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Wilson WB, Hayes HV, Sander LC, Campiglia AD, Wise SA. Normal-phase liquid chromatography retention behavior of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles and alkyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycle isomers on an aminopropyl stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1511-1524. [PMID: 29238863 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retention indices for 67 polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) and 80 alkyl-substituted PASHs were determined using normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) on an aminopropyl (NH2) stationary phase. The retention behavior of PASH on the NH2 phase is correlated with the number of aromatic carbon atoms and two structural characteristics have a significant influence on their retention: non-planarity (thickness, T) and the position of the sulfur atom in the bay-region of the structure. Correlations between solute retention on the NH2 phase and T of PASHs were investigated for three cata-condensed (cata-) PASH isomer groups: (a) 13 four-ring molecular mass (MM) 234 Da cata-PASHs, (b) 20 five-ring MM 284 Da cata-PASHs, and (c) 12 six-ring MM 334 Da cata-PASHs. Correlation coefficients ranged from r = -0.49 (MM 234 Da) to r = -0.65 (MM 334 Da), which were significantly lower than structurally similar PAH isomer groups (r = -0.70 to r = -0.99). The NPLC retention behavior of the PASHs are compared to similar results for PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter B Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Hugh V Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Physical Sciences Bld. 4111, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Lane C Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Physical Sciences Bld. 4111, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Stephen A Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Wilson WB, Hayes HV, Sander LC, Campiglia AD, Wise SA. Normal-phase liquid chromatography retention behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and their methyl-substituted derivatives on an aminopropyl stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5291-5305. [PMID: 28717893 PMCID: PMC5709142 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Retention indices for 124 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 62 methyl-substituted (Me-) PAHs were determined using normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) on a aminopropyl (NH2) stationary phase. PAH retention behavior on the NH2 phase is correlated to the total number of aromatic carbons in the PAH structure. Within an isomer group, non-planar isomers generally elute earlier than planar isomers. MePAHs generally elute slightly later but in the same region as the parent PAHs. Correlations between PAH retention behavior on the NH2 phase and PAH thickness (T) values were investigated to determine the influence of non-planarity for isomeric PAHs with four to seven aromatic rings. Correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.19 (five-ring peri-condensed molecular mass (MM) 252 Da) to r = -0.99 (five-ring cata-condensed MM 278 Da). In the case of the smaller PAHs (MM ≤ 252 Da), most of the PAHs had a planar structure and provided a low correlation. In the case of larger PAHs (MM ≥ 278 Da), nonplanarity had a significant influence on the retention behavior and good correlation between retention and T was obtained for the MM 278 Da, MM 302 Da, MM 328 Da, and MM 378 Da isomer sets. Graphical abstract NPLC separation of the three-, four-, five-, and six-ring PAH isomers with different number of aromatic carbon atoms and degrees of non-planarity (Thickness, T). The inserted figure plots the number of aromatic carbon atoms vs. the log I value for the 124 parent PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter B Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Hugh V Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Lane C Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Stephen A Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Wilson WB, Hayes HV, Sander LC, Campiglia AD, Wise SA. Qualitative characterization of SRM 1597a coal tar for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and methyl-substituted derivatives via normal-phase liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5171-5183. [PMID: 28664340 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) fractionation procedure was developed for the characterization of a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a coal tar sample (Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1597a). Using a semi-preparative aminopropyl (NH2) LC column, the coal tar sample was separated using NPLC based on the number of aromatic carbons; a total of 14 NPLC fractions were collected. SRM 1597a was analyzed before and after NPLC fractionation by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with a 50% phenyl stationary phase. The NPLC-GC/MS method presented in this study allowed for the identification of 72 PAHs and 56 MePAHs. These identifications were based on the NPLC retention times for authentic reference standards, GC retention times for authentic reference standards, and the predominant molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. Most noteworthy was the determination of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, which could not be measured directly by GC/MS because of low concentration and co-elution with dibenzo[j,l]fluoranthene. The NPLC-GC/MS procedure also allowed for the tentative identification of 74 PAHs and 117 MePAHs based on the molecular ion peak only. This study represents the most comprehensive qualitative characterization of SRM 1597a to date. Graphical abstract NPLC-GC/MS analysis for the six-ring MM 302 Da PAH isomers in SRM 1597a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter B Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Hugh V Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Lane C Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Stephen A Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Chibwe L, Titaley IA, Hoh E, Massey Simonich SL. Integrated Framework for Identifying Toxic Transformation Products in Complex Environmental Mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2017; 4:32-43. [PMID: 35600207 PMCID: PMC9119311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Complex environmental mixtures consist of hundreds to thousands of unknown and unregulated organic compounds that may have toxicological relevance, including transformation products (TPs) of anthropogenic organic pollutants. Non-targeted analysis and suspect screening analysis offer analytical approaches for potentially identifying these toxic transformation products. However, additional tools and strategies are needed in order to reduce the number of chemicals of interest and focus analytical efforts on chemicals that may pose risks to humans and the environment. This brief review highlights recent developments in this field and suggests an integrated framework that incorporates complementary instrumental techniques, computational chemistry, and toxicity analysis, for prioritizing and identifying toxic TPs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Chibwe
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ivan A. Titaley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Zhang Y, Dong S, Wang H, Tao S, Kiyama R. Biological impact of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ePAHs) as endocrine disruptors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:809-824. [PMID: 27038213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are often detected in the environment and are regarded as endocrine disruptors. We here designated mixtures of PAHs in the environment as environmental PAHs (ePAHs) to discuss their effects collectively, which could be different from the sum of the constituent PAHs. We first summarized the biological impact of environmental PAHs (ePAHs) found in the atmosphere, sediments, soils, and water as a result of human activities, accidents, or natural phenomena. ePAHs are characterized by their sources and forms, followed by their biological effects and social impact, and bioassays that are used to investigate their biological effects. The findings of the bioassays have demonstrated that ePAHs have the ability to affect the endocrine systems of humans and animals. The pathways that mediate cell signaling for the endocrine disruptions induced by ePAHs and PAHs have also been summarized in order to obtain a clearer understanding of the mechanisms responsible for these effects without animal tests; they include specific signaling pathways (MAPK and other signaling pathways), regulatory mechanisms (chromatin/epigenetic regulation, cell cycle/DNA damage control, and cytoskeletal/adhesion regulation), and cell functions (apoptosis, autophagy, immune responses/inflammation, neurological responses, and development/differentiation) induced by specific PAHs, such as benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benz[l]aceanthrylene, cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, 3-methylcholanthrene, perylene, phenanthrene, and pyrene as well as their derivatives. Estrogen signaling is one of the most studied pathways associated with the endocrine-disrupting activities of PAHs, and involves estrogen receptors and aryl hydrocarbon receptors. However, some of the actions of PAHs are contradictory, complex, and unexplainable. Although several possibilities have been suggested, such as direct interactions between PAHs and receptors and the suppression of their activities through other pathways, the mechanisms underlying the activities of PAHs remain unclear. Thus, standardized assay protocols for pathway-based assessments are considered to be important to overcome these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Sijun Dong
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Hongou Wang
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ryoiti Kiyama
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Lim H, Bergvall C, Jarvis I, Mattsson Å, Dreij K, Stenius U, Westerholm R. Benzo[a]pyrene-specific online high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation of air particulate extracts – A tool for evaluating biological interactions. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:100-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Feng S, Cao Z, Yang Y, Wei G, Wang XM. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Heavy Metals, and Genotoxicity of the Suburban Soils from Guangzhou, China. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2013.812126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jung KH, Kim JK, Noh JH, Eun JW, Bae HJ, Kim MG, Chang YG, Shen Q, Kim SJ, Kwon SH, Park WS, Lee JY, Nam SW. Characteristic molecular signature for the early detection and prediction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rat liver. Toxicol Lett 2012; 216:1-8. [PMID: 23147375 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Predictions of toxicity are central for the assessment of chemical toxicity, and the effects of environmental toxic compounds are still a major issue for predicting potential human health risks. Among the various environmental toxicants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an important class of environmental pollutant, and many PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. In the present study, to investigate whether characteristic expression profiles of PAHs exist in rat liver and whether a characteristic molecular signature can discriminate and predict among different PAHs at an early exposure time, we analyzed the genome-wide expression profiles of rat livers exposed to PAHs [benzo[a]anthracene (BA), benzo[a]pyrene (BP), phenanthrene (PA) and naphthalene (NT)]. At early time-point PAH exposure, large-scale gene expression analysis resulted in characteristic molecular signatures for each PAH, and supervised analysis identified 1183 outlier genes as a distinct molecular signature discerning PAHs from the normal control group. We identified 158 outlier genes as early predictive and surrogate markers for predicting each tested PAH by combination of two different multi-classification algorithms with 100% accuracy through a leave-one out cross-validation method. In conclusion, the characteristic gene expression signatures from a rat model system could be used as predictable and discernible gene-based biomarkers for the detection and prediction of PAHs, and these molecular markers may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms for genotoxicity of exposure to PAHs from environmental aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Hwa Jung
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bernardo M, Gonçalves M, Lapa N, Barbosa R, Mendes B, Pinto F. Characterization of chars produced in the co-pyrolysis of different wastes: decontamination study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 207-208:28-35. [PMID: 21899951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present work is devoted to the study of the decontamination of chars obtained in the co-pyrolysis of plastics, biomass and tyre wastes. The chars were extracted with several organic solvents of different polarities either individually or in sequence. The ability of each selected extractant to remove toxic pollutants was evaluated by comparing the extraction yields and by characterizing the crude extracts with a combination of chemical analysis and toxicity bioassays. Also, the mineral composition of the treated and non-treated chars was assessed. The results obtained in this study indicate that hexane is the more efficient extraction solvent to be used in the organic decontamination of chars obtained in the co-pyrolysis of plastics, tyres and biomass. A sequential extraction with solvents of increasing polarity can provide a better decontamination of the raw pyrolysis char than any individual extraction. The compounds removed from the char during the decontamination process are mainly aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons, therefore a material that may be upgraded to be used as a fuel and/or as raw material for the organic chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bernardo
- Unidade de Biotecnologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Wei S, Liu M, Huang B, Bi X, Sheng G, Fu J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight 302 in PM 2.5 at two industrial sites in South China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2568-74. [PMID: 21789327 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Daytime and nighttime PM(2.5) samples were collected between August 5 and 16, 2009 and between January 24 and February 4, 2010 in an industrial complex site (site A) and an electronic waste recycling site (site B) to determine the seasonal and diurnal variations of 19 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with molecular weight 302 (MW302) including four highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrene (DBP) isomers dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBalP), dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (DBaeP), dibenzo[a,i]pyrene (DBaiP), and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (DBahP). This is the first report on DBP isomers in air particles from South China. The total concentration of PAH MW302 isomers ranged from 1.65 to 3.60 ng m(-3) in summer and 3.82 to 9.81 ng m(-3) in winter. The strongest peaks in the chromatograms of the MW302 isomers were naphtha[2,1-a]pyrene (N21aP), dibenzo[j,l]fluoranthene (DBjlF), naphtha[1,2-b]fluoranthene (N12bF), naphtha[1,2-k]fluoranthene (N12kF) and dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene (DBaeF), constituting 52.0 to 55.4% of the total MW302 isomers. All the MW302 isomers showed notable seasonal variations. Most of the MW302 isomers in site B showed distinctive diurnal variations with higher concentrations occurring in the night. Taking into account both concentration and potency equivalence factors (PEFs), the strongest carcinogen in the analyzed samples was DBaiP, and the ratios of sum carcinogenic potency of four highly carcinogenic DBP isomers to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was about 0.94 in winter to 1.89 in summer, indicating the importance of DBP isomers for the risk assessment. Health risk assessment indicated that on average, 1 in 100 000 residents in the two industrial sites may have an increased risk of cancer due to PAH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Utilization and Protection of Environmental Resource, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
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Boettcher M, Grund S, Keiter S, Kosmehl T, Reifferscheid G, Seitz N, Rocha PS, Hollert H, Braunbeck T. Comparison of in vitro and in situ genotoxicity in the Danube River by means of the comet assay and the micronucleus test. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 700:11-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Poster DL, Kucklick JR, Schantz MM, Vander Pol SS, Leigh SD, Wise SA. Development of a house dust standard reference material for the determination of organic contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:2861-7. [PMID: 17533850 DOI: 10.1021/es061966z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
National-level health survey studies, such as the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey field program, have targeted the determination of organic contaminants in house dust in an effort to characterize human exposure in the domestic environment. As the effort to further understand human health effects in relation to organic contaminants associated with indoor dust accelerates, the need for an indoor dust Standard Reference Material (SRM) that is characterized for organic contaminants has become critical. To meet this need, a new organic contaminant house dust SRM has been developed. SRM 2585 Organic Contaminants in House Dust is intended for use in evaluating analytical methods for the determination of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, chlorinated pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in house dust and similar matrices. The material may also be useful for evaluation and comparison of methods or instruments used for sampling in the indoor environment. Moreover, because of the material's extensive characterization (140 organic contaminant concentrations), the material may be useful in toxicity studies related to indoor air (in vitro or in vivo). The determination of the concentrations of PAHs (including alkyl-PAHs and PAHs with molecular mass 300 and 302), PCBs, and chlorinated pesticides is reported here, and these results are compared to values reported in the literature for house dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne L Poster
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8392, USA.
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Hartnik T, Norli HR, Eggen T, Breedveld GD. Bioassay-directed identification of toxic organic compounds in creosote-contaminated groundwater. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 66:435-43. [PMID: 16872665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that creosote mainly consists of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), more polar compounds like phenolics, benzenes and N-, S-, O-heterocyclics dominate the groundwater downstream from creosote-contaminated sites. In this study, bioassay-directed fractionation, combined with fullscan GC-MS, identified organic toxicants in creosote-contaminated groundwater. An organic extract of creosote-contaminated groundwater was fractionated on a polar silica column using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the toxicity of the fractions was measured by the Microtox-bioassay. PAHs, which comprise up to 85% of pure creosote, accounted for only about 13% of total toxicity in the creosote-contaminated groundwater, while methylated benzenes, phenolics and N-heterocyclics accounted for ca. 80% of the measured toxicity. The fraction containing alkylated quinolines was the most toxic single fraction, accounting for 26% of the total measured toxicity. The results imply that focus on PAHs may underestimate risks associated with creosote-contaminated groundwater, and that environmental risk assessment should focus to a higher degree on substituted PAHs and phenolics because they are more toxic than the unsubstituted ones. Additionally, benzenes and N-heterocyclics (e.g., alkylated quinolines) should be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartnik
- Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Frederik A. Dahls Vei 20, Norway.
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14
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Chen G, White PA. The mutagenic hazards of aquatic sediments: a review. Mutat Res 2005; 567:151-225. [PMID: 15572285 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sediments are the sink for particle-sorbed contaminants in aquatic systems and can serve as a reservoir of toxic contaminants that continually threaten the health and viability of aquatic biota. This work is a comprehensive review of published studies that investigated the genotoxicity of sediments in rivers, lakes and marine habitats. The Salmonella mutagenicity test is the most frequently used assay and accounts for 41.1% of the available data. The Salmonella data revealed mutagenic potency values for sediment extracts (in revertants per gram dry weight) that spans over seven orders of magnitude from not detectable to highly potent (10(5) rev/g). Analyses of the Salmonella data (n=510) showed significant differences between rural, urban/industrial, and heavily contaminated (e.g., dump) sites assessed using TA98 and TA100 with S9 activation. Additional analyses showed a significant positive correlation between Salmonella mutagenic potency (TA98 and TA100 with S9) and PAH contamination (r2=0.19-0.68). The second and third most commonly used assays for the analysis of sediments and sediment extracts are the SOS Chromotest (9.2%) and the Mutatox assays (7.8%), respectively. These assays are frequently used for rapid initial screening of collected samples. A variety of other in vitro endpoints employing cultured fish and mammalian cells have been used to investigate sediment genotoxic activity. Endpoints investigated include sister chromatid exchange frequency, micronucleus frequency, chromosome aberration frequency, gene mutation at tk and hprt loci, unscheduled DNA synthesis, DNA adduct frequency, and DNA strand break frequency. More complex in vivo assays have documented a wide range of effects including neoplasms and preneoplastic lesions in fish and invertebrate exposed ex situ. Although costly and time consuming, these assays have provided definitive evidence linking sediment contamination and a variety of genotoxic and carcinogenic effects observed in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Chen
- Mutagenesis Section, Safe Environments Program, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture 0803A, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0L2
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de Boer J, Law RJ. Developments in the use of chromatographic techniques in marine laboratories for the determination of halogenated contaminants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1000:223-51. [PMID: 12877173 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromatography has been an important tool in marine laboratories. Since the 1960s, marine laboratories have been involved in the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Column chromatography and liquid chromatography (LC) techniques have been used, mainly in the clean-up phase, while gas chromatography (GC) has been used extensively in the final determination of these contaminants. Developments have been observed from the use of packed GC columns, via capillary columns to the use of heart-cut multi-dimensional GC and comprehensive multi-dimensional GC. The progress made in interlaboratory studies and the availability of certified reference materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob de Boer
- Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands.
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Schubert P, Schantz MM, Sander LC, Wise SA. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight 300 and 302 in environmental-matrix standard reference materials by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2003; 75:234-46. [PMID: 12553757 DOI: 10.1021/ac0259111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An analytical approach based on gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is presented for the measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight (MW) 300 and 302 in environmental samples. Three different GC stationary phases [5% and 50% phenyl methylpolysiloxane and dimethyl (50% liquid crystalline) polysiloxane] were compared, and retention indexes (RI) are given for 23 individual MW 302 isomers. Identification of MW 300 and 302 isomers in four environmental-matrix Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) (SRM 1597, coal tar extract; SRM 1648 and SRM 1649a, air particulate matter; and SRM 1941, marine sediment) was based on the comparison of RI data and mass spectra from authentic standards. Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, which is of considerable interest because of its high carcinogenicity, was identified and quantified in the four environmental-matrix SRMs. A total of 23 isomers of MW 302 and four isomers of MW 300 were quantified in four different environmental-matrix SRMs, and the results are compared to previously reported results based on liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Schubert
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8392, USA
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Beg MU, Saeed T, Al-Muzaini S, Beg KR, Al-Bahloul M. Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbon in sediment from coastal area receiving industrial effluents in Kuwait. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2003; 54:47-55. [PMID: 12547635 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-6513(02)00019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sediment samples from the coastal area facing Shuaiba industrial area (15 x 1.5 km(2)) were examined for contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediment extracts were characterized largely by unresolved complex mixture from nC(22)-nC(33). The sediment samples from the upstream area facing Mina Al-Ahmadi refinery to Shuaiba Harbor were heavily polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) possibly due to the higher depth in the area created for a navigational channel to the harbor. PAHs at these locations exceeded the probable effect levels with reference to sediment quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Beg
- Environmental Sciences Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait.
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Machala M, Vondrácek J, Bláha L, Ciganek M, Neca JV. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determined using in vitro reporter gene assay. Mutat Res 2001; 497:49-62. [PMID: 11525907 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by 30 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was determined in the chemical-activated luciferase expression (CALUX) assay, using two exposure times (6 and 24h), in order to reflect the metabolization of PAHs. AhR-inducing potencies of PAHs were expressed as induction equivalency factors (IEFs) relative to benzo[a]pyrene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In 24h exposure assay, the highest IEFs were found for benzo[k]fluoranthene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and dibenzo[a,k]fluoranthene (approximately three orders of magnitude lower than TCDD) followed by dibenzo[a,j]anthracene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene. The 6h exposure to PAHs led to a significantly higher AhR-mediated activity than the 24h exposure (generally by two orders of magnitude), probably due to the high rate of PAH metabolism. The strongest AhR inducers showed IEFs approaching that of TCDD. Several PAHs, including some strong mutagens, such as dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, cyclopenta[cd]pyrene, and benzo[a]perylene, elicited only partial agonist activity. Calculation of IEFs based on EC25 values and/or 6h exposure data is suggested as an alternative approach to estimation of toxic potencies of PAHs with high metabolic rates and/or the weak AhR agonists. The IEFs, together with the recently reported relative mutagenic potencies of PAHs [Mutat. Res. 371 (1996) 123; Mutat. Res. 446 (1999) 1] were combined with data on concentrations of PAHs in extracts of model environmental samples (river sediments) to calculate AhR-mediated induction equivalents and mutagenic equivalents. The highest AhR-mediated induction equivalents were found for benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[j]fluoranthene, followed by indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,j]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene. High mutagenic equivalents in the river sediments were found for benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, and naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene and to a lesser extent also for benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene and dibenzo[a,i]pyrene. These data illustrate that AhR-mediated activity of PAHs, including the highly mutagenic compounds, occurring in the environment but not routinely monitored, could significantly contribute to their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Machala
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62132, Brno, Czech Republic.
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