1
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White EE, Rhodes SD. The NF1+/- Immune Microenvironment: Dueling Roles in Neurofibroma Development and Malignant Transformation. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:994. [PMID: 38473354 PMCID: PMC10930863 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common genetic disorder resulting in the development of both benign and malignant tumors of the peripheral nervous system. NF1 is caused by germline pathogenic variants or deletions of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene, which encodes the protein neurofibromin that functions as negative regulator of p21 RAS. Loss of NF1 heterozygosity in Schwann cells (SCs), the cells of origin for these nerve sheath-derived tumors, leads to the formation of plexiform neurofibromas (PNF)-benign yet complex neoplasms involving multiple nerve fascicles and comprised of a myriad of infiltrating stromal and immune cells. PNF development and progression are shaped by dynamic interactions between SCs and immune cells, including mast cells, macrophages, and T cells. In this review, we explore the current state of the field and critical knowledge gaps regarding the role of NF1(Nf1) haploinsufficiency on immune cell function, as well as the putative impact of Schwann cell lineage states on immune cell recruitment and function within the tumor field. Furthermore, we review emerging evidence suggesting a dueling role of Nf1+/- immune cells along the neurofibroma to MPNST continuum, on one hand propitiating PNF initiation, while on the other, potentially impeding the malignant transformation of plexiform and atypical neurofibroma precursor lesions. Finally, we underscore the potential implications of these discoveries and advocate for further research directed at illuminating the contributions of various immune cells subsets in discrete stages of tumor initiation, progression, and malignant transformation to facilitate the discovery and translation of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to transform risk-adapted care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. White
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Steven D. Rhodes
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- IU Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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2
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Cachoux VML, Balakireva M, Gracia M, Bosveld F, López-Gay JM, Maugarny A, Gaugué I, di Pietro F, Rigaud SU, Noiret L, Guirao B, Bellaïche Y. Epithelial apoptotic pattern emerges from global and local regulation by cell apical area. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4807-4826.e6. [PMID: 37827152 PMCID: PMC10681125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Geometry is a fundamental attribute of biological systems, and it underlies cell and tissue dynamics. Cell geometry controls cell-cycle progression and mitosis and thus modulates tissue development and homeostasis. In sharp contrast and despite the extensive characterization of the genetic mechanisms of caspase activation, we know little about whether and how cell geometry controls apoptosis commitment in developing tissues. Here, we combined multiscale time-lapse microscopy of developing Drosophila epithelium, quantitative characterization of cell behaviors, and genetic and mechanical perturbations to determine how apoptosis is controlled during epithelial tissue development. We found that early in cell lives and well before extrusion, apoptosis commitment is linked to two distinct geometric features: a small apical area compared with other cells within the tissue and a small relative apical area with respect to the immediate neighboring cells. We showed that these global and local geometric characteristics are sufficient to recapitulate the tissue-scale apoptotic pattern. Furthermore, we established that the coupling between these two geometric features and apoptotic cells is dependent on the Hippo/YAP and Notch pathways. Overall, by exploring the links between cell geometry and apoptosis commitment, our work provides important insights into the spatial regulation of cell death in tissues and improves our understanding of the mechanisms that control cell number and tissue size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoire M L Cachoux
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria Balakireva
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Gracia
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Floris Bosveld
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jesús M López-Gay
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aude Maugarny
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Gaugué
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane U Rigaud
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lorette Noiret
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Boris Guirao
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
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3
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Crozet F, Levayer R. Emerging roles and mechanisms of ERK pathway mechanosensing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:355. [PMID: 37947896 PMCID: PMC10638131 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between mechanical forces and modulation of cell signalling pathways is essential for tissue plasticity and their adaptation to changing environments. Whilst the number of physiological and pathological relevant roles of mechanotransduction has been rapidly expanding over the last decade, studies have been mostly focussing on a limited number of mechanosensitive pathways, which include for instance Hippo/YAP/TAZ pathway, Wnt/β-catenin or the stretch-activated channel Piezo. However, the recent development and spreading of new live sensors has provided new insights into the contribution of ERK pathway in mechanosensing in various systems, which emerges now as a fast and modular mechanosensitive pathway. In this review, we will document key in vivo and in vitro examples that have established a clear link between cell deformation, mechanical stress and modulation of ERK signalling, comparing the relevant timescale and mechanical stress. We will then discuss different molecular mechanisms that have been proposed so far, focussing on the epistatic link between mechanics and ERK and discussing the relevant cellular parameters affecting ERK signalling. We will finish by discussing the physiological and the pathological consequences of the link between ERK and mechanics, outlining how this interplay is instrumental for self-organisation and long-range cell-cell coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Crozet
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
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4
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Wang CW, Clémot M, Hashimoto T, Diaz JA, Goins LM, Goldstein AS, Nagaraj R, Banerjee U. A conserved mechanism for JNK-mediated loss of Notch function in advanced prostate cancer. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabo5213. [PMID: 37934809 PMCID: PMC10802904 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo5213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated Notch signaling is a common feature of cancer; however, its effects on tumor initiation and progression are highly variable, with Notch having either oncogenic or tumor-suppressive functions in various cancers. To better understand the mechanisms that regulate Notch function in cancer, we studied Notch signaling in a Drosophila tumor model, prostate cancer-derived cell lines, and tissue samples from patients with advanced prostate cancer. We demonstrated that increased activity of the Src-JNK pathway in tumors inactivated Notch signaling because of JNK pathway-mediated inhibition of the expression of the gene encoding the Notch S2 cleavage protease, Kuzbanian, which is critical for Notch activity. Consequently, inactive Notch accumulated in cells, where it was unable to transcribe genes encoding its target proteins, many of which have tumor-suppressive activities. These findings suggest that Src-JNK activity in tumors predicts Notch activity status and that suppressing Src-JNK signaling could restore Notch function in tumors, offering opportunities for diagnosis and targeted therapies for a subset of patients with advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marie Clémot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Takao Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johnny A. Diaz
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lauren M. Goins
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew S. Goldstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raghavendra Nagaraj
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Colombani J, Andersen DS. Drosophila TNF/TNFRs: At the crossroad between metabolism, immunity, and tissue homeostasis. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2416-2432. [PMID: 37567762 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a highly conserved proinflammatory cytokine with important functions in immunity, tissue repair, and cellular homeostasis. Due to the simplicity of the Drosophila TNF-TNF receptor (TNFR) system and a broad genetic toolbox, the fly has played a pivotal role in deciphering the mechanisms underlying TNF-mediated physiological and pathological functions. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of how local and systemic sources of Egr/TNF contribute to its antitumor and tumor-promoting properties, and its emerging functions in adaptive growth responses, sleep regulation, and adult tissue homeostasis. The recent annotation of TNF as an adipokine and its indisputable contribution to obesity- and cancer-associated metabolic diseases have provoked a new area of research focusing on its dual function in regulating immunity and energy homeostasis. Here, we discuss the role of TNFR signaling in coupling immune and metabolic processes and how this might be relevant in the adaption of host to environmental stresses, or, in the case of obesity, promote metabolic derangements and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Colombani
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte S Andersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Yost PP, Al-Nouman A, Curtiss J. The Rap1 small GTPase affects cell fate or survival and morphogenetic patterning during Drosophila melanogaster eye development. Differentiation 2023; 133:12-24. [PMID: 37437447 PMCID: PMC10528170 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster eye has been instrumental for determining both how cells communicate with one another to determine cell fate, as well as cell morphogenesis and patterning. Here, we describe the effects of the small GTPase Rap1 on the development of multiple cell types in the D. melanogaster eye. Although Rap1 has previously been linked to RTK-Ras-MAPK signaling in eye development, we demonstrate that manipulation of Rap1 activity is modified by increase or decrease of Delta/Notch signaling during several events of cell fate specification in eye development. In addition, we demonstrate that manipulating Rap1 function either in primary pigment cells or in interommatidial cells affects cone cell contact switching, primary pigment cell enwrapment of the ommatidial cluster, and sorting of secondary and tertiary pigment cells. These data suggest that Rap1 has roles in both ommatidial cell recruitment/survival and in ommatidial morphogenesis in the pupal stage. They lay groundwork for future experiments on the role of Rap1 in these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P Yost
- New Mexico State University, 1780 E University Ave, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Curtiss
- New Mexico State University, 1780 E University Ave, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.
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7
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Spitzer DC, Sun WY, Rodríguez-Vargas A, Hariharan IK. The cell adhesion molecule Echinoid promotes tissue survival and separately restricts tissue overgrowth in Drosophila imaginal discs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.04.552072. [PMID: 37577631 PMCID: PMC10418178 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.04.552072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The interactions that cells in Drosophila imaginal discs have with their neighbors are known to regulate their ability to survive. In a screen of genes encoding cell surface proteins for gene knockdowns that affect the size or shape of mutant clones, we found that clones of cells with reduced levels of echinoid (ed) are fewer, smaller, and can be eliminated during development. In contrast, discs composed mostly of ed mutant tissue are overgrown. We find that ed mutant tissue has lower levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Diap1 and has increased levels of apoptosis which is consistent with the observed underrepresentation of ed mutant clones and the slow growth of ed mutant tissue. The eventual overgrowth of ed mutant tissue results not from accelerated growth, but from prolonged growth resulting from a failure to arrest growth at the appropriate final size. Ed has previously been shown to physically interact with multiple Hippo-pathway components and it has been proposed to promote Hippo pathway signaling, to exclude Yorkie (Yki) from the nucleus, and restrain the expression of Yki-target genes. We did not observe changes in Yki localization in ed mutant tissue and found decreased levels of expression of several Yorkie-target genes, findings inconsistent with the proposed effect of Ed on Yki. We did, however, observe increased expression of several Yki-target genes in wild-type cells neighboring ed mutant cells, which may contribute to elimination of ed mutant clones. Thus, ed has two distinct functions: an anti-apoptotic function by maintaining Diap1 levels, and a function to arrest growth at the appropriate final size. Both of these are unlikely to be explained by a simple effect on the Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle C. Spitzer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 515 Weill Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720-3200
| | - William Y. Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 515 Weill Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720-3200
| | - Anthony Rodríguez-Vargas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 515 Weill Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720-3200
| | - Iswar K. Hariharan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 515 Weill Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720-3200
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8
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Garcia-Arias JM, Pinal N, Cristobal-Vargas S, Estella C, Morata G. Lack of apoptosis leads to cellular senescence and tumorigenesis in Drosophila epithelial cells. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:281. [PMID: 37532716 PMCID: PMC10397273 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a homeostasis program of animal tissues designed to remove cells that are unwanted or are damaged by physiological insults. To assess the functional role of apoptosis, we have studied the consequences of subjecting Drosophila epithelial cells defective in apoptosis to stress or genetic perturbations that normally cause massive cell death. We find that many of those cells acquire persistent activity of the JNK pathway, which drives them into senescent status, characterized by arrest of cell division, cell hypertrophy, Senescent Associated ß-gal activity (SA-ß-gal), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Senescent Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) and migratory behaviour. We have identified two classes of senescent cells in the wing disc: 1) those that localize to the appendage part of the disc, express the upd, wg and dpp signalling genes and generate tumour overgrowths, and 2) those located in the thoracic region do not express wg and dpp nor they induce tumour overgrowths. Whether to become tumorigenic or non-tumorigenic depends on the original identity of the cell prior to the transformation. We also find that the p53 gene contributes to senescence by enhancing the activity of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Garcia-Arias
- Laboratory of Tumorogenesis and Regeneration. Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Pinal
- Laboratory of Tumorogenesis and Regeneration. Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Cristobal-Vargas
- Laboratory of Gene expression control, patterning and growth during appendage development. Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Estella
- Laboratory of Gene expression control, patterning and growth during appendage development. Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ginés Morata
- Laboratory of Tumorogenesis and Regeneration. Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Taniguchi K, Igaki T. Sas-Ptp10D shapes germ-line stem cell niche by facilitating JNK-mediated apoptosis. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010684. [PMID: 36972315 PMCID: PMC10079222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the stem cell system is supported by a stereotypical shape of the niche structure. In Drosophila ovarian germarium, somatic cap cells form a dish-like niche structure that allows only two or three germ-line stem cells (GSCs) reside in the niche. Despite extensive studies on the mechanism of stem cell maintenance, the mechanisms of how the dish-like niche structure is shaped and how this structure contributes to the stem cell system have been elusive. Here, we show that a transmembrane protein Stranded at second (Sas) and its receptor Protein tyrosine phosphatase 10D (Ptp10D), effectors of axon guidance and cell competition via epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) inhibition, shape the dish-like niche structure by facilitating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated apoptosis. Loss of Sas or Ptp10D in gonadal apical cells, but not in GSCs or cap cells, during the pre-pupal stage results in abnormal shaping of the niche structure in the adult, which allows excessive, four to six GSCs reside in the niche. Mechanistically, loss of Sas-Ptp10D elevates Egfr signaling in the gonadal apical cells, thereby suppressing their naturally-occurring JNK-mediated apoptosis that is essential for the shaping of the dish-like niche structure by neighboring cap cells. Notably, the abnormal niche shape and resulting excessive GSCs lead to diminished egg production. Our data propose a concept that the stereotypical shaping of the niche structure optimizes the stem cell system, thereby maximizing the reproductive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichiro Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (KT); (TI)
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (KT); (TI)
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10
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Prasad AR, Lago-Baldaia I, Bostock MP, Housseini Z, Fernandes VM. Differentiation signals from glia are fine-tuned to set neuronal numbers during development. eLife 2022; 11:78092. [PMID: 36094172 PMCID: PMC9507125 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuit formation and function require that diverse neurons are specified in appropriate numbers. Known strategies for controlling neuronal numbers involve regulating either cell proliferation or survival. We used the Drosophila visual system to probe how neuronal numbers are set. Photoreceptors from the eye-disc induce their target field, the lamina, such that for every unit eye there is a corresponding lamina unit (column). Although each column initially contains ~6 post-mitotic lamina precursors, only 5 differentiate into neurons, called L1-L5; the 'extra' precursor, which is invariantly positioned above the L5 neuron in each column, undergoes apoptosis. Here, we showed that a glial population called the outer chiasm giant glia (xgO), which resides below the lamina, secretes multiple ligands to induce L5 differentiation in response to EGF from photoreceptors. By forcing neuronal differentiation in the lamina, we uncovered that though fated to die, the 'extra' precursor is specified as an L5. Therefore, two precursors are specified as L5s but only one differentiates during normal development. We found that the row of precursors nearest to xgO differentiate into L5s and, in turn, antagonise differentiation signalling to prevent the 'extra' precursors from differentiating, resulting in their death. Thus, an intricate interplay of glial signals and feedback from differentiating neurons defines an invariant and stereotyped pattern of neuronal differentiation and programmed cell death to ensure that lamina columns each contain exactly one L5 neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anadika R Prasad
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Lago-Baldaia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Bostock
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zaynab Housseini
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Valencia-Expósito A, Gómez-Lamarca MJ, Widmann TJ, Martín-Bermudo MD. Integrins Cooperate With the EGFR/Ras Pathway to Preserve Epithelia Survival and Architecture in Development and Oncogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892691. [PMID: 35769262 PMCID: PMC9234701 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is required for normal epithelial cell survival. Disruption of this interaction leads to a specific type of apoptosis known as anoikis. Yet, there are physiological and pathological situations in which cells not connected to the ECM are protected from anoikis, such as during cell migration or metastasis. The main receptors transmitting signals from the ECM are members of the integrin family. However, although integrin-mediated cell-ECM anchorage has been long recognized as crucial for epithelial cell survival, the in vivo significance of this interaction remains to be weighed. In this work, we have used the Drosophila wing imaginal disc epithelium to analyze the importance of integrins as survival factors during epithelia morphogenesis. We show that reducing integrin expression in the wing disc induces caspase-dependent cell death and basal extrusion of the dead cells. In this case, anoikis is mediated by the activation of the JNK pathway, which in turn triggers expression of the proapoptotic protein Hid. In addition, our results strongly suggest that, during wing disc morphogenesis, the EGFR pathway protects cells undergoing cell shape changes upon ECM detachment from anoikis. Furthermore, we show that oncogenic activation of the EGFR/Ras pathway in integrin mutant cells rescues them from apoptosis while promoting their extrusion from the epithelium. Altogether, our results support the idea that integrins promote cell survival during normal tissue morphogenesis and prevent the extrusion of transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Jesús Gómez-Lamarca
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - María D. Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- *Correspondence: María D. Martín-Bermudo,
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12
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Macabenta F, Sun HT, Stathopoulos A. BMP-gated cell-cycle progression drives anoikis during mesenchymal collective migration. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1683-1693.e3. [PMID: 35709766 PMCID: PMC9339487 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis involves the elimination of abnormal cells to avoid compromised patterning and function. Although quality control through cell competition is well studied in epithelial tissues, it is unknown if and how homeostasis is regulated in mesenchymal collectives. Here, we demonstrate that collectively migrating Drosophila muscle precursors utilize both fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling to promote homeostasis via anoikis, a form of cell death in response to substrate de-adhesion. Cell-cycle-regulated expression of the cell death gene head involution defective is responsible for caudal visceral mesoderm (CVM) anoikis. The secreted BMP ligand drives cell-cycle progression via a visceral mesoderm-specific cdc25/string enhancer to synchronize collective proliferation, as well as apoptosis of cells that have lost access to substrate-derived FGF. Perturbation of BMP-dependent cell-cycle progression is sufficient to confer anoikis resistance to mismigrating cells and thus facilitate invasion of other tissues. This BMP-gated cell-cycle checkpoint defines a quality control mechanism during mesenchymal collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Macabenta
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hsuan-Te Sun
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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13
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Villars A, Levayer R. Collective effects in epithelial cell death and cell extrusion. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 72:8-14. [PMID: 34626896 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death, notably apoptosis, is an essential guardian of tissue homeostasis and an active contributor of organ shaping. While the regulation of apoptosis has been mostly analysed in the framework of a cell autonomous process, recent works highlighted important collective effects which can tune cell elimination. This is particularly relevant for epithelial cell death, which requires fine coordination with the neighbours in order to maintain tissue sealing during cell expulsion. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances which outline the complex multicellular communications at play during epithelial cell death and cell extrusion. We will first focus on the new unanticipated functions of neighbouring cells during extrusion, discuss the contribution of distant neighbours, and finally highlight the complex feedbacks generated by cell elimination on neighbouring cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Villars
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3738, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3738, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France.
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14
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Dillard C, Reis JGT, Rusten TE. RasV12; scrib-/- Tumors: A Cooperative Oncogenesis Model Fueled by Tumor/Host Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168873. [PMID: 34445578 PMCID: PMC8396170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of how oncogenes and tumor-suppressor mutations can synergize to promote tumor fitness and cancer progression can be studied in relatively simple animal model systems such as Drosophila melanogaster. Almost two decades after the landmark discovery of cooperative oncogenesis between oncogenic RasV12 and the loss of the tumor suppressor scribble in flies, this and other tumor models have provided new concepts and findings in cancer biology that has remarkable parallels and relevance to human cancer. Here we review findings using the RasV12; scrib-/- tumor model and how it has contributed to our understanding of how these initial simple genetic insults cooperate within the tumor cell to set in motion the malignant transformation program leading to tumor growth through cell growth, cell survival and proliferation, dismantling of cell-cell interactions, degradation of basement membrane and spreading to other organs. Recent findings have demonstrated that cooperativity goes beyond cell intrinsic mechanisms as the tumor interacts with the immediate cells of the microenvironment, the immune system and systemic organs to eventually facilitate malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dillard
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (T.E.R.)
| | - José Gerardo Teles Reis
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Erik Rusten
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (T.E.R.)
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15
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Valon L, Davidović A, Levillayer F, Villars A, Chouly M, Cerqueira-Campos F, Levayer R. Robustness of epithelial sealing is an emerging property of local ERK feedback driven by cell elimination. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1700-1711.e8. [PMID: 34081909 PMCID: PMC8221813 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
What regulates the spatiotemporal distribution of cell elimination in tissues remains largely unknown. This is particularly relevant for epithelia with high rates of cell elimination where simultaneous death of neighboring cells could impair epithelial sealing. Here, using the Drosophila pupal notum (a single-layer epithelium) and a new optogenetic tool to trigger caspase activation and cell extrusion, we first showed that death of clusters of at least three cells impaired epithelial sealing; yet, such clusters were almost never observed in vivo. Accordingly, statistical analysis and simulations of cell death distribution highlighted a transient and local protective phase occurring near every cell death. This protection is driven by a transient activation of ERK in cells neighboring extruding cells, which inhibits caspase activation and prevents elimination of cells in clusters. This suggests that the robustness of epithelia with high rates of cell elimination is an emerging property of local ERK feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Valon
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anđela Davidović
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 3756, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Florence Levillayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Villars
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Chouly
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabiana Cerqueira-Campos
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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16
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Rhee JE, Choi JH, Park JH, Lee G, Pak B, Kwon SH, Jeon SH. CG11426 gene product negatively regulates glial population size in the Drosophila eye imaginal disc. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:805-816. [PMID: 34047015 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells play essential roles in the nervous system. Although glial populations are tightly regulated, the mechanisms regulating the population size remain poorly understood. Since Drosophila glial cells are similar to the human counterparts in their functions and shapes, rendering them an excellent model system to understand the human glia biology. Lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) are important for regulating bioactive lipids. In Drosophila, there are three known LPP-encoding genes: wunen, wunen-2, and lazaro. The wunens are important for germ cell migration and survival and septate junction formation during tracheal development. Lazaro is involved in phototransduction. In the present study, we characterized a novel Drosophila LPP-encoding gene, CG11426. Suppression of CG11426 increased glial cell number in the eye imaginal disc during larval development, while ectopic CG11426 expression decreased it. Both types of mutation also caused defects in axon projection to the optic lobe in larval eye-brain complexes. Moreover, CG11426 promoted apoptosis via inhibiting ERK signaling in the eye imaginal disc. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that CG11426 gene product negatively regulates ERK signaling to promote apoptosis for proper maintenance of the glial population in the developing eye disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Rhee
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyeon Choi
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae H Park
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Neuronet Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gyunghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Neuronet Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Banya Pak
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hae Kwon
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hak Jeon
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Guntur AR, Venkatanarayan A, Gangula S, Lundell MJ. Zfh-2 facilitates Notch-induced apoptosis in the CNS and appendages of Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2021; 475:65-79. [PMID: 33705738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a fundamental remodeling process for most tissues during development. In this manuscript we examine a pro-apoptotic function for the Drosophila DNA binding protein Zfh-2 during development of the central nervous system (CNS) and appendages. In the CNS we find that a loss-of-function zfh-2 allele gives an overall reduction of apoptotic cells in the CNS, and an altered pattern of expression for the axonal markers 22C10 and FasII. This same loss-of-function zfh-2 allele causes specific cells in the NB7-3 lineage of the CNS that would normally undergo apoptosis to be inappropriately maintained, whereas a gain-of-function zfh-2 allele has the opposite effect, resulting in a loss of normal NB 7-3 progeny. We also demonstrate that Zfh-2 and Hunchback reciprocally repress each other's gene expression which limits apoptosis to later born progeny of the NB7-3 lineage. Apoptosis is also required for proper segmentation of the fly appendages. We find that Zfh-2 co-localizes with apoptotic cells in the folds of the imaginal discs and presumptive cuticular joints. A reduction of Zfh-2 levels with RNAi inhibits expression of the pro-apoptotic gene reaper, and produces abnormal joints in the leg, antenna and haltere. Apoptosis has previously been shown to be activated by Notch signaling in both the NB7-3 CNS lineage and the appendage joints. Our results indicate that Zfh-2 facilitates Notch-induced apoptosis in these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya R Guntur
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | | | - Sindhura Gangula
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Martha J Lundell
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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18
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Sinha A, Fan VB, Ramakrishnan AB, Engelhardt N, Kennell J, Cadigan KM. Repression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by SOX9 and Mastermind-like transcriptional coactivator 2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/8/eabe0849. [PMID: 33597243 PMCID: PMC7888933 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling requires inhibition of a multiprotein destruction complex that targets β-catenin for proteasomal degradation. SOX9 is a potent antagonist of the Wnt pathway and has been proposed to act through direct binding to β-catenin or the β-catenin destruction complex. Here, we demonstrate that SOX9 promotes turnover of β-catenin in mammalian cell culture, but this occurs independently of the destruction complex and the proteasome. This activity requires SOX9's ability to activate transcription. Transcriptome analysis revealed that SOX9 induces the expression of the Notch coactivator Mastermind-like transcriptional activator 2 (MAML2), which is required for SOX9-dependent Wnt/β-catenin antagonism. MAML2 promotes β-catenin turnover independently of Notch signaling, and MAML2 appears to associate directly with β-catenin in an in vitro binding assay. This work defines a previously unidentified pathway that promotes β-catenin degradation, acting in parallel to established mechanisms. SOX9 uses this pathway to restrict Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sinha
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vinson B Fan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aravinda-Bharathi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicole Engelhardt
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Ave, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Jennifer Kennell
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Ave, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Ken M Cadigan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Krautz R, Khalili D, Theopold U. Tissue-autonomous immune response regulates stress signaling during hypertrophy. eLife 2020; 9:64919. [PMID: 33377870 PMCID: PMC7880693 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmitotic tissues are incapable of replacing damaged cells through proliferation, but need to rely on buffering mechanisms to prevent tissue disintegration. By constitutively activating the Ras/MAPK-pathway via RasV12-overexpression in the postmitotic salivary glands (SGs) of Drosophila larvae, we overrode the glands adaptability to growth signals and induced hypertrophy. The accompanied loss of tissue integrity, recognition by cellular immunity, and cell death are all buffered by blocking stress signaling through a genuine tissue-autonomous immune response. This novel, spatio-temporally tightly regulated mechanism relies on the inhibition of a feedback-loop in the JNK-pathway by the immune effector and antimicrobial peptide Drosomycin. While this interaction might allow growing SGs to cope with temporary stress, continuous Drosomycin expression in RasV12-glands favors unrestricted hypertrophy. These findings indicate the necessity to refine therapeutic approaches that stimulate immune responses by acknowledging their possible, detrimental effects in damaged or stressed tissues. Tissues and organs work hard to maintain balance in everything from taking up nutrients to controlling their growth. Ageing, wounding, sickness, and changes in the genetic code can all alter this balance, and cause the tissue or organ to lose some of its cells. Many tissues restore this loss by dividing their remaining cells to fill in the gaps. But some – like the salivary glands of fruit fly larvae – have lost this ability. Tissues like these rely on being able to sense and counteract problems as they arise so as to not lose their balance in the first place. The immune system and stress responses are crucial for this process. They trigger steps to correct the problem and interact with each other to find a common decision about the fate of the affected tissue. To better understand how the immune system and stress response work together, Krautz, Khalili and Theopold genetically manipulated cells in the salivary gland of fruit fly larvae. These modifications switched on signals that stimulate cells to keep growing, causing the salivary gland’s tissue to slowly lose its balance and trigger the stress and immune response. The experiments showed that while the stress response instructed the cells in the gland to die, a peptide released by the immune system called Drosomycin blocked this response and prevented the tissue from collapsing. The cells in the part of the gland not producing this immune peptide were consequently killed by the stress response. When all the cells in the salivary gland were forced to produce Drosomycin, none of the cells died and the whole tissue survived. But it also allowed the cells in the gland to grow uncontrollably, like a tumor, threatening the health of the entire organism. Mapping the interactions between immune and stress pathways could help to fine-tune treatments that can prevent tissue damage. Fruit flies share many genetic features and molecular pathways with humans. So, the next step towards these kinds of treatments would be to screen for similar mechanisms that block stress activation in damaged human tissues. But this research carries a warning: careless activation of the immune system to protect stressed tissues could lead to uncontrolled tissue growth, and might cause more harm than good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krautz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dilan Khalili
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Theopold
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Choi MS, Chung YY, Kim DJ, Kim ST, Jun YH. Immunoreactivity of MAPK Signaling in a Rat Model of Intrauterine Growth Retardation Induced by Uterine Artery Ligation. In Vivo 2020; 34:649-657. [PMID: 32111765 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) causes very low birth weight and is related to the morbidity and mortality of the newborn. In our previous study, expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was found reduced in the cerebral cortex and dentate gyrus of fetuses with IUGR. BDNF protected cortical neurons against hypoxic injury via activation of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway. The aim of the current study was to observe the immunoreactivity of ERK in mature neurons and proliferating cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Uterine artery ligation was performed at 17 days of gestation (dg). Rat fetuses were obtained at 21 dg using cesarean section. Fetuses were designated either to the growth retardation (GR) group when removed from the horn with uterine artery ligation, or to the control group when removed from the other horn with the untied artery. Immunohistochemistry was performed with primary antibodies on paraffin-embedded forebrain sections. RESULTS The density and proportion of cells expressing PCNA, ERK, and phosphate ERK in the subventricular zone (SVZ) was not different between the control and GR group. The density and proportion of NeuN- and phosphate ERK-positive cells in the cerebral parietal cortex was lower in the GR group, compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Although IUGR had no effect on the proliferation of cells in the SVZ, it reduced neuronal survival in the cerebral parietal cortex, which was associated with the decrease of pERK-positive cell density and proportion in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Chung
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Joon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Taeck Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
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21
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Wu C, Boisclair Lachance JF, Ludwig MZ, Rebay I. A context-dependent bifurcation in the Pointed transcriptional effector network contributes specificity and robustness to retinal cell fate acquisition. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009216. [PMID: 33253156 PMCID: PMC7728396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporally precise and robust cell fate transitions, which depend on specific signaling cues, are fundamental to the development of appropriately patterned tissues. The fidelity and precision with which photoreceptor fates are recruited in the Drosophila eye exemplifies these principles. The fly eye consists of a highly ordered array of ~750 ommatidia, each of which contains eight distinct photoreceptors, R1-R8, specified sequentially in a precise spatial pattern. Recruitment of R1-R7 fates requires reiterative receptor tyrosine kinase / mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling mediated by the transcriptional effector Pointed (Pnt). However the overall signaling levels experienced by R2-R5 cells are distinct from those experienced by R1, R6 and R7. A relay mechanism between two Pnt isoforms initiated by MAPK activation directs the universal transcriptional response. Here we ask how the generic Pnt response is tailored to these two rounds of photoreceptor fate transitions. We find that during R2-R5 specification PntP2 is coexpressed with a closely related but previously uncharacterized isoform, PntP3. Using CRISPR/Cas9-generated isoform specific null alleles we show that under otherwise wild type conditions, R2-R5 fate specification is robust to loss of either PntP2 or PntP3, and that the two activate pntP1 redundantly; however under conditions of reduced MAPK activity, both are required. Mechanistically, our data suggest that intrinsic activity differences between PntP2 and PntP3, combined with positive and unexpected negative transcriptional auto- and cross-regulation, buffer first-round fates against conditions of compromised RTK signaling. In contrast, in a mechanism that may be adaptive to the stronger signaling environment used to specify R1, R6 and R7 fates, the Pnt network resets to a simpler topology in which PntP2 uniquely activates pntP1 and auto-activates its own transcription. We propose that differences in expression patterns, transcriptional activities and regulatory interactions between Pnt isoforms together facilitate context-appropriate cell fate specification in different signaling environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chudong Wu
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Z. Ludwig
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ilaria Rebay
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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22
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Amcheslavsky A, Lindblad JL, Bergmann A. Transiently "Undead" Enterocytes Mediate Homeostatic Tissue Turnover in the Adult Drosophila Midgut. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108408. [PMID: 33238125 PMCID: PMC7754855 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We reveal surprising similarities between homeostatic cell turnover in adult Drosophila midguts and "undead" apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation (AiP) in imaginal discs. During undead AiP, immortalized cells signal for AiP, allowing its analysis. Critical for undead AiP is the Myo1D-dependent localization of the initiator caspase Dronc to the plasma membrane. Here, we show that Myo1D functions in mature enterocytes (ECs) to control mitotic activity of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). In Myo1D mutant midguts, many signaling events involved in AiP (ROS generation, hemocyte recruitment, and JNK signaling) are affected. Importantly, similar to AiP, Myo1D is required for membrane localization of Dronc in ECs. We propose that ECs destined to die transiently enter an undead-like state through Myo1D-dependent membrane localization of Dronc, which enables them to generate signals for ISC activity and their replacement. The concept of transiently "undead" cells may be relevant for other stem cell models in flies and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Amcheslavsky
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jillian L Lindblad
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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23
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Identification of the Wallenda JNKKK as an Alk suppressor reveals increased competitiveness of Alk-expressing cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14954. [PMID: 32917927 PMCID: PMC7486895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk) is a receptor tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor super-family that functions as oncogenic driver in a range of human cancers such as neuroblastoma. In order to investigate mechanisms underlying Alk oncogenic signaling, we conducted a genetic suppressor screen in Drosophila melanogaster. Our screen identified multiple loci important for Alk signaling, including members of Ras/Raf/ERK-, Pi3K-, and STAT-pathways as well as tailless (tll) and foxo whose orthologues NR2E1/TLX and FOXO3 are transcription factors implicated in human neuroblastoma. Many of the identified suppressors were also able to modulate signaling output from activated oncogenic variants of human ALK, suggesting that our screen identified targets likely relevant in a wide range of contexts. Interestingly, two misexpression alleles of wallenda (wnd, encoding a leucine zipper bearing kinase similar to human DLK and LZK) were among the strongest suppressors. We show that Alk expression leads to a growth advantage and induces cell death in surrounding cells. Our results suggest that Alk activity conveys a competitive advantage to cells, which can be reversed by over-expression of the JNK kinase kinase Wnd.
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24
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Gershman BW, Pritchard CE, Chaney KP, Ware VC. Tissue-specific expression of ribosomal protein paralogue eRpL22-like in Drosophila melanogaster eye development. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1147-1165. [PMID: 32353187 PMCID: PMC8109839 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in core or tissue-specific ribosomal protein (Rp) composition within ribosomes contribute to ribosome heterogeneity and functional variability. Yet, the degree to which ribosome heterogeneity modulates development is unknown. The Drosophila melanogaster eRpL22 family contains structurally diverse paralogues, eRpL22 and eRpL22-like. Unlike ubiquitously expressed eRpL22, eRpL22-like expression is tissue-specific, notably within the male germline and the eye. We investigated expression within the developing eye to uncover tissue/cell types where specific paralogue roles might be defined. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry analysis confirms ubiquitous eRpL22 expression throughout eye development. In larvae, eRpL22-like is ubiquitously expressed, but highly enriched in the peripodial epithelium (PE). In early pupae, eRpL22-like is broadly distributed in multiple cell types, but later, is primarily enriched in interommatidial hair cells (IoHC). Adult patterns include the ring of accessory cells around ommatidia. Adult retinae IoHC patterning phenotypes (shown by scanning electron microscopy) may be linked to RNAi-mediated eRpL22-like depletion within larval PE. Immunoblots and polysome profile analyses show multiple variants of eRpL22-like across development, with the variant at the expected molecular mass co-sedimenting with active ribosomes. CONCLUSION Our data reveal differential patterns of eRpL22-like expression relative to eRpL22 and suggest a specific role for eRpL22-like in developmental patterning of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett W. Gershman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Kenneth P. Chaney
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vassie C. Ware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
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Context-Dependent Tumorigenic Effect of Testis-Specific Mitochondrial Protein Tiny Tim 2 in Drosophila Somatic Epithelia. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081842. [PMID: 32781577 PMCID: PMC7465004 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have undertaken a study towards understanding the effect of ectopic expression of testis proteins in the soma in Drosophila. Here, we show that in the larval neuroepithelium, ectopic expression of the germline-specific component of the inner mitochondrial translocation complex tiny tim 2 (ttm2) brings about cell autonomous hyperplasia and extension of G2 phase. In the wing discs, cells expressing ectopic ttm2 upregulate Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, present extended G2, become invasive, and elicit non-cell autonomous G2 extension and overgrowth of the wild-type neighboring tissue. Ectopic tomboy20, a germline-specific member of the outer mitochondrial translocation complex is also tumorigenic in wing discs. Our results demonstrate the tumorigenic potential of unscheduled expression of these two testis proteins in the soma. They also show that a unique tumorigenic event may trigger different tumor growth pathways depending on the tissular context.
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La Marca JE, Richardson HE. Two-Faced: Roles of JNK Signalling During Tumourigenesis in the Drosophila Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:42. [PMID: 32117973 PMCID: PMC7012784 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signalling pathway has many functions, regulating a diversity of processes: from cell movement during embryogenesis to the stress response of cells after environmental insults. Studies modelling cancer using the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have identified both pro- and anti-tumourigenic roles for JNK signalling, depending on context. As a tumour suppressor, JNK signalling commonly is activated by conserved Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) signalling, which promotes the caspase-mediated death of tumourigenic cells. JNK pathway activation can also occur via actin cytoskeleton alterations, and after cellular damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, JNK signalling frequently acts in concert with Salvador-Warts-Hippo (SWH) signalling – either upstream of or parallel to this potent growth-suppressing pathway. As a tumour promoter, JNK signalling is co-opted by cells expressing activated Ras-MAPK signalling (among other pathways), and used to drive cell morphological changes, induce invasive behaviours, block differentiation, and enable persistent cell proliferation. Furthermore, JNK is capable of non-autonomous influences within tumour microenvironments by effecting the transcription of various cell growth- and proliferation-promoting molecules. In this review, we discuss these aspects of JNK signalling in Drosophila tumourigenesis models, and highlight recent publications that have expanded our knowledge of this important and versatile pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E La Marca
- Richardson Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Richardson Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Zhang J, Dai J, Zheng Q, Guo S, Yu Y, Hu W, Gao Y, Shi D. The Fluoro-Thiazolylhydrazone Compound TSC-3C Inhibits Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Cell Line Activity by Promoting Apoptosis, Regulating the MAPK Pathway and Inducing Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031038. [PMID: 32033205 PMCID: PMC7038075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive cancer in women, and despite improved treatments, it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We and others have demonstrated that different hybrid compounds targeting PARP/MAPK or other pathways to inhibit cancer progression may lead to promising therapeutic results. We introduced fluorine to alter the physical properties of the compounds. TSC-3C was one of the generated compounds. Upon treatment with TSC-3C, MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were inhibited. TSC-3C induced MDA-MB-231 cell mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, which may be caused by reducing the level of phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) and increasing the level of p-JNK. The present study may help to elucidate the role of the MAPK pathway in the development of breast cancer and may promote further research on halogenated heterocyclic compounds for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (S.G.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Jiajia Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China; (J.D.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Y.); (W.H.); (Y.G.)
| | - Qingxuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China; (J.D.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Y.); (W.H.); (Y.G.)
| | - Shuju Guo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (S.G.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China; (J.D.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Y.); (W.H.); (Y.G.)
| | - Wenpeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China; (J.D.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Y.); (W.H.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yanan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China; (J.D.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Y.); (W.H.); (Y.G.)
| | - Dayong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (S.G.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China; (J.D.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Y.); (W.H.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1369-868-2786
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Dent P, Booth L, Roberts JL, Poklepovic A, Hancock JF. (Curcumin+sildenafil) enhances the efficacy of 5FU and anti-PD1 therapies in vivo. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6862-6874. [PMID: 31985048 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have extended our analyses of (curcumin+sildenafil) biology. The drug combination caused vascularization and degradation of mutant K-RAS that correlated with reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, AKT T308, mTORC1, mTORC2, ULK1 S757, STAT3, STAT5, and NFκB and increased phosphorylation of eIF2α, ATM, AMPKα, ULK1 S317; all concomitant with elevated ATG13 S318 phosphorylation and autophagosome formation. Prior studies with drug combinations utilizing sildenafil have delineated an ATM-AMPK-ULK1 S317 pathway and an AKT-mTOR-ULK1 S757 pathway as modules which control ATG S318 phosphorylation and autophagosome formation. The knockdown of PKG reduced cell killing as well as reducing drug-enhanced phosphorylation of ATM, AMPKα, and ATG13. In the absence of PKG, no significant increase in ULK1 S317 phosphorylation was observed. In a Beclin1-dependent fashion, the drug combination reduced the expression of multiple histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins, including HDAC2 and HDAC3. Molecular knockdown of HDAC2, HDAC3, and especially (HDAC2+HDAC3) significantly reduced the expression of PD-L1 and elevated expression of Class I human major histocompatibility complex. In vivo, (curcumin+sildenafil) enhanced the efficacy of 5-flurouracil against CT26 colorectal tumors. Prior exposure of established CT26 tumors to (curcumin+sildenafil) significantly enhanced the efficacy of a subsequently administered anti-PD-1 antibody. Collectively our data argue that (curcumin+sildenafil) has the potential in several settings to be an efficacious neoadjuvant therapy for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dent
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Laurence Booth
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jane L Roberts
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John F Hancock
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Neale C, García AE. The Plasma Membrane as a Competitive Inhibitor and Positive Allosteric Modulator of KRas4B Signaling. Biophys J 2020; 118:1129-1141. [PMID: 32027820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant Ras proteins are important drivers of human cancers, yet no approved drugs act directly on this difficult target. Over the last decade, the idea has emerged that oncogenic signaling can be diminished by molecules that drive Ras into orientations in which effector-binding interfaces are occluded by the cell membrane. To support this approach to drug discovery, we characterize the orientational preferences of membrane-bound K-Ras4B in 1.45-ms aggregate time of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Individual simulations probe active or inactive states of Ras on membranes with or without anionic lipids. We find that the membrane orientation of Ras is relatively insensitive to its bound guanine nucleotide and activation state but depends strongly on interactions with anionic phosphatidylserine lipids. These lipids slow Ras' translational and orientational diffusion and promote a discrete population in which small changes in orientation control Ras' competence to bind multiple regulator and effector proteins. Our results suggest that compound-directed conversion of constitutively active mutant Ras into functionally inactive forms may be accessible via subtle perturbations of Ras' orientational preferences at the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Neale
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Angel E García
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.
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HAMADA H. Molecular and cellular basis of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:273-296. [PMID: 32788551 PMCID: PMC7443379 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the human body appears superficially symmetrical with regard to the left-right (L-R) axis, most visceral organs are asymmetric in terms of their size, shape, or position. Such morphological asymmetries of visceral organs, which are essential for their proper function, are under the control of a genetic pathway that operates in the developing embryo. In many vertebrates including mammals, the breaking of L-R symmetry occurs at a structure known as the L-R organizer (LRO) located at the midline of the developing embryo. This symmetry breaking is followed by transfer of an active form of the signaling molecule Nodal from the LRO to the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) on the left side, which results in asymmetric expression of Nodal (a left-side determinant) in the left LPM. Finally, L-R asymmetric morphogenesis of visceral organs is induced by Nodal-Pitx2 signaling. This review will describe our current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the generation of L-R asymmetry in vertebrates, with a focus on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi HAMADA
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: H. Hamada, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan (e-mail: )
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31
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Sonkar K, Ayyappan V, Tressler CM, Adelaja O, Cai R, Cheng M, Glunde K. Focus on the glycerophosphocholine pathway in choline phospholipid metabolism of cancer. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4112. [PMID: 31184789 PMCID: PMC6803034 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Activated choline metabolism is a hallmark of carcinogenesis and tumor progression, which leads to elevated levels of phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine in all types of cancer tested so far. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy applications have played a key role in detecting these elevated choline phospholipid metabolites. To date, the majority of cancer-related studies have focused on phosphocholine and the Kennedy pathway, which constitutes the biosynthesis pathway for membrane phosphatidylcholine. Fewer and more recent studies have reported on the importance of glycerophosphocholine in cancer. In this review article, we summarize the recent literature on glycerophosphocholine metabolism with respect to its cancer biology and its detection by magnetic resonance spectroscopy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Sonkar
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vinay Ayyappan
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caitlin M. Tressler
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oluwatobi Adelaja
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruoqing Cai
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Menglin Cheng
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristine Glunde
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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32
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Matamoro-Vidal A, Levayer R. Multiple Influences of Mechanical Forces on Cell Competition. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R762-R774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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33
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Gerlach SU, Sander M, Song S, Herranz H. The miRNA bantam regulates growth and tumorigenesis by repressing the cell cycle regulator tribbles. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/4/e201900381. [PMID: 31331981 PMCID: PMC6653758 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This work identifies the cell cycle regulator tribbles as a target of the miRNA bantam involved in the growth regulatory and oncogenic functions of bantam in Drosophila epithelia. One of the fundamental issues in biology is understanding how organ size is controlled. Tissue growth has to be carefully regulated to generate well-functioning organs, and defects in growth control can result in tumor formation. The Hippo signaling pathway is a universal growth regulator and has been implicated in cancer. In Drosophila, the Hippo pathway acts through the miRNA bantam to regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis. Even though the bantam targets regulating apoptosis have been determined, the target genes controlling proliferation have not been identified thus far. In this study, we identify the gene tribbles as a direct bantam target gene. Tribbles limits cell proliferation by suppressing G2/M transition. We show that tribbles regulation by bantam is central in controlling tissue growth and tumorigenesis. We expand our study to other cell cycle regulators and show that deregulated G2/M transition can collaborate with oncogene activation driving tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan U Gerlach
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Moritz Sander
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shilin Song
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Héctor Herranz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Levayer R. Solid stress, competition for space and cancer: The opposing roles of mechanical cell competition in tumour initiation and growth. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:69-80. [PMID: 31077845 PMCID: PMC7221353 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of cell growth, cell proliferation and cell death is at the basis of the homeostasis of tissues. While they can be regulated by intrinsic and genetic factors, their response to external signals emanating from the local environment is also essential for tissue homeostasis. Tumour initiation and progression is based on the misregulation of growth, proliferation and death mostly through the accumulation of genetic mutations. Yet, there is an increasing body of evidences showing that tumour microenvironment also has a strong impact on cancer initiation and progression. This includes the mechanical constrains and the compressive forces generated by the resistance of the surrounding tissue/matrix to tumour expansion. Recently, mechanical stress has been proposed to promote competitive interactions between cells through a process called mechanical cell competition. Cell population with a high proliferative rate can compact and eliminate the neighbouring cells which are more sensitive to compaction. While this emerging concept has been recently validated in vivo, the relevance of this process during tumour progression has never been discussed extensively. In this review, I will first describe the phenomenology of mechanical cell competition focusing on the main parameters and the pathways regulating cell elimination. I will then discuss the relevance of mechanical cell competition in tumour initiation and expansion while emphasizing its potential opposing contributions to tumourogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Levayer
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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35
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Valon L, Levayer R. Dying under pressure: cellular characterisation and in vivo functions of cell death induced by compaction. Biol Cell 2019; 111:51-66. [PMID: 30609052 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201800075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cells and tissues are exposed to multiple mechanical stresses during development, tissue homoeostasis and diseases. While we start to have an extensive understanding of the influence of mechanics on cell differentiation and proliferation, how excessive mechanical stresses can also lead to cell death and may be associated with pathologies has been much less explored so far. Recently, the development of new perturbative approaches allowing modulation of pressure and deformation of tissues has demonstrated that compaction (the reduction of tissue size or volume) can lead to cell elimination. Here, we discuss the relevant type of stress and the parameters that could be causal to cell death from single cell to multicellular systems. We then compare the pathways and mechanisms that have been proposed to influence cell survival upon compaction. We eventually describe the relevance of compaction-induced death in vivo, and its functions in morphogenesis, tissue size regulation, tissue homoeostasis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Valon
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
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36
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Moreno E, Valon L, Levillayer F, Levayer R. Competition for Space Induces Cell Elimination through Compaction-Driven ERK Downregulation. Curr Biol 2018; 29:23-34.e8. [PMID: 30554899 PMCID: PMC6331351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The plasticity of developing tissues relies on the adjustment of cell survival and growth rate to environmental cues. This includes the effect of mechanical cues on cell survival. Accordingly, compaction of an epithelium can lead to cell extrusion and cell death. This process was proposed to contribute to tissue homeostasis but also to facilitate the expansion of pretumoral cells through the compaction and elimination of the neighboring healthy cells. However, we know very little about the pathways that can trigger apoptosis upon tissue deformation, and the contribution of compaction-driven death to clone expansion has never been assessed in vivo. Using the Drosophila pupal notum and a new live sensor of ERK, we show first that tissue compaction induces cell elimination through the downregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor/extracellular signal regulated kinase (EGFR/ERK) pathway and the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Hid. Those results suggest that the sensitivity of EGFR/ERK pathway to mechanics could play a more general role in the fine tuning of cell elimination during morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Second, we assessed in vivo the contribution of compaction-driven death to pretumoral cell expansion. We found that the activation of the oncogene Ras in clones can downregulate ERK and activate apoptosis in the neighboring cells through their compaction, which eventually contributes to Ras clone expansion. The mechanical modulation of EGFR/ERK during growth-mediated competition for space may contribute to tumor progression. Caspase activity in Drosophila pupal notum is regulated by EGFR/ERK and hid EGFR/ERK can be activated or downregulated by tissue stretching or compaction Cell compaction near fast-growing clones downregulates ERK and triggers cell death Compaction-driven ERK downregulation promotes fast-growing clone expansion
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Moreno
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Léo Valon
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Florence Levillayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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37
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Neale C, García AE. Methionine 170 is an Environmentally Sensitive Membrane Anchor in the Disordered HVR of K-Ras4B. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10086-10096. [PMID: 30351122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ras protein colocalization at the plasma membrane is implicated in the activation of signaling cascades that promote cell growth, survival, and motility. However, the mechanisms that underpin Ras self-association remain unclear. We use molecular dynamics simulations to show how basic and hydrophobic components of the disordered C-terminal membrane tether of K-Ras4B combine to regulate its membrane interactions. Specifically, anionic lipids attract lysine residues to the membrane surface, thereby splitting the peptide population into two states that exchange on the microsecond time scale. These states differ in the membrane insertion of a methionine residue, which is influenced by local membrane composition. As a result, these states may impose context-dependent biases on the disposition of Ras' signaling domain, with possible implications for the accessibility of its effector binding surfaces. We investigate Ras' ability to nanocluster by fly-casting for patches of anionic lipids and find that while anionic lipids promote the intermolecular association of K-Ras4B membrane tethers, at short range this appears to be a passive process in which anionic lipids electrostatically screen these cationic peptides to mitigate their natural repulsion. Together with the sub-microsecond stability of interpeptide contacts, this result suggests that experimentally observed K-Ras4B nanoclustering is not driven by direct intermolecular contact of its membrane tethers.
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38
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Zhang J, Sun T, Sun Z, Li H, Qi X, Zhong G, Yi X. Azadirachtin acting as a hazardous compound to induce multiple detrimental effects in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:338-347. [PMID: 30048948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Azadirachtin, a tetranortriterpenoid botanical insecticide, has varied sub-lethal effects against many insect pests, including antifeedant, repellent, and growth regulatory. Despite extensive studies of the mechanisms that underline these physiological effects, little attention has been given to multiple toxic effects of azadirachtin under a coherent concentration, and there is no definitive overarching consensus on its toxicity. Here, we investigated multiple sub-lethal effects induced by 4 mg L-1 of azadirachtin, which did not elicit antifeedant behavior in Drosophila melanogaster, on metrics of longevity, development, compound eyes and reproduction. Exposure to <20 mg L-1 azadirachtin did not induce mortality, and 4 mg L-1 of azadirachtin could shorten lifespan, expression of detoxification genes and activities of related detoxification enzymes were higher. The lower activity of chitinase and higher content of chitin in fruit fly exposed to 4 mg L-1 azadirachtin could be important in developmental inhibition effects, and ovarian abnormalities and lower fecundity could have resulted from azadirachtin-mediated influences on juvenile hormone and ecdysone that disrupted the endocrine system. Caspase-3, head involution defective and reaper-dependent apoptosis genes may have been responsible for compound eye abnormalities in flies exposed to azadirachtin. Our findings provide important insights to the potential mechanisms of sub-lethal effects of azadirachtin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxian Qi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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39
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Crossman SH, Streichan SJ, Vincent JP. EGFR signaling coordinates patterning with cell survival during Drosophila epidermal development. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e3000027. [PMID: 30379844 PMCID: PMC6231689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive apoptosis is often seen in patterning mutants, suggesting that tissues can detect and eliminate potentially harmful mis-specified cells. Here, we show that the pattern of apoptosis in the embryonic epidermis of Drosophila is not a response to fate mis-specification but can instead be explained by the limiting availability of prosurvival signaling molecules released from locations determined by patterning information. In wild-type embryos, the segmentation cascade elicits the segmental production of several epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands, including the transforming growth factor Spitz (TGFα), and the neuregulin, Vein. This leads to an undulating pattern of signaling activity, which prevents expression of the proapoptotic gene head involution defective (hid) throughout the epidermis. In segmentation mutants, where specific peaks of EGFR ligands fail to form, gaps in signaling activity appear, leading to coincident hid up-regulation and subsequent cell death. These data provide a mechanistic understanding of how cell survival, and thus appropriate tissue size, is made contingent on correct patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian J. Streichan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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40
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Webber JL, Zhang J, Massey A, Sanchez-Luege N, Rebay I. Collaborative repressive action of the antagonistic ETS transcription factors Pointed and Yan fine-tunes gene expression to confer robustness in Drosophila. Development 2018; 145:dev.165985. [PMID: 29848501 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of cellular identity during development depends on precise spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression, with combinatorial interactions between transcription factors, accessory proteins and the basal transcription machinery together translating complex signaling inputs into appropriate gene expression outputs. The opposing repressive and activating inputs of the Drosophila ETS family transcription factors Yan and Pointed orchestrate numerous cell fate transitions downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, providing one of the premier systems for studying this process. Current models describe the differentiative transition as a switch from Yan-mediated repression to Pointed-mediated activation of common target genes. We describe here a new layer of regulation whereby Yan and Pointed co-occupy regulatory elements to repress gene expression in a coordinated manner, with Pointed being unexpectedly required for the genome-wide occupancy of both Yan and the co-repressor Groucho. Using even skipped as a test-case, synergistic genetic interactions between Pointed, Groucho, Yan and components of the RNA polymerase II pausing machinery suggest that Pointed integrates multiple scales of repressive regulation to confer robustness. We speculate that this mechanism may be used broadly to fine-tune the expression of many genes crucial for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma L Webber
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alex Massey
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nicelio Sanchez-Luege
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ilaria Rebay
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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41
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Poon CLC, Brumby AM, Richardson HE. Src Cooperates with Oncogenic Ras in Tumourigenesis via the JNK and PI3K Pathways in Drosophila epithelial Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061585. [PMID: 29861494 PMCID: PMC6032059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras oncogene (Rat Sarcoma oncogene, a small GTPase) is a key driver of human cancer, however alone it is insufficient to produce malignancy, due to the induction of cell cycle arrest or senescence. In a Drosophila melanogaster genetic screen for genes that cooperate with oncogenic Ras (bearing the RasV12 mutation, or RasACT), we identified the Drosophila Src (Sarcoma virus oncogene) family non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase genes, Src42A and Src64B, as promoting increased hyperplasia in a whole epithelial tissue context in the Drosophila eye. Moreover, overexpression of Src cooperated with RasACT in epithelial cell clones to drive neoplastic tumourigenesis. We found that Src overexpression alone activated the Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signalling pathway to promote actin cytoskeletal and cell polarity defects and drive apoptosis, whereas, in cooperation with RasACT, JNK led to a loss of differentiation and an invasive phenotype. Src + RasACT cooperative tumourigenesis was dependent on JNK as well as Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) signalling, suggesting that targeting these pathways might provide novel therapeutic opportunities in cancers dependent on Src and Ras signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L C Poon
- Cell Cycle and Development lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Anthony M Brumby
- Cell Cycle and Development lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Cell Cycle and Development lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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Short-term activation of the Jun N-terminal kinase pathway in apoptosis-deficient cells of Drosophila induces tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1541. [PMID: 29670104 PMCID: PMC5906466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the JNK pathway eliminates by apoptosis aberrant cells that appear in development. It also performs other functions associated with cell proliferation, but analysis of the latter is hindered by the pro-apoptotic activity. We report the response of apoptosis-deficient cells to transient activation of JNK and show that it causes persistent JNK function during the rest of the development. As a consequence, there is continuous activity of the downstream pathways JAK/STAT, Wg and Dpp, which results in tumour overgrowths. We also show that the oncogenic potential of the Ras-MAPK pathway resides largely on its ability to suppress apoptosis. It has been proposed that a hallmark of tumour cells is that they can evade apoptosis. In reverse, we propose that, in Drosophila, apoptosis-deficient cells become tumorigenic due to their property of acquiring persistent JNK activity after stress events that are inconsequential in tissues in which cells are open to apoptosis. Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is necessary for development in tumours, indicating it may play tumour-promoting roles; however, the experimental analysis of the role of JNK in proliferation is hindered by its pro-apoptotic activity. Here the authors carry out experiments in Drosophila with genetic backgrounds that make cells refractory to apoptosis to definitely prove the JNK pathway contribution to tumorigenesis.
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Mondal T, Bag I, SNCVL P, Garikapati KR, Bhadra U, Pal Bhadra M. Two way controls of apoptotic regulators consign DmArgonaute-1 a better clasp on it. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190548. [PMID: 29385168 PMCID: PMC5791970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Argonaute family proteins are well conserved among all organisms. Its role in mitotic cell cycle progression and apoptotic cell elimination is poorly understood. Earlier we have established the contribution of Ago-1 in cell cycle control related to G2/M cyclin in Drosophila. Here we have extended our study in understanding the relationship of Ago-1 in regulating apoptosis during Drosophila development. Apoptosis play a critical role in controlling organ shape and size during development of multi cellular organism. Multifarious regulatory pathways control apoptosis during development among which highly conserved JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) pathway play a crucial role. Here we have over expressed Ago-1 in Drosophila eye and brain by employing UAS (upstream activation sequence)-GAL4 system under the expression of eye and brain specific driver. Over expression of Ago-1 resulted in reduced number of ommatidia in the eye and produced smaller size brain in adult and larval Drosophila. A drastic reversal of the phenotype towards normal was observed upon introduction of a single copy of the dominant negative mutation of basket (bsk, Drosophila homolog of JNK) indicating an active and physical involvement of the bsk with Ago-1 in inducing developmental apoptotic process. Further study showed that Ago-1 stimulates phosphorylation of JNK through transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1- hemipterous (Tak1-hep) axis of JNK pathway. JNK phosphorylation results in up regulation of pro-apoptotic genes head involution defective (hid), grim & reaper (rpr) and induces activation of Drosophila caspases (cysteinyl aspartate proteinases);DRONC (Death regulator Nedd2-like caspase), ICE (alternatively Drice, Death related ICE-like caspase) and DCP1 (Death caspase-1) by inhibiting apoptotic inhibitor protein DIAP1 (Death-associated inhibitor of apoptosis 1). Further, Ago-1 also inhibits miR-14 expression to trigger apoptosis. Our findings propose that Ago-1 acts as a key regulator in controlling cell death, tumor regression and stress response in metazoan providing a constructive bridge between RNAi machinery and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Mondal
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Indira Bag
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Pushpavalli SNCVL
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Garikapati
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Utpal Bhadra
- Gene Silencing and Functional Genomics Group, CSIR-Centre For Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Manika Pal Bhadra
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: ,
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Bushnell HL, Feiler CE, Ketosugbo KF, Hellerman MB, Nazzaro VL, Johnson RI. JNK is antagonized to ensure the correct number of interommatidial cells pattern the Drosophila retina. Dev Biol 2017; 433:94-107. [PMID: 29133184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is crucial during the morphogenesis of most organs and tissues, and is utilized for tissues to achieve their proper size, shape and patterning. Many signaling pathways contribute to the precise regulation of apoptosis. Here we show that Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) activity contributes to the coordinated removal of interommatidial cells via apoptosis in the Drosophila pupal retina. This is consistent with previous findings that JNK activity promotes apoptosis in other epithelia. However, we found that JNK activity is repressed by Cindr (the CIN85 and CD2AP ortholog) in order to promote cell survival. Reducing the amount of Cindr resulted in ectopic cell death. Increased expression of the Drosophila JNK basket in the setting of reduced cindr expression was found to result in even more severe apoptosis, whilst ectopic death was found to be reduced if retinas were heterozygous for basket. Hence Cindr is required to properly restrict JNK-mediated apoptosis in the pupal eye, resulting in the correct number of interommatidial cells. A lack of precise control over developmental apoptosis can lead to improper tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry L Bushnell
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Christina E Feiler
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Kwami F Ketosugbo
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Mark B Hellerman
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Valerie L Nazzaro
- Quantitative Analysis Center, Wesleyan University, 222 Church Street, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Ruth I Johnson
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, USA.
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45
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Lu J, Wang D, Shen J. Hedgehog signalling is required for cell survival in Drosophila wing pouch cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11317. [PMID: 28900135 PMCID: PMC5595820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An appropriate balance between cell survival and cell death is essential for correct pattern formation in the animal tissues and organs. Previous studies have shown that the short-range signalling molecule Hedgehog (Hh) is required for cell proliferation and pattern formation in the Drosophila central wing discs. Signal transduction by one of the Hh targets, the morphogen Decapentaplegic (Dpp), is required for not only cell proliferation, but also cell survival in the pouch cells. However, Hh function in cell survival and cell death has not been revealed. Here, we found that loss of Hh signal activity induces considerable Caspase-dependent cell death in the wing pouch cells, and this process was independent of both Dpp signalling and Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling. Loss of Hh induced activation of the pro-apoptotic gene hid and inhibition of diap1. Therefore, we identified an important role of Hh signalling in cell survival during Drosophila wing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory for monitoring and green management of crop pests, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory for monitoring and green management of crop pests, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory for monitoring and green management of crop pests, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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46
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Pérez E, Lindblad JL, Bergmann A. Tumor-promoting function of apoptotic caspases by an amplification loop involving ROS, macrophages and JNK in Drosophila. eLife 2017; 6:e26747. [PMID: 28853394 PMCID: PMC5779227 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and its molecular mediators, the caspases, have long been regarded as tumor suppressors and one hallmark of cancer is 'Evading Apoptosis'. However, recent work has suggested that apoptotic caspases can also promote proliferation and tumor growth under certain conditions. How caspases promote proliferation and how cells are protected from the potentially harmful action of apoptotic caspases is largely unknown. Here, we show that although caspases are activated in a well-studied neoplastic tumor model in Drosophila, oncogenic mutations of the proto-oncogene Ras (RasV12) maintain tumorous cells in an 'undead'-like condition and transform caspases from tumor suppressors into tumor promotors. Instead of killing cells, caspases now promote the generation of intra- and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). One function of the ROS is the recruitment and activation of macrophage-like immune cells which in turn signal back to tumorous epithelial cells to activate oncogenic JNK signaling. JNK further promotes and amplifies caspase activity, thereby constituting a feedback amplification loop. Interfering with the amplification loop strongly reduces the neoplastic behavior of these cells and significantly improves organismal survival. In conclusion, RasV12-modified caspases initiate a feedback amplification loop involving tumorous epithelial cells and macrophage-like immune cells that is necessary for uncontrolled tumor growth and invasive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Pérez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Jillian L Lindblad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
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47
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Song S, Herranz H, Cohen SM. The chromatin remodeling BAP complex limits tumor-promoting activity of the Hippo pathway effector Yki to prevent neoplastic transformation in Drosophila epithelia. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1201-1209. [PMID: 28754838 PMCID: PMC5665456 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Switch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes are mutated in many human cancers. In this article, we make use of a Drosophila genetic model for epithelial tumor formation to explore the tumor suppressive role of SWI/SNF complex proteins. Members of the BAP complex exhibit tumor suppressor activity in tissue overexpressing the Yorkie (Yki) proto-oncogene, but not in tissue overexpressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The Brahma-associated protein (BAP) complex has been reported to serve as a Yki-binding cofactor to support Yki target expression. However, we observed that depletion of BAP leads to ectopic expression of Yki targets both autonomously and non-autonomously, suggesting additional indirect effects. We provide evidence that BAP complex depletion causes upregulation of the Wingless (Wg) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp) morphogens to promote tumor formation in cooperation with Yki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Song
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen 2200N, Denmark
| | - Héctor Herranz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen 2200N, Denmark
| | - Stephen M Cohen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen 2200N, Denmark
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48
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Killers creating new life: caspases drive apoptosis-induced proliferation in tissue repair and disease. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1390-1400. [PMID: 28362431 PMCID: PMC5520457 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a carefully orchestrated and tightly controlled form of cell death, conserved across metazoans. As the executioners of apoptotic cell death, cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases (caspases) are critical drivers of this cellular disassembly. Early studies of genetically programmed cell death demonstrated that the selective activation of caspases induces apoptosis and the precise elimination of excess cells, thereby sculpting structures and refining tissues. However, over the past decade there has been a fundamental shift in our understanding of the roles of caspases during cell death-a shift precipitated by the revelation that apoptotic cells actively engage with their surrounding environment throughout the death process, and caspases can trigger a myriad of signals, some of which drive concurrent cell proliferation regenerating damaged structures and building up lost tissues. This caspase-driven compensatory proliferation is referred to as apoptosis-induced proliferation (AiP). Diverse mechanisms of AiP have been found across species, ranging from planaria to mammals. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of AiP and we highlight recent advances in the field including the involvement of reactive oxygen species and macrophage-like immune cells in one form of AiP, novel regulatory mechanisms affecting caspases during AiP, and emerging clinical data demonstrating the critical importance of AiP in cancer.
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49
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Ling X, Huang Q, Xu Y, Jin Y, Feng Y, Shi W, Ye X, Lin Y, Hou L, Lin X. The deubiquitinating enzyme Usp5 regulates Notch and RTK signaling duringDrosophilaeye development. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:875-888. [PMID: 28140449 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Ling
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang China
| | - Qinzhu Huang
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province; Wenzhou Medical University; Linhai Zhejiang China
| | - Yanqin Xu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang China
| | - Yuxiao Jin
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang China
| | - Ying Feng
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang China
| | - Weijie Shi
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang China
| | - Yi Lin
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang China
| | - Ling Hou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Zhejiang China
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50
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Li Y, Li S, Jin P, Chen L, Ma F. miR-11 regulates pupal size of Drosophila melanogaster via directly targeting Ras85D. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C71-C82. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00190.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs play diverse roles in various physiological processes during Drosophila development. In the present study, we reported that miR-11 regulates pupal size during Drosophila metamorphosis via targeting Ras85D with the following evidences: pupal size was increased in the miR-11 deletion mutant; restoration of miR-11 in the miR-11 deletion mutant rescued the increased pupal size phenotype observed in the miR-11 deletion mutant; ectopic expression of miR-11 in brain insulin-producing cells (IPCs) and whole body shows consistent alteration of pupal size; Dilps and Ras85D expressions were negatively regulated by miR-11 in vivo; miR-11 targets Ras85D through directly binding to Ras85D 3′-untranslated region in vitro; removal of one copy of Ras85D in the miR-11 deletion mutant rescued the increased pupal size phenotype observed in the miR-11 deletion mutant. Thus, our current work provides a novel mechanism of pupal size determination by microRNAs during Drosophila melanogaster metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Shengjie Li
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Liming Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; and
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