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Ibrahim M, Xie B, Richardson MK. The growth of endothelial-like cells in zebrafish embryoid body culture. Exp Cell Res 2020; 392:112032. [PMID: 32353375 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the possibility of culturing organ-like tissues (organoids) in vitro for biomedical applications. The ability to culture organoids would be greatly enhanced by having a functional circulation in vitro. The endothelial cell is the most important cell type in this context. Endothelial cells can be derived from pluripotent embryonic blastocyst cells in aggregates called embryoid bodies. Here, we examine the yield of endothelial-like cells in embryoid bodies (EBs) developed from transgenic zebrafish fli:GFP and kdrl:GFP blastocyst embryos. The isolated blastocyst cells developed into EBs within the first 24 h of culture and contained fli:GFP+ (putative endothelial, hematopoietic and other cell types); or kdrl:GFP+ (endothelial) cells. The addition of endothelial growth supplements to the media and culture on collagen type-I substratum increased the percentages of fli:GFP+ and kdrl:GFP+ cells in culture. We found that EBs developed in hanging-drop cultures possessed a higher percentage of fli:GFP+ (45.0 ± 3.1%) and kdrl:GFP+ cells (8.7 ± 0.7%) than those developed on conventional substrata (34.5 ± 1.4% or 5.2 ± 0.4%, respectively). The transcriptome analysis showed a higher expression of VEGF and TGFβ genes in EB cultures compared to the adherent cultures. When transferred to conventional culture, the percentage of fli:GFP+ or kdrl:GFP+ cells declined significantly over subsequent days in the EBs. The fli:GFP+ cells formed a monolayer around the embryoid bodies, while the kdrl:GFP+ cells formed vascular network-like structures in the embryoid bodies. Differences were observed in the spreading of fli:GFP+ cells, and network formation of kdrl:GFP+ cells on different substrates. The fli:GFP+ cells could be maintained in primary culture and sub-cultures. By contrast, kdrl:GFP+ cells were almost completely absent at 8d of primary culture. Our culture model allows real-time observation of fli:GFP+ and kdrl:GFP+ cells in culture. The results obtained from this study will be important for the development of vascular and endothelial cell culture using embryonic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ibrahim
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Animal Biotechnology Division, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Bing Xie
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Theodosiou NA, Parton A. Establishing primary cultures of embryonic intestinal cells from the elasmobranch, Leucoraja erinacea. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2012; 48:413-7. [PMID: 22806972 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-012-9534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Theodosiou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA.
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Myhre JL, Pilgrim DB. Cellular Differentiation in Primary Cell Cultures from Single Zebrafish Embryos as a Model for the Study of Myogenesis. Zebrafish 2010; 7:255-66. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2010.0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Layne Myhre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David B. Pilgrim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Parton A, Bayne CJ, Barnes DW. Analysis and functional annotation of expressed sequence tags from in vitro cell lines of elasmobranchs: Spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) and little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2010; 5:199-206. [PMID: 20471924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Elasmobranchs are the most commonly used experimental models among the jawed, cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes). Previously we developed cell lines from embryos of two elasmobranchs, Squalus acanthias the spiny dogfish shark (SAE line), and Leucoraja erinacea the little skate (LEE-1 line). From these lines cDNA libraries were derived and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated. From the SAE cell line 4303 unique transcripts were identified, with 1848 of these representing unknown sequences (showing no BLASTX identification). From the LEE-1 cell line, 3660 unique transcripts were identified, and unknown, unique sequences totaled 1333. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation showed that GO assignments for the two cell lines were in general similar. These results suggest that the procedures used to derive the cell lines led to isolation of cell types of the same general embryonic origin from both species. The LEE-1 transcripts included GO categories "envelope" and "oxidoreductase activity" but the SAE transcripts did not. GO analysis of SAE transcripts identified the category "anatomical structure formation" that was not present in LEE-1 cells. Increased organelle compartments may exist within LEE-1 cells compared to SAE cells, and the higher oxidoreductase activity in LEE-1 cells may indicate a role for these cells in responses associated with innate immunity or in steroidogenesis. These EST libraries from elasmobranch cell lines provide information for assembly of genomic sequences and are useful in revealing gene diversity, new genes and molecular markers, as well as in providing means for elucidation of full-length cDNAs and probes for gene array analyses. This is the first study of this type with members of the Chondrichthyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Parton
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine 04672, USA
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Hwang JH, Parton A, Czechanski A, Ballatori N, Barnes D. Arachidonic acid-induced expression of the organic solute and steroid transporter-beta (Ost-beta) in a cartilaginous fish cell line. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 148:39-47. [PMID: 18407792 PMCID: PMC2471870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The organic solute and steroid transporter (OST/Ost) is a unique membrane transport protein heterodimer composed of subunits designated alpha and beta, that transports conjugated steroids and prostaglandin E(2) across the plasma membrane. Ost was first identified in the liver of the cartilaginous fish Leucoraja erinacea, the little skate, and subsequently was found in many other species, including humans and rodents. The present study describes the isolation of a new cell line, LEE-1, derived from an early embryo of L. erinacea, and characterizes the expression of Ost in these cells. The mRNA size and amino acid sequence of Ost-beta in LEE-1 were identical to that previously reported for Ost-beta from skate liver, and the primary structure was identical to that of the spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) with the exception of a single amino acid. Ost-beta was found both on the plasma membrane and intracellularly in LEE-1 cells, consistent with its localization in other cell types. Interestingly, arachidonic acid, the precursor to eicosanoids, strongly induced Ost-beta expression in LEE-1 cells and a lipid mixture containing arachidonic acid also induced Ost-alpha. Overall, the present study describes the isolation of a novel marine cell line, and shows that this cell line expresses relatively high levels of Ost when cultured in the presence of arachidonic acid. Although the function of this transport protein in embryo-derived cells is unknown, it may play a role in the disposition of eicosanoids or steroid-derived molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Hwang
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 60, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
| | - Angela Parton
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 60, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
| | - Anne Czechanski
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 60, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
| | - Nazzareno Ballatori
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 60, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, N.Y., 14642, USA
| | - David Barnes
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 60, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
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Kobayashi H, Parton A, Czechanski A, Durkin C, Kong CC, Barnes D. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (Mrp3/Abcc3/Moat-D) is expressed in the SAE Squalus acanthias shark embryo-derived cell line. Zebrafish 2008; 4:261-75. [PMID: 18284333 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2007.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3/Mrp3) is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein family of membrane transporters and related proteins that act on a variety of xenobiotic and anionic molecules to transfer these substrates in an ATP-dependent manner. In recent years, useful comparative information regarding evolutionarily conserved structure and transport functions of these proteins has accrued through the use of primitive marine animals such as cartilaginous fish. Until recently, one missing tool in comparative studies with cartilaginous fish was cell culture. We have derived from the embryo of Squalus acanthias, the spiny dogfish shark, the S. acanthias embryo (SAE) mesenchymal stem cell line. This is the first continuously proliferating cell line from a cartilaginous fish. We identified expression of Mrp3 in this cell line, cloned the molecule, and examined molecular and cellular physiological aspects of the protein. Shark Mrp3 is characterized by three membrane-spanning domains and two nucleotide-binding domains. Multiple alignments with other species showed that the shark Mrp3 amino acid sequence was well conserved. The shark sequence was overall 64% identical to human MRP3, 72% identical to chicken Mrp3, and 71% identical to frog and stickleback Mrp3. Highest identity between shark and human amino acid sequence (82%) was seen in the carboxyl-terminal nucleotide-binding domain of the proteins. Cell culture experiments showed that mRNA for the protein was induced as much as 25-fold by peptide growth factors, fetal bovine serum, and lipid nutritional components, with the largest effect mediated by a combination of lipids including unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine 04672, USA
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Parton A, Forest D, Kobayashi H, Dowell L, Bayne C, Barnes D. Cell and molecular biology of SAE, a cell line from the spiny dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 145:111-9. [PMID: 16949345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cartilaginous fish, primarily sharks, rays and skates (elasmobranchs), appeared 450 million years ago. They are the most primitive vertebrates, exhibiting jaws and teeth, adaptive immunity, a pressurized circulatory system, thymus, spleen, and a liver comparable to that of humans. The most used elasmobranch in biomedical research is the spiny dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias. Comparative genomic analysis of the dogfish shark, the little skate (Leucoraja erincea), and other elasmobranchs have yielded insights into conserved functional domains of genes associated with human liver function, multidrug resistance, cystic fibrosis, and other biomedically relevant processes. While genomic information from these animals is informative in an evolutionary framework, experimental verification of functions of genomic sequences depends heavily on cell culture approaches. We have derived the first multipassage, continuously proliferating cell line of a cartilaginous fish. The line was initiated from embryos of the spiny dogfish shark. The cells were maintained in a medium modified for fish species and supplemented with cell type-specific hormones, other proteins and sera, and plated on a collagen substrate. SAE cells have been cultured continuously for three years. These cells can be transfected by plasmids and have been cryopreserved. Expressed Sequence Tags generated from a normalized SAE cDNA library included a number of markers for cartilage and muscle, as well as proteins influencing tissue differentiation and development, suggesting that SAE cells may be of mesenchymal stem cell origin. Examination of SAE EST sequences also revealed a cartilaginous fish-specific repetitive sequence that may be evidence of an ancient mobile genetic element that most likely was introduced into the cartilaginous fish lineage after divergence from the lineage leading to teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Parton
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratories, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA
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Vallone D, Santoriello C, Gondi SB, Foulkes NS. Basic protocols for zebrafish cell lines: maintenance and transfection. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 362:429-41. [PMID: 17417032 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-257-1_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines derived from zebrafish embryos show great potential as cell culture tools to study the regulation and function of the vertebrate circadian clock. They exhibit directly light-entrainable rhythms of clock gene expression that can be established by simply exposing cultures to light-dark cycles. Mammalian cell lines require treatments with serum or activators of signaling pathways to initiate transient, rapidly dampening clock rhythms. Furthermore, zebrafish cells grow at room temperature, are viable for long periods at confluence, and do not require a CO2-enriched atmosphere, greatly simplifying culture conditions. Here we describe detailed methods for establishing zebrafish cell cultures as well as optimizing transient and stable transfections. These protocols have been successfully used to introduce luciferase reporter constructs into the cells and thereby monitor clock gene expression in vivo. The bioluminescence assay described here lends itself particularly well to high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vallone
- Department of Genetics, Max-Planck Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
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Hill AJ, Teraoka H, Heideman W, Peterson RE. Zebrafish as a Model Vertebrate for Investigating Chemical Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2005; 86:6-19. [PMID: 15703261 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 842] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been a prominent model vertebrate in a variety of biological disciplines. Substantial information gathered from developmental and genetic research, together with near-completion of the zebrafish genome project, has placed zebrafish in an attractive position for use as a toxicological model. Although still in its infancy, there is a clear potential for zebrafish to provide valuable new insights into chemical toxicity, drug discovery, and human disease using recent advances in forward and reverse genetic techniques coupled with large-scale, high-throughput screening. Here we present an overview of the rapidly increasing use of zebrafish in toxicology. Advantages of the zebrafish both in identifying endpoints of toxicity and in elucidating mechanisms of toxicity are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Hill
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G Heinrich
- VA Northern California Health Care System and EBIRE, 150 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553, USA.
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