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Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThrombosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular disorders, including acute coronary syndrome, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, peripheral arterial occlusion, ischemic stroke, deep-vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and fibrinolytics can reduce the risks of these clinical events. Especially, the blood coagulation factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor is a proven anticoagulant. Promoting blood circulation, using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), for the treatment of these diseases has been safely used for thousands of years in clinical practice. Therefore, highly safe and effective anticoagulant ingredients, including FXa inhibitors, could be found in TCM for activating the blood circulation. One FXa inhibitor, a pentacyclic triterpene (compound 1, betulinic acid) characterized by IR, MS and NMR analyses, was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Lycopus lucidus by bioassay-directed fractionation. Compound 1 exhibited an inhibitory effect on FXa with IC50 25.05 μmol/L and reduced the thrombus weight in an animal model at 25-100 mg/kg. These results indicate that betulinic acid could be the potential for anticoagulant therapy.
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Chen M, Ye X, Ming X, Chen Y, Wang Y, Su X, Su W, Kong Y. A Novel Direct Factor Xa Inhibitory Peptide with Anti-Platelet Aggregation Activity from Agkistrodon acutus Venom Hydrolysates. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10846. [PMID: 26035670 PMCID: PMC4451689 DOI: 10.1038/srep10846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom is a natural substance that contains numerous bioactive proteins and peptides, nearly all of which have been identified over the last several decades. In this study, we subjected snake venom to enzymatic hydrolysis to identify previously unreported bioactive peptides. The novel peptide ACH-11 with the sequence LTFPRIVFVLG was identified with both FXa inhibition and anti-platelet aggregation activities. ACH-11 inhibited the catalytic function of FXa towards its substrate S-2222 via a mixed model with a Ki value of 9.02 μM and inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP and U46619 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, ACH-11 exhibited potent antithrombotic activity in vivo. It reduced paralysis and death in an acute pulmonary thrombosis model by 90% and attenuated thrombosis weight in an arterio-venous shunt thrombosis model by 57.91%, both at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Additionally, a tail cutting bleeding time assay revealed that ACH-11 did not prolong bleeding time in mice at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Together, our results reveal that ACH-11 is a novel antithrombotic peptide exhibiting both FXa inhibition and anti-platelet aggregation activities, with a low bleeding risk. We believe that it could be a candidate or lead compound for new antithrombotic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Chen
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Ye
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xin Ming
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yahui Chen
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xingli Su
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wen Su
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Kong
- 1] School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, PR China [2] State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Jiang L, Wang Q, Shen S, Xiao T, Li Y. Discovery of glycyrrhetinic acid as an orally active, direct inhibitor of blood coagulation factor xa. Thromb Res 2013; 133:501-6. [PMID: 24412029 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Factor Xa (FXa) plays an important role in blood coagulation. This study investigated glycyrrhetinic acid, a small molecule derived from Chinese herbs, and whether it has a direct inhibitory effect on FXa to display its anticoagulant activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enzyme activities of FXa, plasmin, trypsin and thrombin, inhibition of FXa enzyme kinetics and plasma clotting time by glycyrrhentinic acid were performed in vitro. A rat tail-bleeding model and a rat venous stasis model were also used to evaluate in vivo tail-bleeding time and thrombus formation, respectively. RESULTS Glycyrrhetinic acid in vitro directly inhibited FXa uncompetitivly with IC50 of 32.6 ± 1.24 μmol/L, and displayed 2-, 14- and 20-fold selectivity for FXa when compared to plasmin, thrombin and trypsin, respectively. The plasma clotting time was increased in a dose-dependent manner. The prothrombin time doubled (PT2), when the concentration of glycyrrhetinic acid reached 2.02 mmol/L. During in vivo experiments intragastric administration of glycyrrhetinic acid caused a dose-dependent reduction in thrombus weight on the rat venous stasis model (all P<0.05). 50 mg/kg glycyrrhetinic acid resulted in 34.8% of venous thrombus weight lost, compared to the control. In addition, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg doses of glycyrrhetinic acid caused a moderate hemorrhagic effect in the rat tail-bleeding model by prolonging bleeding time 1.1-, 1.5- and 1.9-fold compared to the control, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Glycyrrhetinic acid is a direct inhibitor of FXa that is effective by oral administration, and with further research could be used to treat blood coagulation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Shu Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Tongshu Xiao
- Department of Phytochemistry, Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Youbin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571101, China; Department of Phytochemistry, Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
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Joo SS, Won TJ, Kim JS, Yoo YM, Tak ES, Park SY, Park HY, Hwang KW, Park SC, Lee DI. Inhibition of Coagulation Activation and Inflammation by a Novel Factor Xa Inhibitor Synthesized from the Earthworm Eisenia andrei. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:253-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Soo Joo
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Tae Joon Won
- Department of Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Yeong Min Yoo
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Eun Sik Tak
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University
| | - So-Young Park
- Environmental Toxico-Genomic & Proteomic Center, College of Medicine, Korea University
| | - Hee Yong Park
- Department of Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Kwang Woo Hwang
- Department of Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | | | - Do Ik Lee
- Department of Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
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Rumthao S, Lee O, Sheng Q, Fu W, Mulhearn DC, Crich D, Mesecar AD, Johnson ME. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of oxyanion-hole selective inhibitor substituents for the S1 subsite of factor Xa. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5165-70. [PMID: 15380220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized, and evaluated the factor Xa inhibitory activities of p-amidinophenyl-sulfones, amines, and alcohols intended to take advantage of the polarity and hydrogen-bonding potential of the oxyanion hole region of the S1 specificity pocket. We demonstrate that placement of an anionic group within the oxyanion hole region of the catalytic site substantially enhances activity, with small flexible groups favored over bulkier ones. Ab initio pKa calculations suggest that the hydroxyl substituent frequently used for benzamidine moieties may be ionized to form an anionic group, consistent with the general trend. One nonamidine based substituent also shows promising activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sochanchingwung Rumthao
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Avenue, m/c 870, Chicago, IL 60607-7173, USA
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Abstract
Venous and arterial thromboembolism are a major cause for morbidity and mortality. The list of established drugs for the prevention of thrombus formation and embolisation includes heparins, hirudin and derivatives, aspirin, ADP and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists, as well as vitamin K antagonists. Several limitations exist for these drugs that have stimulated the search for new and better anticoagulants. A series of selective clotting factor Xa inhibitors and direct factor IIa (thrombin) inhibitors are on the horizon, two of which are getting close to broad clinical application. Additional therapeutics that are still under preclinical and clinical investigation include inhibitors of the tissue factor pathway/factor VII complex, clotting factor VIII and XIII inhibitors and modulators of the protein C pathway or of endogenous fibrinolysis, as well as novel antiplatelet drugs. This review is focused on the current status of development of novel antithrombotics and their clinical potential. Even though only a few of a broad array of antithrombotic agents have reached clinical testing, some hold the potential for significant improvement in efficacy and safety of anticoagulant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ruef
- Division of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 58, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Liang AM, Light DR, Kochanny M, Rumennik G, Trinh L, Lentz D, Post J, Morser J, Snider M. Discovery and characterization of a potent and selective non-amidine inhibitor of human factor Xa. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:1407-18. [PMID: 12732352 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Benzothiophene-anthranilamide 1 (3-chloro-N-[2-[[(4-fluorophenyl)amino]carbonyl]-4-methylphenyl]benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide) was discovered by high throughput screening to be a highly potent and selective non-amidine inhibitor of human factor Xa with a K(i) of 15+/-4nM. Compound 1 is a selective inhibitor of human factor Xa as suggested by the K(i)((app)) determined for nine other human serine proteases and bovine trypsin. The activity of reconstituted human prothrombinase complex was inhibited by compound 1 when assayed in physiological concentrations of the substrate prothrombin. However, 27-fold higher inhibitor concentrations were needed to achieve the same level of inhibition than were required for the inhibition of free factor Xa, due in part to non-specific binding of the inhibitor to phospholipid under the assay conditions. Failure to demonstrate enzymatic cleavage of compound 1 suggests that compound 1 is solely an inhibitor rather than a substrate for factor Xa. The inhibition of factor Xa by compound 1 was reversible upon dilution of the enzyme/inhibitor mixture. Analyses of the inhibition mechanism with Dixon, Cornish-Bowden, and Lineweaver-Burk plots showed that compound 1 is a linear mixed-type inhibitor with 5-fold higher affinity for free factor Xa than the factor Xa/substrate complex. The linear mixed-type inhibition suggests that compound 1 binds to the active site region of factor Xa, but its binding cannot be fully displaced by the substrate S2222 (1:1 mixture of N-benzoyl-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide and N-benzoyl-Ile-Glu(gamma-OMe)-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide hydrochloride). Thus, the inhibition mechanism for compound 1 is novel compared to most serine protease inhibitors including amidine-containing factor Xa inhibitors, which rely on binding to the S1 pocket of the enzyme active site. Compound 1 represents an attractive, novel structural template for further development of efficacious, safe, and potentially orally active human factor Xa inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Liang
- Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, P.O. Box 4099, Richmond, CA 94806-0099, USA.
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Carr ME, Carr SL, Tildon T, Fisher LMCA, Martin EJ. Batroxobin-induced clots exhibit delayed and reduced platelet contractile force in some patients with clotting factor deficiencies. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:243-9. [PMID: 12871496 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin causes platelet activation via multiple pathways, and deficient thrombin generation reduces platelet contractile force (PCF) during clot retraction. We hypothesized that PCF in blood samples from clotting factor-deficient patients would be diminished due to delayed or deficient thrombin generation. Blood samples from patients with fibrinogen, and factor V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XIII deficiencies were compared to samples from normal controls. PCF in patient blood clotted with thrombin (1 NIH UmL(-1)) was compared to PCF in clots formed with batroxobin (0.25 micro g mL(-1)). PCF in the former should be normal, but PCF in the latter is dependent on thrombin generation within the sample and might be deficient. In factor VII-(n = 2, P < 0.05), factor VIII-(n = 6, P < 0.005) and factor XI-(n = 2, P < 0.05) deficient platelet-rich plasmas, PCF in batroxobin-induced clots was significantly lower than in thrombin-induced clots. In factor IX deficiency (n = 2), one patient had a dramatic reduction in PCF while a second patient had increased PCF. PCF was insignificantly (P = 0.346) reduced in two patients with factor X deficiency, and was normal in one patient with factor V deficiency. The factor X result is consistent with work in model systems, which indicates that as little as 1-3% factor X activity is sufficient to restore thrombin generation to normal. The factor V result probably indicates that the deficiency is incomplete. PCF in thrombin-induced clots was normal in all of these patients. Low fibrinogen and factor XIII deficiency reduced PCF in both thrombin- and batroxobin-induced clots. These results indicate that PCF is reduced, probably due to delayed thrombin generation, in some factor-deficient platelet-rich plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Carr
- Coagulation Special Studies Laboratory, Medical College of Virginia, VA, USA.
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Bauer KA, Eriksson BI, Lassen MR, Turpie AGG. Factor Xa inhibition in the prevention of venous thromboembolism and treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2002; 8:398-404. [PMID: 12172443 DOI: 10.1097/00063198-200209000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a life-threatening complication following orthopedic surgery. Selective factor Xa inhibition is a new antithrombotic approach designed to avoid difficulties associated with heparins and other current anticoagulants. Several antifactor Xa compounds are in early investigation, but fondaparinux (Arixtra; NV Organon, Oss, The Netherlands; Sanofi-Synthelabo, Paris, France) is the first and most advanced compound in the development of a new class of synthetic antithrombotic agents--the selective factor Xa inhibitors. Fondaparinux has a highly favorable pharmacokinetic profile; four large phase 3 trials comparing subcutaneous fondaparinux 2.5 mg once daily with the low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) enoxaparin in doses approved by regulatory bodies showed that fondaparinux reduced the overall risk of VTE in major orthopedic surgery by > 50% without increasing clinically relevant bleeding. Fondaparinux also appears to be a very promising candidate for the treatment of patients with existing VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Bauer
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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He W, Hanney B, Myers MR, Condon S, Becker MR, Spada AP, Burns C, Brown K, Colussi D, Chu V. Benzimidazoles and isosteric compounds as potent and selective factor Xa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:919-22. [PMID: 11958994 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazoles and their isosteric compounds as factor Xa inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Chemistry, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Route 202-206, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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Chu V, Brown K, Colussi D, Gao J, Bostwick J, Kasiewski C, Bentley R, Morgan S, Guertin K, Pauls HW, Gong Y, Zulli A, Perrone MH, Dunwiddie CT, Leadley RJ. Pharmacological characterization of a novel factor Xa inhibitor, FXV673. Thromb Res 2001; 103:309-24. [PMID: 11562341 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(01)00328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
FXV673 is a novel, potent, and selective factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor. FXV673 inhibited human, dog, and rabbit FXa with a K(i) of 0.52, 1.41, and 0.27 nM, respectively. FXV673 also displayed excellent specificity toward FXa relative to other serine proteases. It showed selectivity of more than 1000-fold over thrombin, activated protein C (aPC), plasmin, and tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA). FXV673 prolonged plasma activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) in a dose-dependent fashion. In the APTT assays, the concentrations (microM) required for doubling coagulation time were 0.41 (human), 0.65 (monkey), 1.12 (dog), 0.25 (rabbit), and 0.80 (rat). The concentrations (microM) required in the PT assays were 1.1 (human), 1.32 (monkey), 2.31 (dog), 0.92 (rabbit), and 1.69 (rat). A coupled-enzyme assay was performed to measure thrombin activity following prothrombinase conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. FXV673 showed IC(50)s of 1.38 and 2.55 nM, respectively, when artificial phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine (PS/PC) liposomes or fresh platelets were used as the phospholipid source for prothrombinase complex formation. It was demonstrated that FXV673 could inhibit further thrombin generation in the prothrombinase complex using PS/PC liposomes. FXV673 dose-dependently prolonged the time to vessel occlusion and inhibited thrombus formation in well-characterized canine models of thrombosis. Interspecies extrapolation (approximately 2.5-fold higher sensitivity for FXa inhibition in human than in dog) suggested that 100 ng/ml of FXV673 would be an effective plasma concentration for clinical studies. Currently FXV673 is undergoing clinical studies to be developed as an antithrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chu
- Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Mail Stop: EM-A1B, Route 202 and 206, P.O. Box 6800, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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Abstract
Increased life expectancy is associated with aging populations in the developed countries, and we can expect an increased incidence of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases and cancers. A priority for medical research is to reduce such morbidity. Leeches have been demonstrated to be a useful source of drugs to treat cardiovascular diseases, as they have evolved highly specific mechanisms to feed on their hosts by blocking blood coagulation. Powerful molecules acting at different points in the coagulation cascade or in the inhibition of platelet aggregation have been purified from these animals. Moreover, clinical trials confirm their potential to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie et Immunité des Annélides, UPRESA CNRS 8017, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, SN3, F-59655 Cedex, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Chapter 8. Anticoagulants: Inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(01)36048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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