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Parkhomenko RG, De Luca O, Kołodziejczyk Ł, Modin E, Rudolf P, Martínez Martínez D, Cunha L, Knez M. Amorphous AlN films grown by ALD from trimethylaluminum and monomethylhydrazine. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15062-15070. [PMID: 34610072 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02529e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The great interest in aluminium nitride thin films has been attributed to their excellent dielectric, thermal and mechanical properties. Here we present the results of amorphous AlN films obtained by atomic layer deposition. We used trimethylaluminum and monomethylhydrazine as the precursors at a deposition temperature of 375-475 °C. The structural and mechanical properties and chemical composition of the synthesized films were investigated in detail by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron and probe microscopy and nanoindentation. The obtained films were compact and continuous, exhibiting amorphous nature with homogeneous in-depth composition, at an oxygen content of as low as 4 at%. The mechanical properties were comparable to those of AlN films produced by other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oreste De Luca
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Łukasz Kołodziejczyk
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Evgeny Modin
- CIC NanoGUNE, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Martínez Martínez
- Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities-CF-UM-UP, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luis Cunha
- Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities-CF-UM-UP, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mato Knez
- CIC NanoGUNE, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 San Sebastian, Spain. .,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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Diévart P, Catoire L. Contributions of Experimental Data Obtained in Concentrated Mixtures to Kinetic Studies: Application to Monomethylhydrazine Pyrolysis. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6214-6236. [PMID: 32603112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experimental, numerical, and theoretical studies are performed to understand the explosive thermal decomposition of monomethylhydrazine/argon mixtures. Ignition delays of concentrated MMH/Ar mixtures (20-30%) have been measured behind a reflected shock wave around 1000 K and 1 atm. Although several detailed chemical kinetic models have predictive abilities for diluted and highly diluted mixtures, none of them showed predictive for concentrated mixtures. A new kinetic model is proposed, in which numerous rate constants and thermochemical data are reassessed based on theoretical calculations, with the purpose to determine whether, or to what extent, trends derived from diluted or highly diluted MMH/Ar mixtures can explain observations in concentrated MMH mixtures. The present kinetic model is found to predict speciation experimental profiles in diluted MMH/Ar mixtures and is a significant improvement in predicting the induction delays of concentrated MMH/Ar mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Diévart
- UCP, ENSTA Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Catoire
- UCP, ENSTA Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau Cedex, France.,ICARE-CNRS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Elishav O, Mosevitzky Lis B, Miller EM, Arent DJ, Valera-Medina A, Grinberg Dana A, Shter GE, Grader GS. Progress and Prospective of Nitrogen-Based Alternative Fuels. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5352-5436. [PMID: 32501681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternative fuels are essential to enable the transition to a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy supply. Synthetic fuels derived from renewable energies can act as energy storage media, thus mitigating the effects of fossil fuels on environment and health. Their economic viability, environmental impact, and compatibility with current infrastructure and technologies are fuel and power source specific. Nitrogen-based fuels pose one possible synthetic fuel pathway. In this review, we discuss the progress and current research on utilization of nitrogen-based fuels in power applications, covering the complete fuel cycle. We cover the production, distribution, and storage of nitrogen-based fuels. We assess much of the existing literature on the reactions involved in the ammonia to nitrogen atom pathway in nitrogen-based fuel combustion. Furthermore, we discuss nitrogen-based fuel applications ranging from combustion engines to gas turbines, as well as their exploitation by suggested end-uses. Thereby, we evaluate the potential opportunities and challenges of expanding the role of nitrogen-based molecules in the energy sector, outlining their use as energy carriers in relevant fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Elishav
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Bar Mosevitzky Lis
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Elisa M Miller
- Materials and Chemical Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Douglas J Arent
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Agustin Valera-Medina
- College of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Alon Grinberg Dana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gennady E Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gideon S Grader
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.,The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Tang Y, Lu C, Han Z, Zhai F, Fu Z. Theoretical investigations on mechanisms and kinetics of OH + (CH3)2NNH2 reaction in the atmosphere. Theor Chem Acc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hou B, Wang X, Li T, Zhang T. Steady-state behavior of liquid fuel hydrazine decomposition in packed bed. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
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Raghunath P, Nghia N, Lin MC. Ab Initio Chemical Kinetics of Key Processes in the Hypergolic Ignition of Hydrazine and Nitrogen Tetroxide. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800345-9.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang P, Klippenstein SJ, Harding LB, Sun H, Law CK. Secondary channels in the thermal decomposition of monomethylhydrazine (CH3NHNH2). RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13131b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible role of molecular decomposition channels in MMH is explored through additional investigations on triplet channels, roaming radical channels, and previously unexplored pathways on the potential energy surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong
| | | | - Lawrence B. Harding
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Argonne, USA
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Princeton University
- Princeton, USA
| | - Chung K. Law
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Princeton University
- Princeton, USA
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Sun H, Catoire L, Law CK. Thermal decomposition of monomethylhydrazine: Shock tube experiments and kinetic modeling. INT J CHEM KINET 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sun H, Law CK. Thermochemical and Kinetic Analysis of the Thermal Decomposition of Monomethylhydrazine: An Elementary Reaction Mechanism. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:3748-60. [PMID: 17388291 DOI: 10.1021/jp067591l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction kinetics for the thermal decomposition of monomethylhydrazine (MMH) was studied with quantum Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (QRRK) theory and a master equation analysis for pressure falloff. Thermochemical properties were determined by ab initio and density functional calculations. The entropies, S degrees (298.15 K), and heat capacities, Cp degrees (T) (0 < or = T/K < or = 1500), from vibrational, translational, and external rotational contributions were calculated using statistical mechanics based on the vibrational frequencies and structures obtained from the density functional study. Potential barriers for internal rotations were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level, and hindered rotational contributions to S degrees (298.15 K) and Cp degrees (T) were calculated by solving the Schrödinger equation with free rotor wave functions, and the partition coefficients were treated by direct integration over energy levels of the internal rotation potentials. Enthalpies of formation, DeltafH degrees (298.15 K), for the parent MMH (CH3NHNH2) and its corresponding radicals CH3N*NH2, CH3NHN*H, and C*H2NHNH2 were determined to be 21.6, 48.5, 51.1, and 62.8 kcal mol(-1) by use of isodesmic reaction analysis and various ab initio methods. The kinetic analysis of the thermal decomposition, abstraction, and substitution reactions of MMH was performed at the CBS-QB3 level, with those of N-N and C-N bond scissions determined by high level CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,2p)//MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p) calculations. Rate constants of thermally activated MMH to dissociation products were calculated as functions of pressure and temperature. An elementary reaction mechanism based on the calculated rate constants, thermochemical properties, and literature data was developed to model the experimental data on the overall MMH thermal decomposition rate. The reactions of N-N and C-N bond scission were found to be the major reaction paths for the modeling of MMH homogeneous decomposition at atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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Li QS, Zhang X. Direct dynamics study on the hydrogen abstraction reactions N2H4+R→N2H3+RH (R=NH2,CH3). J Chem Phys 2006; 125:64304. [PMID: 16942283 DOI: 10.1063/1.2217949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a direct ab initio dynamics study on the hydrogen abstraction reactions N(2)H(4)+R-->N(2)H(3)+RH (R=NH(2),CH(3)), which are predicted to have six possible reaction channels for NH(2) abstraction and four for CH(3) abstraction caused by the different N(2)H(4) isomers and various attacking orientations of foreign radical to N(2)H(4). The structures and frequencies at the stationary points and the points along the minimum energy paths (MEPs) of all reaction channels are obtained at the UMP2(full)6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. Energetic information of stationary points and the points along the MEPs is further refined by means of MC-QCISD method. The rate constants of these channels are calculated using the improved canonical variational transition-state theory with the small-curvature tunneling correction (ICVT/SCT) method. The calculated results show that the favorable reaction channels are channels (n1) and (n4) as well as (c1) and (c3) (refer to Scheme 1) in the whole temperature range. The total ICVT/SCT rate constants of all channels for the two reactions at the MC-QCISDUMP2(full)6-31+G(d,p) level are both in good agreement with the available experimental data, and corresponding three-parameter expressions of k(ICVTSCT) in 220-3000 K are fitted as 6.46 x 10(-15)(T298)(3.60) exp(-386T) cm(3) mol(-1) s(-1) for NH(2) abstraction and 1.04 x 10(-14)(T298)(4.00) exp(-2037T) cm(3) mol(-1) s(-1) for CH(3) abstraction. Additionally, the long range interaction between the H atom of X-H bond in foreign radicals and the lone pair on the nonreactive N atom of the transition states is further discussed to explain the various transition-state numbers of the two similar hydrogen abstraction reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shu Li
- The Institute for Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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