Hermida JA, Ares-Mazás E, Kehoe SC, McGuigan KG. Effect of batch-process solar disinfection on survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:1653-4. [PMID: 15746372 PMCID: PMC1065141 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.3.1653-1654.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of batch-process solar disinfection (SODIS) of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water are reported. Oocyst suspensions were exposed to simulated sunlight (830 W m(-2)) at 40 degrees C. Viability assays (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI]/propidium iodide and excystation) and infectivity tests (Swiss CD-1 suckling mice) were performed. SODIS exposures of 6 and 12 h reduced oocyst infectivity from 100% to 7.5% (standard deviation = 2.3) and 0% (standard deviation = 0.0), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Méndez-Hermida
- Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Kehoe SC, Barer MR, Devlin LO, McGuigan KG. Batch process solar disinfection is an efficient means of disinfecting drinking water contaminated with Shigella dysenteriae type I. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004; 38:410-4. [PMID: 15059213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2004.01515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The mortality and morbidity rate caused by Shigella dysenteriae type I infection is increasing in the developing world each year. In this paper, the possibility of using batch process solar disinfection (SODIS) as an effective means of disinfecting drinking water contaminated with Sh. dysenteriae type I is investigated. METHODS Phosphate-buffered saline contaminated with Sh. dysenteriae type I was exposed to simulated solar conditions and the inactivation kinetics of this organism was compared with that of Sh. flexneri, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhimurium. SIGNIFICANCE Recovery of injured Sh. dysenteriae type I may be improved by plating on medium supplemented with catalase or pyruvate. Sh. dysenteriae type I is very sensitive to batch process SODIS and is easily inactivated even during overcast conditions. Batch process SODIS is an appropriate intervention for use in developing countries during Sh. dysenteriae type I epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Kehoe
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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Reed RH. The Inactivation of Microbes by Sunlight: Solar Disinfection as a Water Treatment Process. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 54:333-65. [PMID: 15251286 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(04)54012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Reed
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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Dunlop P, Byrne J, Manga N, Eggins B. The photocatalytic removal of bacterial pollutants from drinking water. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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