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Amini F, Farhadi S, Shahbeik S, Mahvash Mohammadi M, Rakhshan V. Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment with and without chlorhexidine mouthwash on vitality of oral mucosal cells reflected by cell nuclear indexes: A preliminary 3-phase before-after clinical trial. Int Orthod 2023; 21:100722. [PMID: 36669458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effects of mouthwashes on the vitality of oral mucosal cells have not been determined in orthodontic patients. We aimed to assess, for the first time, the effects of fixed orthodontic treatment with and without chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on the oral mucosal cell vitality. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients meeting the eligibility criteria were consecutively included until the desired sample size was reached. Oral buccal mucosal cell samples were taken immediately before orthodontic treatment. For each patient, 20 metal brackets and 4 bands were installed on the teeth. Cell samples were recollected after one month of treatment. Then, the patients used an ethanol-free 0.12% CHX mouthwash two times a week for one month. Sampling was repeated at the end of the second month. Papanicolaou staining was used for micronucleus screening of the indexes: micronucleus (MIC), karyorrhexis (KR), karyolysis (KL), and broken eggs (BE). The repair index (RI) was calculated as RI=KR+KL/BE+MIC. Comparisons of nuclear changes over 3 intervals were done using the Friedman and Dunn-Bonferroni tests (α=0.05, β<0.05). RESULTS This prospective before-after clinical trial was performed on 408 observations of 34 patients (14 males, 20 females, mean age: 16.68±3.75 years) at 3 intervals (×4 parameters each). The means of MIC, KR, KL, BE, and RI were respectively 1.312±1.219, 0.241±0.564, 0.426±0.657, 0.115±0.224, and 0.476±0.360 before treatment. They were 1.348±1.171, 0.215±0.236, 0.406±0.369, 0.124±0.187, and 0.511±0.310 at the first interval and 1.909±1.263, 0.368±0.174, 0.615±0.269, 0.253±0.150, and 0.529±0.195 at the second interval. Friedman showed significant time-dependent changes for all variables (P<0.0005) except RI. Dunn-Bonferroni showed that except MIC (P=0.017), KR/KL/BE changed insignificantly after orthodontic treatment (P≥0.974). MIC/KR/KL/BE increased significantly after the addition of CHX (P<0.0005). CONCLUSION CHX mouthwash, together with orthodontic treatment, has a strong deteriorating effect on nuclear indexes associated with the vitality of buccal mucosal cells. Nuclear changes caused by orthodontic treatment alone might be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Amini
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Faculty of Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Farhadi
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental Faculty of Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Shahbeik
- Department of Periodontics, Dental Faculty, Shahed University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Mahvash Mohammadi
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Faculty of Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Rakhshan
- Department of Dental Anatomy, Dental Faculty of Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Espinoza-Montero PJ, Montero-Jiménez M, Fernández L, Paz JL, Piñeiros JL, Ceballos SM. In vitro wearing away of orthodontic brackets and wires in different conditions: A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10560. [PMID: 36325428 PMCID: PMC9621092 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The release of metallic ions from orthodontic
brackets and wires typically depends on their quality (chemical composition) and
the medium to which they are exposed, e.g., acidic, alkaline, substances with a
high fluoride concentration, etc. This review examines corrosion and wear of
orthodontic brackets, wires, and arches exposed to different media, including:
beverages (juices), mouthwashes and artificial saliva among others, and the
possible health effects resulting from the release of metallic ions under
various conditions. Objective This review aims to determine the exposure
conditions that cause the most wear on orthodontic devices, as well as the
possible health effects that can be caused by the release of metallic ions under
various conditions. Sources A search was carried out in the Scopus database,
for articles related to oral media that can corrode brackets and wires. The
initial research resulted in 8,127 documents, after applying inclusion and
exclusion criteria, 76 articles remained. Conclusion Stainless steel, which is commonly used in
orthodontic devices, is the material that suffers the most wear. It was also
found that acidic pH, alcohols, fluorides, and chlorides worsen orthodontic
material corrosion. Further, nickel released from brackets and wires can cause
allergic reactions and gingival overgrowth into patients.
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Wishney M, Mahadevan S, Cornwell JA, Savage T, Proschogo N, Darendeliler MA, Zoellner H. Toxicity of Orthodontic Brackets Examined by Single Cell Tracking. TOXICS 2022; 10:460. [PMID: 36006139 PMCID: PMC9413677 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Subtle toxic effects may be masked in traditional assays that average or summate the response of thousands of cells. We overcome this by using the recent method of single cell tracking in time-lapse recordings. This follows the fate and behavior of individual cells and their progeny and provides unambiguous results for multiple simultaneous biological responses. Further, single cell tracking permits correlation between progeny relationships and cell behavior that is not otherwise possible, including disruption by toxins and toxicants of similarity between paired sister cells. Notably, single cell tracking seems not to have been previously used to study biomaterials toxicity. The culture medium was pre-conditioned by 79 days incubation with orthodontic brackets from seven separate commercial sources. Metal levels were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Metal levels varied amongst conditioned media, with elevated Cr, Mn, Ni, and Cu and often Mo, Pb, Zn, Pd, and Ag were occasionally found. The effect on human dermal fibroblasts was determined by single cell tracking. All bracket-conditioned media reduced cell division (p < 0.05), while some reduced cell migration (p < 0.05). Most bracket-conditioned media increased the rate of asynchronous sister cell division (p < 0.05), a seemingly novel measure for toxicity. No clear effect on cell morphology was seen. We conclude that orthodontic brackets have cytotoxic effects, and that single cell tracking is effective for the study of subtle biomaterials cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Wishney
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney Dental Hospital, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Swarna Mahadevan
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - James Anthony Cornwell
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tom Savage
- School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nick Proschogo
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - M. Ali Darendeliler
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney Dental Hospital, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Hans Zoellner
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Strongarch Pty Ltd., Pennant Hills, NSW 2120, Australia
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Condò R, Carli E, Cioffi A, Cataldi ME, Quinzi V, Casaglia A, Giancotti A, Pirelli P, Lucarini I, Maita F, Maiolo L, Mampieri G. Fluorinated Agents Effects on Orthodontic Alloys: A Descriptive In Vitro Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134612. [PMID: 35806740 PMCID: PMC9267448 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride-based mouthwashes and gels are preventive measures in countering demineralization and caries but, modifying environmental acidity, can reduce the wet corrosion resistance of orthodontic alloys. To evaluate chemical stability, in vitro experiments were conducted on stainless steel and nickel–titanium wires, weighed before and after immersion in household fluorinated mouthwashes and gels, measuring weight variations and elution of metal ions from acid corrosion phenomena. Elution samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, detecting residual ion concentration, while surface changes were analyzed under scanning electron microscopy. Results showed stainless steel wires do not undergo significant erosion when exposed to most fluorinated mouthwashes but, at prolonged exposure, alloys elute gradually greater amounts of metals and Ni–Ti wires become more sensitive to some mouthwashes. Ions’ elution varies considerably, especially for Ni–Ti wires, if exposed to household fluorinated gels, for which significant negative values were obtained. Changes, affecting wires’ outer layer, negatively act on shiny appearance and luster, reducing corrosion resistance. Although examined orthodontic wires showed good chemical stability and low toxicity, surface corrosion from exposure to fluorinated agents was observed. Home use must be accompanied by clinician prescription and, for household dental gels, must follow manufacturers’ recommendations, ensuring prophylactic action without damaging alloys surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Condò
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-338-3393-285
| | - Elisabetta Carli
- Department of Surgical Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Cioffi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria Elena Cataldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Quinzi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Adriano Casaglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Aldo Giancotti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Paola Pirelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Ivano Lucarini
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems—Unit of Rome, National Research Council, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.L.); (F.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesco Maita
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems—Unit of Rome, National Research Council, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.L.); (F.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Luca Maiolo
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems—Unit of Rome, National Research Council, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.L.); (F.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Gianluca Mampieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
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Cytotoxicity evaluation of different clear aligner materials using MTT analysis. AUSTRALASIAN ORTHODONTIC JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoj-2022-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Backround: The in vitro cytotoxic effects of six different clear aligner materials were evaluated using the MTT analysis.
Methods: The clear aligner material samples [Duran (ScheuDental GmbH, Iserlohn, Germany), Zendura-Flx (Bay Materials LLC, Fremont, CA, USA), Taglus (Laxmi Dental Export Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India), Smart Track (Align Technology, San Jose, CA, USA), Zendura (Bay Materials LLC, Fremont, CA, USA), Essix C + (Essix® (Raintree Essix, Inc., 4001 Division St, Metairie, LA-USA)] were initially kept in a saline solution in airtight test tubes for 8 weeks at 37°C. According to the recommended ISO standards, the weights of the samples were divided by the volumes of the dilutions in the ratio of 0.1 g/ml. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of the samples, an MTT analysis was performed using a human gingival fibroblast cell line (HGF). To analyse the data, the Kruskal– Wallis test was applied (a=0.05).
Results: Zendura was the most cytotoxic material resulting in 67.3 ± 16.20% cell viability, followed by Smart Track with 87.6 ± 5.53% cell viability. While Duran, Essix C + had 92.6 ± 26.34% and 94.9 ± 8.54% cell viability, Zendura-Flx, Taglus had 106.9 ± 12.76% and 113.183 ± 7.45% cell viability, respectively.
Conclusion: While Zendura and Smart Track showed mild cytotoxicity, other materials showed greater cell viabilities. According to the ISO standards, the clinical use of each brand of aligners, except Zendura, may be considered reliable. Taking into account standard deviation, Zendura and Duran should be used with caution. The suppliers of aligners should adhere to the manufacturer’s recommendations since an increase in ion release might arise from material wear.
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Corrosion behavior of high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel in the presence of artificial saliva and Streptococcus mutans. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 142:107940. [PMID: 34492448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steels (HNSs) have great potentials to be used in dentistry owing to its exceptional mechanical properties, high corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In this study, HNSs with nitrogen of 0.88 wt% and 1.08 wt% displayed much lower maximum pit depths than 316L stainless steel (SS) after 21 d of immersion in abiotic artificial saliva (2.2 μm and 1.7 μm vs. 4.5 μm). Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) evaluations revealed that Streptococcus mutans biofilms led to much severer corrosion of 316L SS than HNSs. Corrosion current densities of HNSs were two orders of magnitude lower than that of 316L SS after incubation of 7 d (37.5 nA/cm2 and 29.9 nA/cm2 vs. 5.63 μA/cm2). The pitting potentials of HNSs were at least 550 mV higher than that of 316L SS in the presence of S. mutans, confirming the better MIC resistance of HNSs. Cytotoxicity assay confirmed that HNSs were not toxic to MC3T3-E1 cells and allowed better sessile cell growth on them than on 316L SS. It can be concluded that HNSs are more suitable dental materials than the conventional 316L SS.
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Ajami S, Dadras S, Faghih Z, Shobeiri SS, Mahdian A. In Vitro evaluation of immediate cytotoxicity of resterilised orthodontic bands on HGF-1 cell line. Int Orthod 2021; 19:500-504. [PMID: 34016572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate cytotoxic effects of orthodontic molar bands, on HGF-1 cell line, after multiple times of sterilization following size selection procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS 48 stainless steel orthodontic molar bands were divided into 4 groups according to times of sterilization (1, 2, 4 and 8 times). A liquid extract containing the ions released from each band was prepared and the HGF-1 cell line was exposed to the extracts. 2 control groups (positive and negative) were designated. An MTT assay was performed, and the absorbance was read at 492nm in a microplate reader (Antos 2020, Austria). RESULTS There was no significant difference in pure optical density (OD) among the 4 groups (P=0.749) however a statistically significant difference was seen between the positive control group and other 4 groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The stainless-steel orthodontic bands used in this study were inert as manufactured and even multiple times of sterilization did not decrease the biocompatibility of these bands for clinical use. The present study shows that clinicians can sterilize the tried-in molar bands for at least 8 times without any risk of cytotoxicity for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Ajami
- Orthodontic Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeideh Dadras
- Orthodontic Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Faghih
- Cancer Immunology Group, Shiraz Institute of Cancer Research, School of medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeideh Sadat Shobeiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Arezoo Mahdian
- Orthodontic Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Nimeri G, Curry J, Berzins D, Liu D, Ahuja B, Lobner D. Cytotoxic evaluation of two orthodontic silver solder materials on human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells and the effects of antioxidant and antiapoptotic reagents. Angle Orthod 2021; 91:349-355. [PMID: 33492364 DOI: 10.2319/050620-405.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the cytotoxicity effects of two different solder materials used for orthodontic appliances on human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPLF) cells, and to determine whether the mechanism of toxicity may involve oxidative stress and apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The silver solder samples (Leone and Summit) were soldered to orthodontic stainless steel bands and exposed to HPLF cells via cell culture inserts for 48 hours. Cytotoxicity effect of the soldered materials on HPLF cells was measured via tetrazolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay (n = 10/sample) and morphological observation. In addition, the mechanism of cytotoxicity of the most toxic silver solder was investigated using both a caspase inhibitor Z-VAL-Ala-Asp-flu-oromethylketone (ZVAD-fmk) and the free radical scavenger Trolox (n = 8/sample). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance with a Bonferroni test. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Compared to the control (no treatment, cells only), both silver solders were cytotoxic (P < .001). The bands alone were significantly cytotoxic compared to the control. There was a significant difference in cytotoxicity between the stainless steel bands alone and the Summit silver solder (P < .001), but not the Leone silver solder. The Summit silver solder was more cytotoxic than the Leone silver solder (P < .05). MTT results were supported by the microscopic morphological changes of the HPLF cells. Neither ZVAD-fmk nor Trolox provided significant protection. CONCLUSIONS The two silver solder materials demonstrated different levels of cytotoxicity, and neither oxidative stress nor apoptosis is involved in the mechanism of cytotoxicity.
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Comparison of Cell Viability and Chemical Composition of Six Latest Generation Orthodontic Wires. Int J Biomater 2021; 2021:8885290. [PMID: 33574848 PMCID: PMC7861923 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8885290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic wires are made of alloys containing different metals, including nickel. It is important to evaluate their biocompatibility prior to use, owing to their long-term use in patients. This in vitro study compared the cytotoxicity and chemical composition of six latest orthodontic wires: Fantasia®, Tanzo®, FLI®, NT3®, DuoForce®, and Gummetal®. The before-use group consisted of wires that were not used in the mouth, and the after-use group consisted of wires that were used in the mouth for two months. The wires were placed in contact with human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) for 72 h, and cytotoxicity was determined using the resazurin test. The chemical composition and surface characterisation were evaluated by spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. The groups were compared using ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis test. Only the FLI® wires produced a 36% reduction in HGF viability (p < 0.05) and presented greater irregularities and loss of polymer structure. After-use wires showed a significant reduction in the percentage of nickel and the appearance of new elements (oxygen and carbon). Therefore, it can be concluded that no toxic ion release was noticed in this study. Rhodium-coated wires were more stable than PTFE-coated wires, and only the FLI® wires showed a slight cytotoxic effect.
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Bandeira AM, Martinez EF, Demasi APD. Evaluation of toxicity and response to oxidative stress generated by orthodontic bands in human gingival fibroblasts. Angle Orthod 2019; 90:285-290. [PMID: 31804141 DOI: 10.2319/110717-761.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cytotoxicity of stainless-steel orthodontic bands and their influence on the expression of the antioxidant genes in human gingival fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten bands of each brand (Dentsply-Sirona, Dentaurum, TP Orthodontics, and Morelli) were conditioned in 0.2 g/mL culture medium at 37°C for 14 days, and the corresponding conditioned media were applied over the fibroblasts. Cell viability was assessed after 24, 48, and 72 hours of exposure to the conditioned media by trypan blue exclusion assay. Expression of the antioxidant defense genes peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction after 24 hours of exposure. These parameters were compared to those of the cells not exposed to the conditioned media of the bands (control). RESULTS All bands promoted a reduction in the number of viable cells in the periods of 48 and 72 hours (P < .01). Analysis of gene expression showed a significant increase in the levels of PRDX1 transcripts caused by the conditioned media of the Dentsply-Sirona, TP Orthodontics, and Morelli bands (P < .01) as well as induction of SOD1 by the conditioned media of the Dentaurum and Morelli (P < .01). Expression of GPX1 was not influenced by the conditioned media. CONCLUSIONS The orthodontic bands showed toxicity to fibroblasts and increased the expression of PRDX1 and SOD1 antioxidant genes, indicating induction of oxidative stress in the cells.
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de Souza Schacher HR, de Menezes LM. Metal ion quantification in the saliva of patients with lingual arch appliances using silver solder, laser, or TIG welding. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:2109-2120. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Chen Z, Patwari M, Liu D. Cytotoxicity of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts in vitro. Clin Exp Dent Res 2019; 5:648-654. [PMID: 31890301 PMCID: PMC6934351 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study is to test cytotoxicity of four brands of commercially available orthodontic temporary anchorage devices (TADs). Setting and sample population Twenty-four (six for each brand, i.e., Aarhus [AO]; Dual top [RMO]; Vector TAS [ORMCO]; and Unitek TAD [3M UNITEK]) TADs were tested. Materials and methods Twenty-four (six for each brand, i.e., Aarhus [AO]; Dual top [RMO]; Vector TAS [ORMCO]; and Unitek TAD [3M UNITEK]) TADs were individually incubated in complete cell culture medium and shaken at a rate of 1.5 rpm at 37°C for 30 days to extract possible toxic substances in conditioned media (CM). To test cytotoxicity, human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were cultured and exposed to the CM for 24 hr, followed by the examinations of morphological changes, cell viability (MTT assay), and cell damage (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] assay). Results No morphological changes were observed in any of the four brands of TADs compared with the negative control. LDH assay showed that none of the four brands of TADs caused significant cell damage after CM treatment compared with the negative control (P > .05). No significant differences were found between any of the four brands of TADs (P > .05). MTT assay showed similar results as did the LDH assay, except for a statistically significant difference found in the TADs from 3M UNITEK compared with the negative control (P = .047). Conclusions According to the International Standard Organization standards, except for the TAD from 3M, none of the other three brands of commercially available TADs (from AO, RMO, and ORMCO) exhibited significant cytotoxicity, suggesting their safe clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Chen
- Department of PeriodontologyPeking University School of StomatologyBeijingP.R. China
| | - Manika Patwari
- Private Practice, Ridgeview Dental GroupMenomonee FallWaukesha CountyWisconsin
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Developmental Sciences/Orthodontics, School of DentistryMarquette UniversityMilwaukeeWisconsin
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Martina S, Rongo R, Bucci R, Razionale AV, Valletta R, D'Antò V. In vitro cytotoxicity of different thermoplastic materials for clear aligners. Angle Orthod 2019; 89:942-945. [PMID: 30945933 DOI: 10.2319/091718-674.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity of different thermoplastic materials for clear aligners on human primary gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Four materials for clear aligners were considered in this study: Duran (Scheu-Dental GmbH, Iserlohn, Germany), Biolon (Dreve Dentamid GmbH, Unna, Germany), Zendura (Bay Materials LLC, Fremont, CA, USA), and SmartTrack (Align Technology, San Jose, CA, USA). Three out of four materials (Duran, Biolon, Zendura) were assessed as thermoformed and nonthermoformed, whereas the SmartTrack was assessed only as thermoformed. The samples were placed at 37°C in airtight test tubes containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM; 0.1 mg/mL) for 14 days. The cell viability of HGFs cultured with this medium was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Data were analyzed by means of one-way and two-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS Each material exhibited a slight cytotoxic effect after 14 days. The highest cytotoxicity level on HGFs was achieved by Biolon (64.6% ± 3.3 of cell viability), followed by Zendura (74.4% ± 2.3 of cell viability), SmartTrack (78.8% ± 6.3 of cell viability), and finally Duran (84.6% ± 4 of cell viability), which was the least cytotoxic. In the comparison between nonthermoformed and thermoformed materials for Duran, Biolon, and Zendura, the thermoformed materials showed the highest level of cytotoxicity (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Under the experimental conditions of this study, all the materials for clear aligners presented a slight cytotoxicity. Biolon was the most cytotoxic and the thermoforming process increased the cytotoxicity of the materials.
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Sipahl H, Bayram FEO, Palabiyik SS, Bayram D, Aydin A. Investigation of the Biocompatibility of Surgical Masks. Pteridines 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2018-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
According to the ISO10993-1 standard medical devices should be evaluated before marketing. Although there are studies that monitor the toxicity of several marketed medical devices, none of them describe the toxicity of masks that are widely used to avoid occupational exposure to biological hazard or toxic chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of eight purchased surgical masks of different brands, investigating their cytotoxicity and inflammation inducing capacity. Cytotoxicity was assessed via the MTT cell viability assay and inflammation was monitored by measuring nitrite, kynurenine and tryptophan levels. A preliminary study revealed that four samples were capable of killing L929 cells. Therefore the materials composing these masks were also evaluated separately. While the exposure to non-woven materials did not involve any changes in cell survival, exposing cells to elastic and sponge materials led to death in significant levels. Also, significant increases in nitrite levels with a decrease in tryptophan and kynurenine levels were obtained with cells treated with these materials, suggesting an inflammatory response that could be related to the observed cytotoxicity. Our studies revealed that the half of the randomly collected masks did not suit the biocompatibility criteria established by the ISO10993-1 standard, which is a quite unexpected result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Sipahl
- Yeditepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, 34755/ İstanbul , Turkey
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15
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Uhl CG, Gao Y, Zhou S, Liu Y. The Shape Effect on Polymer Nanoparticle Transport in a Blood Vessel. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8089-8100. [PMID: 30271591 PMCID: PMC6157743 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00033f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle therapeutic delivery is influenced by many factors including physical, chemical, and biophysical properties along with local vascular conditions. In recent years, nanoparticles of various shapes have been fabricated and have shown significant impact on transport efficiency. Identification of which nanoparticle shape helps to improve the therapeutic delivery process allows for enhanced therapeutic effects, yet is hard to be quantified in vivo due to the complex nature of the in vivo environment. In this work, we turn to biological models as a guide for informing improved nanoparticle therapeutic delivery, and quantify the contribution of various factors on delivery efficiency. Here we show that with a mimetic blood vessel, improved therapeutic delivery is achieved using long filamentous rod nanoparticles under low pressure conditions. When considering medium pressure conditions, a combination of nanoparticle shapes presents improved therapeutic delivery over the treatment time-course starting with long filamentous rod nanoparticles, followed by short rod nanoparticles. Conditions of high pressure required a combination of short rod nanoparticles, followed by spherical nanoparticles to achieve enhanced therapeutic delivery. Overall, improvement of therapeutic delivery via nanoparticle carriers is likely to require a combination of nanoparticle shapes administered at different times over the treatment time-course, given patient specific conditions. Microfluidic platform analysis of therapeutic carrier delivery to cancerous sites for optimization of drug delivery efficiency over time-course treatment plans.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Uhl
- 19 Memorial Drive West Lehigh University, Bethlehem PA, 18015, USA
| | - Y Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - S Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Y Liu
- 19 Memorial Drive West Lehigh University, Bethlehem PA, 18015, USA
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16
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Abstract
Adverse effects can arise from the clinical use of orthodontic materials, due to the release of constituent substances (ions from alloys and monomers, degradation by-products, and additives from polymers). Moreover, intraoral aging affects the biologic properties of materials. The aim of this review is to present the currently identified major adverse effects of the metallic and polymeric components found in orthodontic appliances and materials. Corrosion in metallic orthodontic attachments releases metal ions, mainly iron, chromium, and nickel. The latter has received the greatest attention because of its reported potential for an allergic response. The formation of an oxide layer may inhibit the outward movement of ions, thereby acting as an obstacle for release. Titanium alloys have superior corrosion resistance than stainless steel. The efficiency of polymerisation is considered an essential property for all polymers. A poor polymer network is susceptible to the release of biologically reactive substances, such as bisphenol-A (BPA), which is capable of inducing hormone-related effects. The close proximity of a light-curing tip to the adhesive, pumice prophylaxis after bonding, indirect irradiation and mouth rinsing during the first hour after bonding may decrease BPA release. The adverse effects of some orthodontic materials should be considered during material selection and throughout orthodontic treatment, in order to minimise possible undesirable implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sifakakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - T Eliades
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Portelli M, Militi A, Cervino G, Lauritano F, Sambataro S, Mainardi A, Nucera R. Oxidative Stress Evaluation in Patients Treated with Orthodontic Self-ligating Multibracket Appliances: An in Vivo Case-Control Study. Open Dent J 2017; 11:257-265. [PMID: 28839474 PMCID: PMC5543706 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601711010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress is a pathologic event induced by a prevalence of oxidant agents on the antioxidant ones, with a consequent alteration of oxide-reducing balance. INTRODUCTION Freeradicals produce damages both in cellular and extra-cellular components; phospholipid membranes, proteins, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, are the target of the oxidative stress, that can finally cause cellular death due to apoptosis. MATERIALS & METHODS Orthodontic appliances such as brackets, wires, resins and soldering have some components that can be considered as potential allergen, carcinogenic, cytotoxic and gene mutation factors. The primary aim of this research is to evaluate oxidative stress in the saliva of patients treated with multibracket self-ligating vestibular orthodontic appliances; the secondary purpose is to investigate the influence of orthodontic multibracket therapy on oral hygiene and the consequent effect on oxidative stress. Salivary specimens has been collected in a sample of 23 patients were enrolled (12 Female, 11 Male) between 12 and 16 years of age (mean age 14.2). For each patient has been collected a salivary specimen at the following time points; before orthodontic bonding (T1), five weeks (T2) and ten weeks (T3) after orthodontic appliance bonding. RESULTS Samples has been analysed with a photometer due to SAT Test (Salivary Antioxidant Test). Data obtained show a mean of 2971 mEq/l of anti-oxidant agents before orthodontic treatment, and after five weeks from the bonding the mean was decreased to 2909 mEq/l, instead at ten weeks was increased to 3332 mEq/l. Repeated measures ANOVA did not reveal statistically significant differences between the time points (P = 0.1697). The study did not reveal any correlation between the level of dental hygiene and that of oxidative stress (Pearson Correlation Coefficient R = 0). CONCLUSION Orthodontic treatment with multibrackets vestibular metallic appliance seems to be not able to affect oxidative stress during the first ten weeks of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Portelli
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, Dental School, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Militi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, Dental School, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cervino
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, Dental School, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Floriana Lauritano
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, Dental School, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sergio Sambataro
- Private Practice, Center Orthodontics and Gnathology (COS), Catania, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Nucera
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, Dental School, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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18
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Cytotoxic outcomes of orthodontic bands with and without silver solder in different cell lineages. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017; 151:957-963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mishra S. Orthodontic Therapy for Paediatric Cancer Survivors: A Review. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZE01-ZE04. [PMID: 28511529 PMCID: PMC5427455 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/23916.9404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The paper aims at reviewing the possibilities of orthodontic therapy for paediatric cancer survivors. It is important to understand the fundamental disease, it's treatment protocols, effects on growing skeleton, dental development, oral cavity and oral mucosa, dental caries, bone, orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Mishra
- Dental Faculty, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Soa University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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20
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Costa MT, Lenza MA, Gosch CS, Costa I, Ribeiro-Dias F. In vitro Evaluation of Corrosion and Cytotoxicity of Orthodontic Brackets. J Dent Res 2016; 86:441-5. [PMID: 17452565 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corrosion resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel (AISI 304 SS) and manganese stainless steel (low-nickel SS) brackets in artificial saliva was investigated. The cytotoxic effects of their corrosion products on L929 cell culture were compared by two assays, crystal violet, to evaluate cell viability, and MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), for cell metabolism and proliferation. The atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis of the corrosion products demonstrated that nickel and manganese ion concentrations were higher for the AISI 304 SS-bracket immersion solution as compared with the low-nickel SS brackets. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy demonstrated less corrosion resistance for the AISI 304 SS brackets. Although none of the bracket extracts altered L929 cell viability or morphology, the AISI 304 SS-bracket extracts decreased cellular metabolism slightly. The results indicated that the low-nickel SS presents better in vitro biocompatibility than AISI 304 SS brackets. Abbreviations used: AISI, American Iron and Steel Institute; EDS, energy-dispersive spectroscopy; OD, optical density; ISO, International Organization for Standardization; MTT, (3-{4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; NiSO4, nickel sulfate; SEM, standard error of the mean; WHO, World Health Organization; and TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Costa
- Graduate Program in Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás-Goiânia-Goiás, Brazil
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21
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Rongo R, Valletta R, Bucci R, Rivieccio V, Galeotti A, Michelotti A, D'Antò V. In vitro biocompatibility of nickel-titanium esthetic orthodontic archwires. Angle Orthod 2016; 86:789-95. [PMID: 26942561 DOI: 10.2319/100415-663.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the cytotoxicity of nickel-titanium (NiTi) esthetic orthodontic archwires with different surface coatings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three fully coated, tooth-colored NiTi wires (BioCosmetic, Titanol Cosmetic, EverWhite), two ion-implanted wires (TMA Purple, Sentalloy High Aesthetic), five uncoated NiTi wires (BioStarter, BioTorque, Titanol Superelastic, Memory Wire Superelastic, and Sentalloy), one β-titanium wire (TMA), and one stainless steel wire (Stainless Steel) were considered for this study. The wire samples were placed at 37°C in airtight test tubes containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (0.1 mg/mL) for 1, 7, 14, and 30 days. The cell viability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) cultured with this medium was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Data were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance (α = .05). RESULTS The highest cytotoxic effect was reached on day 30 for all samples. The archwires exhibited a cytotoxicity on HGFs ranging from "none" to "slight," with the exception of the BioTorque, which resulted in moderate cytotoxicity on day 30. Significant differences were found between esthetic archwires and their uncoated pairs only for BioCosmetic (P = .001) and EverWhite (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Under the experimental conditions, all of the NiTi esthetic archwires resulted in slight cytotoxicity, as did the respective uncoated wires. For this reason their clinical use may be considered to have similar risks to the uncoated archwires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rongo
- a Research Fellow, School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Valletta
- b Associate Professor, School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Bucci
- a Research Fellow, School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Rivieccio
- c PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Galeotti
- d Director of Division of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ambrosina Michelotti
- e Professor and Chair, School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo D'Antò
- f Research Fellow, School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; and Division of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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22
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In vivo evaluation of the genotoxic effects of Hyrax auxiliary orthodontic appliances containing silver-soldered joints. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 791:25-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Martín-Cameán A, Jos Á, Mellado-García P, Iglesias-Linares A, Solano E, Cameán AM. In vitro and in vivo evidence of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of metal ions released by orthodontic appliances: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:86-113. [PMID: 26093195 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intraoral fixed orthodontic appliances are frequently used in the clinical practice of dentistry. They are made from alloys containing different metals at various percentages. The use of these appliances leads to the long-term exposure of patients to these materials, and the potential toxic effects of this exposure raises concerns about patient safety. Thus, the biocompatibility (corrosion behaviour and toxicity) of these materials has to be evaluated prior to clinical use. In the present report, the most recent studies in the scientific literature examining metal ion release from orthodontic appliances and the toxic effects of these ions have been reviewed with a special focus on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Previous studies suggest that a case-by-case safety evaluation is required to take into account the increasing variability of materials, their composition and the manufacturing processes. Moreover, in vivo toxicity studies in regard to metal release, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity are still scarce. Therefore, in vitro and in vivo monitoring studies are needed to establish cause-effect relationships between metal ion release and biomarkers of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Further investigations could be performed to elucidate the toxic mechanisms involved in the observed effects with a special emphasis on oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Cameán
- Stomatology Department, School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Enrique Solano
- Stomatology Department, School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Spain
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Real-time cell analysis of the cytotoxicity of orthodontic brackets on gingival fibroblasts. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2014; 12:248-55. [PMID: 24425375 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of 6 different orthodontic bracket types on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) using the xCELLigence system.
METHODS The orthodontic brackets used in this study were gold-plated steel (Apollo Gold), titanium (Rematitan), stainless steel (Equilibrium 2), lucid ice (Inspire ICE), metal-reinforced ceramic (Clarity) and composite (OrthoFlex). Gingival fibroblasts were isolated from human gingival connective tissue of systemically healthy individuals. Tested brackets were incubated in DMEM culture medium for 72 hours according to ISO 10993-5 standards. Gingival fibroblasts were maintained with Dulbecco modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The xCELLigence system was used to evaluate cell survival. The statistical analysis used was ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests.
RESULTS When the data were evaluated in the 30th hour, Apollo Gold showed significant decreases in cell index (P<0.001). It also showed statistically significant decreases (P<0.001) in the 65th hour, but Clarity and Inspire ICE showed significant increases in cell indices (P<0.001, P<0.01). In the 114th hour, Clarity and Equilibrium 2 showed statistically significant increases in cell indices (P<0.001). Inspire ICE and Rematitan demonstrated significant increases (P<0.05). There were significant decreases in cell index of Apollo Gold (P<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS The tested brackets are suitable for clinical application, but further studies using different test methods are needed for gold-plated brackets.
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Bock JJ, Bailly J, Fuhrmann RA. Effects of different brazing and welding methods on the fracture load of various orthodontic joining configurations. J Orthod 2014; 36:78-84. [PMID: 19487737 DOI: 10.1179/14653120722986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens J Bock
- Martin Luther University of Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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Ntasi A, Al Jabbari YS, Silikas N, Al Taweel SM, Zinelis S. Metallurgical characterization of experimental Ag-based soldering alloys. Saudi Dent J 2014; 26:139-44. [PMID: 25382945 PMCID: PMC4223816 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize microstructure, hardness and thermal properties of experimental Ag-based soldering alloys for dental applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ag12Ga (AgGa) and Ag10Ga5Sn (AgGaSn) were fabricated by induction melting. Six samples were prepared for each alloy and microstructure, hardness and their melting range were determined by, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vickers hardness testing and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). RESULTS Both alloys demonstrated a gross dendritic microstructure while according to XRD results both materials consisted predominately of a Ag-rich face centered cubic phase The hardness of AgGa (61 ± 2) was statistically lower than that of AgGaSn (84 ± 2) while the alloys tested showed similar melting range of 627-762 °C for AgGa and 631-756 °C for AgGaSn. CONCLUSION The experimental alloys tested demonstrated similar microstructures and melting ranges. Ga and Sn might be used as alternative to Cu and Zn to modify the selected properties of Ag based soldering alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro Ntasi
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Youssef S. Al Jabbari
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, Saudi Arabia
- Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nick Silikas
- Biomaterials Unit, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara M. Al Taweel
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, Saudi Arabia
- Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, Saudi Arabia
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Ntasi A, Jabbari YA, Mueller WD, Eliades G, Zinelis S. Metallurgical and electrochemical characterization of contemporary silver-based soldering alloys. Angle Orthod 2014; 84:508-15. [PMID: 24199746 PMCID: PMC8667485 DOI: 10.2319/073013-569.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the microstructure, hardness, and electrochemical behavior of four contemporary Ag-based soldering alloys used for manufacturing orthodontic appliances. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Ag-based alloys tested were Dentaurum Universal Silver Solder (DEN), Orthodontic Solders (LEO), Ortho Dental Universal Solder (NOB), and Silver Solder (ORT). Five disk-shaped specimens were produced for each alloy, and after metallographic preparation their microstructural features, elemental composition, and hardness were determined by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Vickers hardness testing. The electrochemical properties were evaluated by anodic potentiodynamic scanning in 0.9% NaCl and Ringer's solutions. Hardness, corrosion current (Icorr), and corrosion potential (Ecorr) were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α=.05). RESULTS EDX analysis showed that all materials belong to the Ag-Zn-Cu ternary system. Three different mean atomic contrast phases were identified for LEO and ORT and two for DEN and NOB. According to XRD analysis, all materials consisted of Ag-rich and Cu-rich face-centered cubic phases. Hardness testing classified the materials in descending order as follows: DEN, 155±3; NOB, 149±3; ORT, 141±4; and LEO, 136±8. Significant differences were found for Icorr of NOB in Ringer's solution and Ecorr of DEN in 0.9% NaCl solution. CONCLUSION Ag-based soldering alloys demonstrate great diversity in their elemental composition, phase size and distribution, hardness, and electrochemical properties. These differences may anticipate variations in their clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro Ntasi
- PhD Graduate Student, Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Youssef Al Jabbari
- Director, Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, Associate Professor, Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wolf Dieter Mueller
- Director, Dental and Biomaterials Research Group Dental School, “Charite” Medical University of Berlin, Germany
| | - George Eliades
- Professor and Director, Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece, and Consultant, Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Gonçalves TS, Menezes LMD, Trindade C, Machado MDS, Thomas P, Fenech M, Henriques JAP. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of orthodontic bands with or without silver soldered joints. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 762:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Differences of cytotoxicity of orthodontic bands assessed by survival tests in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:143283. [PMID: 24511527 PMCID: PMC3912777 DOI: 10.1155/2014/143283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity induced by orthodontic bands through survival tests on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a microorganism that presents several genetic and biochemical characteristics similar to human cells. Three groups of bands were evaluated: silver soldered (SSB), laser soldered (LSB), and bands without any solder (WSB). Yeast cells were directly exposed to the bands and indirectly, when a previous elution of the metals in artificial saliva was performed. The negative control was composed of yeast cells or artificial saliva not exposed to any kind of metal. In the direct exposure experiments, all tested groups of bands induced a slight reduction in yeast viability compared to the control. This effect was more intense for the SSB, although not statistically significant. For the indirect exposure experiments, the SSB induced a statistically significant decrease in cell viability compared to the LSB. There were no significant differences between the survival rates of the negative control and the LSB group in both direct and saliva tests. SSBs were cytotoxic, whilst LSBs were not, confirming that laser soldering may be a more biocompatible alternative for use in connecting wires to orthodontic appliances.
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Galeotti A, Uomo R, Spagnuolo G, Paduano S, Cimino R, Valletta R, D'Antò V. Effect of pH on in vitro biocompatibility of orthodontic miniscrew implants. Prog Orthod 2013; 14:15. [PMID: 24325754 PMCID: PMC4394406 DOI: 10.1186/2196-1042-14-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the clinical use of miniscrews has been investigated on a large scale, little is known about their biocompatibility. Since low pH can affect corrosion resistance, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of orthodontic miniscrews in different pH conditions. Methods Four orthodontic miniscrews of stainless steel and grade IV and grade V titanium were immersed in a pH 7 and pH 4 saline solution for 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 84 days. Human osteogenic sarcoma cells (U2OS), permanent human keratinocytes (HaCat), and primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) were exposed to eluates, and the mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity was measured after 24 h to assess the cytoxicity. The results were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test (P < 0.05). Results When exposed to pH 7-conditioned eluates, the cell lines showed an even greater viability than untreated cells. On the contrary, the results revealed a statistically significant decrease in U2OS, HaCat, and HGF viability after exposure to eluates obtained at pH 4. Among the cell lines tested, HGF showed the most significant decrease of mitochondrial activity. Interestingly, grade V titanium miniscrews caused highest toxic effects when immersed at pH 4. Conclusions The results suggested that at pH 7, all the miniscrews are biocompatible while the eluates obtained at pH 4 showed significant cytotoxicity response. Moreover, different cell lines can produce different responses to miniscrew eluates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Galeotti
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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Wang YB, Li HF, Cheng Y, Zheng YF, Ruan LQ. In vitro and in vivo studies on Ti-based bulk metallic glass as potential dental implant material. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:3489-97. [PMID: 23706238 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a high glass forming system, Ti41.5Zr2.5Hf5Cu37.5Ni7.5Si1Sn5 (TZHCNSS) bulk metallic glass (BMG), is studied in terms of microstructure, surface analysis, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo biocompatibility. It is found that the as-prepared TZHCNSS samples are fully amorphous by XRD and TEM observations, as well as DSC curve. Comparing with pure Ti, TZHCNSS BMG shows superior mechanical properties with higher hardness and better wear resistance. Due to the oxide film formed on its surface, TZHCNSS BMG shows great corrosion resistance close to pure Ti in electrochemical measurements. The pitting corrosion potential in artificial saliva solution is much higher than that in SBF solution. The indirect and direct cytotoxicity results show that TZHCNSS extracts had obvious low cell viability on both L929 and NIH3T3 cells. However, the in vivo testing results proved that TZHCNSS BMG could integrate with bone tissue, showing excellent osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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San Miguel SM, Opperman LA, Allen EP, Zielinski JE, Svoboda KK. Antioxidant combinations protect oral fibroblasts against metal-induced toxicity. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:299-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mitchell Q, Jeansonne BG, Stoute D, Lallier TE. Electrochemical dissolution of nickel-titanium endodontic files induces periodontal ligament cell death. J Endod 2013; 39:679-84. [PMID: 23611390 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fractured endodontic files present a major problem. A novel method has been proposed to retrieve fractured nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic files by using electrochemical dissolution. However, the effect of file dissolution on adjacent soft tissues such as the periodontal ligament (PDL) has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the dissolution products on PDL fibroblasts. METHODS Endodontic files were dissolved in sodium fluoride (NaF) by passing a 50-mA current through the NiTi files while immersed in the NaF solution. NaF/NiTi solutions were diluted with minimal essential medium-α media containing 10% serum. PDL cells were treated for up to 24 hours, and cell viability was quantified by using calcein AM to label live cells and ethidium homodimer to label dead cells. This was repeated by using artificial saliva (AS) as an alternative to NaF. RESULTS NaF solution reduced PDL cell survival, and the NaF/NiTi solution further reduced PDL cell survival. AS alone did not reduce cell survival, whereas AS/NiTi solution reduced PDL cell survival. Particles that resulted from the electrochemical dissolution of NiTi files were highly cytotoxic. CONCLUSIONS Electrochemically dissolving NiTi files in NaF results in solutions that are cytotoxic to PDL fibroblasts. AS may be a less toxic alternative for dissolving NiTi files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Mitchell
- Department of Endodontics, Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, School of Dentistry, New Orleans, Louisiana 70119, USA
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D'Antò V, Valletta R, Amato M, Schweikl H, Simeone M, Paduano S, Rengo S, Spagnuolo G. Effect of nickel chloride on cell proliferation. Open Dent J 2012. [PMID: 23198004 PMCID: PMC3504722 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601206010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Metal alloys used in dentistry and in other biomedical fields may release nickel ions in the oral environment. The release of nickel might influence the normal biological and physiological processes, including tissue wound healing, cell growth and proliferation. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of nickel ions on cell cycle, viability and proliferation. Materials and Methods: Human osteosarcoma cells (U2OS) and human keratinocytes (HaCat) were exposed to different nickel chloride (NiCl2) concentrations (0 - 5mM) for various periods exposure. The viability of cultured cells was estimated by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC and Propidium Iodide (PI). Cell proliferation was evaluated by using carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE) and flow cytometry. Finally, the effects of NiCl2 on cell cycle were assessed and quantified by flow cytometry. Statistical analysis was performed by means of ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Results: NiCl2 induced a dose and time dependent decrease in cell viability. After 24h, 1mM NiCl2 caused a similar and significant reduction of viability in U2OS and HaCat cells, while higher NiCl2 concentrations and longer exposure times showed a reduced cytotoxic effect in HaCat as compared to U2OS cells. Exposure to NiCl2 caused a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in both cell lines tested, with a prominent effect on U2OS cells. Furthermore, both cell lines exposed to NiCl2 exhibited significant changes in cell cycle distribution after 24h exposure 2mM NiCl2, as compared to untreated cells (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicate that release of nickel ions may affect cell proliferation. The inhibition of cell growth by NiCl2 is mediated by both cell cycle arrest and by induction of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo D'Antò
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
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Author’s response. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pazzini CA, Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Júnior GO, Pereira LJ, Paiva SM. Longitudinal assessment of periodontal status in patients with nickel allergy treated with conventional and nickel-free braces. Angle Orthod 2011; 82:653-7. [PMID: 22044116 DOI: 10.2319/080211-487.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a longitudinal comparison of periodontal status in allergic individuals treated with conventional and nickel-free braces. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two individuals allergic to nickel were randomly divided into two groups: those receiving conventional braces (n = 21) and those receiving nickel-free braces (n = 21). Periodontal status (gingival hyperplasia, change in color and bleeding) was assessed before treatment (T0) and at 3-month intervals for 12 months (T1, T2, T3, and T4), using the Löe Index. Evaluations were performed blindly by a single, calibrated examiner, followed by prophylaxis and orientations regarding oral hygiene. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test for comparisons of the gingival index between groups and Friedman's test for successive comparisons between sessions in the same group (P ≤ .05). RESULTS Periodontal status did not differ between groups in the initial 9 months of treatment, whereas significant differences were found at T3 and T4 (.039 and .047, respectively). Individuals wearing conventional appliances had higher mean gingival index scores than those wearing nickel-free braces. CONCLUSION Individuals with an allergy to nickel exhibit better periodontal health when treated with nickel-free braces than with conventional braces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Alessandra Pazzini
- Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
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Ortiz AJ, Fernández E, Vicente A, Calvo JL, Ortiz C. Metallic ions released from stainless steel, nickel-free, and titanium orthodontic alloys: toxicity and DNA damage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140:e115-22. [PMID: 21889059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aims of this study were to determine the amounts of metallic ions that stainless steel, nickel-free, and titanium alloys release to a culture medium, and to evaluate the cellular viability and DNA damage of cultivated human fibroblasts with those mediums. METHODS The metals were extracted from 10 samples (each consisting of 4 buccal tubes and 20 brackets) of the 3 orthodontic alloys that were submerged for 30 days in minimum essential medium. Next, the determination of metals was performed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, cellular viability was assessed by using the tetrazolium reduction assay (MTT assay) (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), and DNA damage was determined with the Comet assay. The metals measured in all the samples were Ti(47), Cr(52), Mn(55), Co(59), Ni(60), Mo(92), Fe(56), Cu(63), Zn(66), As(75), Se(78), Cd(111), and Pb(208). RESULTS The cellular viability of the cultured fibroblasts incubated for 7 days with minimum essential medium, with the stainless steel alloy submerged, was close to 0%. Moreover, high concentrations of titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, iron, copper, and zinc were detected. The nickel-free alloy released lower amounts of ions to the medium. The greatest damage in the cellular DNA, measured as the olive moment, was also produced by the stainless steel alloy followed by the nickel-free alloy. Conversely, the titanium alloy had an increased cellular viability and did not damage the cellular DNA, as compared with the control values. CONCLUSIONS The titanium brackets and tubes are the most biocompatible of the 3 alloys studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Ortiz
- Docent Unit of Integral Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dental Clinic, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Buljan ZI, Ribaric SP, Abram M, Ivankovic A, Spalj S. In vitro oxidative stress induced by conventional and self-ligating brackets. Angle Orthod 2011; 82:340-5. [PMID: 21913853 DOI: 10.2319/061811-395.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the in vitro oxidative stress induced by conventional and self-ligating brackets made of different materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS The concentration of oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in DNA of murine fibroblast cells L929 after in vitro exposure to three types of conventional and four types of self-ligating brackets was assessed. To determine viability and changes in the number of cells before and after exposure, trypan blue dye was used. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS No significant difference in cell viability was noted between metal, ceramic, and polymeric conventional brackets, and self-ligating brackets made of combinations of those materials, but viability was significantly higher compared with positive controls (P < .05). The conventional sapphire ceramic bracket (Inspire Ice) showed high viability, the largest increase in the number of cells, and the lowest oxidative stress. A higher concentration of markers of oxidative stress was observed in full metal conventional and self-ligating brackets (MiniSprint and Speed) and in conventional polyurethane brackets (Quantum) compared with negative controls (P < .05). CONCLUSION All types of orthodontic brackets, regardless of the constituent materials, are a source of oxidative stress in vitro, but the highest stress was induced in the full metal and polyurethane brackets. Conventional ceramic brackets show the highest degree of biocompatibility compared with polymeric and metal brackets and self-ligating brackets made from combinations of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorana Ivankovic Buljan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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Freitas MP, Oshima HM, Menezes LM. Release of toxic ions from silver solder used in orthodontics: An in-situ evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140:177-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Danaei SM, Safavi A, Roeinpeikar SM, Oshagh M, Iranpour S, Omidekhoda M. Ion release from orthodontic brackets in 3 mouthwashes: An in-vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 139:730-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Introduction of antibacterial function into biomedical TiNi shape memory alloy by the addition of element Ag. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2758-67. [PMID: 21316493 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A new kind of biomedical shape memory TiNiAg alloy with antibacterial function was successfully developed in the present study by the introduction of pure Ag precipitates into the TiNi matrix phase. The microstructure, mechanical property, corrosion resistance, ion release behavior in simulated body fluid, cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties were systematically investigated. The typical microstructural feature of TiNiAg alloy at room temperature was tiny pure Ag particles (at submicrometer or micrometer scales with irregular shape) randomly distributed in the TiNi matrix phase. The presence of Ag precipitates was found to result in a slightly higher tensile strength and larger elongation of TiNiAg alloy in comparison with that of TiNi binary alloy. Furthermore, a maximum shape recovery strain of ∼6.4% was obtained with a total prestrain of 7% in the TiNiAg alloy. In electrochemical and immersion tests, TiNiAg alloy presented good corrosion resistance in simulated body fluid, comparable with that of CP Ti and TiNi alloy. The cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that TiNiAg alloy extract induced slight toxicity to cells, but the viability of experimental cells was similar to or higher than that of TiNi alloy extract. In vitro bacterial adhesion study indicated a significantly reduced number of bacteria (S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. gingivalis) on the TiNiAg alloy plate surface when compared with that on TiNi alloy plate surface, and the corresponding antibacterial mechanism for the TiNiAg alloy is discussed.
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Cytotoxicity of orthodontic materials assessed by survival tests in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Dent Mater 2011; 27:e81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Biocompatibility of orthodontic bands following exposure to dental plaque. J Orofac Orthop 2011; 72:133-40. [PMID: 21503853 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-011-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the biocompatibility of orthodontic bands following exposure to the human oral environment. METHODS Cell adherence and cell morphology of gingival fibroblasts grown on 32 orthodontic bands were tested. The bands were in place intraorally for 6 to 37 months. RESULTS We observed cell adherence in 76% of the previously plaque-free surfaces. Cell morphology was 50% spherical and 50% elongated. The surfaces that had had plaque attached demonstrated cell adherence in 84% of the given areas; those cells were spherical in 42% and elongated in 58%. CONCLUSION We conclude that individual oral hygiene habits during orthodontic treatment seem to have no effect on the biocompatibility of orthodontic bands, as we failed to discern a difference in either cell adherence or cell morphology in areas with and without prior plaque attachment.
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Metallic ion content and damage to the DNA in oral mucosa cells of children with fixed orthodontic appliances. Biometals 2011; 24:935. [PMID: 21468621 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the metal devices used in orthodontic treatments are manufactured highly resistance to corrosion, they may still suffer some localized corrosion resulting from the oral cavity conditions. The corrosion causes the release of metals from the alloys used for their manufacture. In this report, we evaluated the in vivo metal ions release of three alloys (stainless steel, titanium and nickel-free) usually used in the orthodontics treatments and its genotoxicity. We applied to 15 patients, between 12 and 16 years, 4 tubes and 20 brackets. Samples from oral mucosa were taken before the treatment and 30 days later. The concentration of the titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and iron were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The genotoxicity was measured with a comet assay (Olive moment). The oral mucosa cells in contact with the stainless steel alloy displayed the greatest titanium and manganese concentrations and those in contact with the nickel-free alloy presented the greatest concentration of chromium and iron. Both alloys, stainless steel and nickel-free, induced a higher DNA damage in the oral mucosa cells than the titanium alloy, in which the Olive moment was similar to controls. Based on the results of our study, we can conclude that titanium brackets and tubes are the most biocompatible of the three alloys.
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Mikulewicz M, Chojnacka K. Release of metal ions from orthodontic appliances by in vitro studies: a systematic literature review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 139:241-56. [PMID: 20309648 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a systematic literature review on release of metal ions from orthodontic appliances under in vitro conditions is described. Detailed and schematic analysis of used materials and applied methods (immersion media, incubation time, temperature, and analytical techniques) is provided. The PubMed search identified 40 studies, among which eight met the selection criteria. One additional study was included in the review. All the authors agreed that the doses of released metal ions were far below the toxic level and the dietary intake. Although the concentrations of metal ions in immersion media greatly differed, the general conclusions were coherent. It must be underlined that the main disadvantage of in vitro tests was that the experimental setup did not reflect in vivo conditions, e.g., the presence of biofilm, which grows on the surface of the materials in oral cavity. The presence and activity of microflora to a large extent is responsible for the process of corrosion, in particular, biodeterioration. The further scheme of in vitro research should incorporate changeable conditions of oral cavity environment (pH, dynamic conditions-saliva flow) and the presence of microbiological flora (microbiological attack) in the experimental design and, first of all, the real proportions of appliance elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Mikulewicz
- Department of Dentofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Medical University of Wrocław, Poland.
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Vande Vannet B. A Critical Appraisal of the Biological Assessment of Materials in Orthodontics with Emphasis on the Differences Between Conventional and 3-D Cell Cultures. Semin Orthod 2010. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wang YB, Zheng YF, Wei SC, Li M. In vitro study on Zr-based bulk metallic glasses as potential biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 96:34-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vitral JCDA, Fraga MR, de Souza MA, Ferreira AP, Vitral RWF. In-vitro study of the cellular viability and nitric oxide production by J774 macrophages with ceramic, polycarbonate, and polyoxymethylene brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137:247-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Demling A, Heuer W, Elter C, Heidenblut T, Bach FW, Schwestka-Polly R, Stiesch-Scholz M. Analysis of supra- and subgingival long-term biofilm formation on orthodontic bands. Eur J Orthod 2009; 31:202-6. [PMID: 19304761 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjn090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insertion of fixed orthodontic appliances induces increased biofilm formation caused by a higher number of plaque-retentive sites. The purpose of the study was to perform a quantitative analysis of supra- and subgingival long-term biofilm formation on orthodontic bands. Ten patients (five females and five males, aged 18.3+/-5.4 years) who had received therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances for 24+/-9 months were enrolled in the study. Biofilm formation on 28 orthodontic bands was analyzed quantitatively with the Rutherford backscattering detection method, a scanning electron microscopy technique. The biofilm formation for the supra- and subgingival surfaces was calculated from the grey values. Statistical analysis was performed with a mixed model with the patient as the random factor. A P-value <0.05 was considered significant. A biofilm was found on 16.1+/-9.2 per cent of supragingival surfaces and on 3.6+/-4.4 per cent of subgingival surfaces. Differences in biofilm formation in supra- and subgingival surfaces were statistically significant (P<0.05) and formed a distinct demarcation line. Despite the presence of supragingival biofilm, no mature subgingival biofilm was found on the tested orthodontic bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Demling
- Department of Orthodontics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Bock JJ, Bailly J, Gernhardt CR, Fuhrmann RAW. Fracture strength of different soldered and welded orthodontic joining configurations with and without filling material. J Appl Oral Sci 2009; 16:328-35. [PMID: 19089229 PMCID: PMC4327598 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572008000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical strength of different joints made by conventional brazing, TIG and laser welding with and without filling material. Five standardized joining configurations of orthodontic wire in spring hard quality were used: round, cross, 3 mm length, 9 mm length and 7 mm to orthodontic band. The joints were made by five different methods: brazing, tungsten inert gas (TIG) and laser welding with and without filling material. For the original orthodontic wire and for each kind of joint configuration or connecting method 10 specimens were carefully produced, totalizing 240. The fracture strengths were measured with a universal testing machine (Zwick 005). Data were analyzed by ANOVA (p=0.05) and Bonferroni post hoc test (p=0.05). In all cases, brazing joints were ruptured on a low level of fracture strength (186-407 N). Significant differences between brazing and TIG or laser welding (p<0.05, Bonferroni post hoc test) were found in each joint configuration. The highest fracture strength means were observed for laser welding with filling material and 3 mm joint length (998 N). Using filling materials, there was a clear tendency to higher mean values of fracture strength in TIG and laser welding. However, statistically significant differences were found only in the 9-mm long joints (p<0.05, Bonferroni post hoc test). In conclusion, the fracture strength of welded joints was positively influenced by the additional use of filling material. TIG welding was comparable to laser welding except for the impossibility of joining orthodontic wire with orthodontic band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Johannes Bock
- Department of Orthodontics, Martin-Luther-University Halle, Wittenberg, Germany
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