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Chen W, Zhou X, Duan Y, Zou T, Liu G, Ying X, Wang Q, Duan S. Association of OGG1 and DLST promoter methylation with Alzheimer's disease in Xinjiang population. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3135-3142. [DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine for Cadres, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, �r�mqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine for Cadres, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, �r�mqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Yali Duan
- Department of Internal Medicine for Cadres, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, �r�mqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine for Cadres, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, �r�mqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Guili Liu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiuru Ying
- Ningbo Key Lab of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Qinwen Wang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Ningbo Key Lab of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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2
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Yang L, Shi Q, Ho DJ, Starkov AA, Wille EJ, Xu H, Chen HL, Zhang S, Stack CM, Calingasan NY, Gibson GE, Beal MF. Mice deficient in dihydrolipoyl succinyl transferase show increased vulnerability to mitochondrial toxins. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:320-30. [PMID: 19660549 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of a key mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), declines in many neurodegenerative diseases. KGDHC consists of three subunits. The dihydrolipoyl succinyl transferase (DLST) component is unique to KGDHC. DLST(+/-) mice showed reduced mRNA and protein levels and decreased brain mitochondrial KGDHC activity. Neurotoxic effects of mitochondrial toxins were exacerbated in DLST(+/-) mice. MPTP produced a significantly greater reduction of striatal dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of DLST(+/-) mice. DLST deficiency enhanced the severity of lipid peroxidation in the substantia nigra after MPTP treatment. Striatal lesions induced by either malonate or 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) were significantly larger in DLST(+/-) mice than in wildtype controls. DLST deficiency enhanced the 3-NP inhibition of mitochondria enzymes, and 3-NP induced protein and DNA oxidations. These observations support the hypothesis that reductions in KGDHC may impair the adaptability of the brain and contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichuan Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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3
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Szymanski M, Wang R, Fallin MD, Bassett SS, Avramopoulos D. Neuroglobin and Alzheimer's dementia: genetic association and gene expression changes. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 31:1835-42. [PMID: 19010568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported strong genetic linkage on chromosome 14q to Alzheimer's disease (AD) using the presence of co-morbid hallucinations as a covariate. Those results suggested the presence of a gene increasing the risk for a genetically homogeneous form of AD characterized by the absence of comorbid hallucinations. Here we report our follow up of that study through the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five functional candidate genes. This work provides significant evidence of association for the gene coding for neuroglobin (NGB), a nervous system globin known to protect cells against amyloid toxicity and to attenuate the AD phenotype of transgenic mice. On further experiments we found that NGB expression is reduced with increasing age and lower in women consistent with their increased risk. NGB expression is up-regulated in the temporal lobe of AD patients consistent with a response to the disease process, as reported for NGB and hypoxia. We speculate that a compromised response due to DNA variation might increase the risk for AD. Our and others' data strongly support the involvement of NGB in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Szymanski
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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4
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Xu PT, Li YJ, Qin XJ, Scherzer CR, Xu H, Schmechel DE, Hulette CM, Ervin J, Gullans SR, Haines J, Pericak-Vance MA, Gilbert JR. Differences in apolipoprotein E3/3 and E4/4 allele-specific gene expression in hippocampus in Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 21:256-75. [PMID: 16198584 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele is a major risk factor for late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). The mechanism of action of APOE in the etiology of AD remains unclear. Using gene expression (microarray) analysis of human hippocampus from APOE3/3 AD and APOE4/4 AD cases, we found different gene transcription patterns between APOE4/4 and APOE3/3 AD cases. The expression of APOE4/4 alleles, in comparison to APOE3/3, is associated with upregulation of multiple gene transcripts encoding cell growth suppresser or arrest, signal transduction, myelinogenesis, cell adhesion and migration, heavy metal metabolism and detoxification. Whereas the APOE4 gene expression is associated with downregulation of gene transcripts involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and energy metabolism, synaptic vesicle docking and fusing, and synaptic plasticity compared to APOE3. These mechanisms may contribute increased risk for AD and for cognitive dysfunction in AD patients who carry the APOE4 allele(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Ting Xu
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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5
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Brown AM, Gordon D, Lee H, Caudy M, Haroutunian V, Blass JP. Substantial linkage disequilibrium across the dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase gene region without Alzheimer's disease association. Neurochem Res 2004; 29:629-35. [PMID: 15038610 DOI: 10.1023/b:nere.0000014833.54481.1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Association of the candidate gene DLST with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk has been suggested on the basis of case-control studies. This gene, located on chromosome 14q24.3, encodes a subunit of a mitochondrial component known to be defective in AD, the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Positive reports have correlated different DLST alleles with LOAD, whereas other groups have failed to find any significant association. We therefore reexamined the association of DLST and LOAD in a more ethnically homogeneous series using three additional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located within or closely flanking either end of the DLST gene. Pairwise analysis of these SNPs indicated there was strong linkage disequilibrium across the DLST locus. Analysis of complex genotypes or haplotypes based upon all five SNP loci failed to identify a LOAD risk allele, suggesting that further studies of DLST in relation to AD are not warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham M Brown
- Dementia Research Service, Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, New York 10605, USA.
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6
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Kanamori T, Nishimaki K, Asoh S, Ishibashi Y, Takata I, Kuwabara T, Taira K, Yamaguchi H, Sugihara S, Yamazaki T, Ihara Y, Nakano K, Matuda S, Ohta S. Truncated product of the bifunctional DLST gene involved in biogenesis of the respiratory chain. EMBO J 2003; 22:2913-23. [PMID: 12805207 PMCID: PMC162151 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2002] [Revised: 04/17/2003] [Accepted: 04/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (DLST) is a subunit enzyme of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex of the Krebs cycle. While studying how the DLST genotype contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we found a novel mRNA that is transcribed starting from intron 7 in the DLST gene. The novel mRNA level in the brain of AD patients was significantly lower than that of controls. The truncated gene product (designated MIRTD) localized to the intermembrane space of mitochondria. To investigate the function of MIRTD, we established human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells expressing a maxizyme, a kind of ribozyme, that specifically digests the MIRTD mRNA. The expression of the maxizyme specifically eliminated the MIRTD protein and the resultant MIRTD-deficient cells exhibited a marked decrease in the amounts of subunits of complexes I and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in a decline of activity. A pulse-label experiment revealed that the loss of the subunits is a post-translational event. Thus, the DLST gene is bifunctional and MIRTD transcribed from the gene contributes to the biogenesis of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanamori
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8533, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Impairments of glucose and mitochondrial function are important causes of brain dysfunction and therefore of brain disease. Abnormalities have been found in association with disease of the nervous system in most of the components of glucose/mitochondrial metabolism. In many, molecular genetic abnormalities have been defined. Brain glucose oxidation is abnormal in common diseases of the nervous system, including Alzheimer disease and other dementias, Parkinson disease, delirium, probably schizophrenia and other psychoses, and of course cerebrovascular disease. Defects in a single component and even a single mutation can be associated with different clinical phenotypes. The same clinical phenotype can result from different genotypes. The complex relationship between biological abnormality in brain glucose utilization and clinical disorder is similar to that in other disorders that have been intensively studied at the genetic level. Genes for components of the pathways of brain glucose oxidation are good candidate genes for disease of the brain. Preliminary data support the proposal that treatments to normalize abnormalities in brain glucose oxidation may benefit many patients with common brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Blass
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Burke Medical Research Institute White Plains, New York 10605, USA
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8
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Matsushita S, Arai H, Yuzuriha T, Kato M, Matsui T, Urakami K, Higuchi S. No association between DLST gene and Alzheimer's disease or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Neurobiol Aging 2001; 22:569-74. [PMID: 11445257 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Among many candidate genes for the genetically heterogeneous Alzheimer's disease (AD), only apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been confirmed. Another candidate is the dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase (DLST) gene, one of three components of thiamine-dependent mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), because KGDHC activity is reported reduced in AD patients. Also characterized by reduced KGDHC activity is another neuropsychiatric disease, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS), which results from thiamine deficiency. Examination of specific DLST gene polymorphism in 247 Japanese AD patients, 53 alcoholic WKS patients, and 368 nondemented Japanese control subjects revealed no significant differences in DLST genotypes and failed to replicate the findings of earlier studies indicating an association between DLST gene polymorphism and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsushita
- Department of Clinical Research, National Institute on Alcoholism, Kurihama National Hospital, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Prince JA, Feuk L, Sawyer SL, Gottfries J, Ricksten A, Nägga K, Bogdanovic N, Blennow K, Brookes AJ. Lack of replication of association findings in complex disease: an analysis of 15 polymorphisms in prior candidate genes for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9:437-44. [PMID: 11436125 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2000] [Revised: 02/09/2001] [Accepted: 03/07/2001] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable enthusiasm for the prospect of using common polymorphisms (primarily single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNPs) in candidate genes to unravel the genetics of complex disease. This approach has generated a number of findings of loci which are significantly associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, a total of 15 genes of interest were chosen from among the previously published reports of significant association in AD. Genotyping was performed on polymorphisms within those genes (14 SNPs and one deletion) using Dynamic Allele Specific Hybridization (DASH) in 204 Swedish patients with sporadic late-onset AD and 186 Swedish control subjects. The genes chosen for analysis were; low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1), angiotensin converting enzyme (DCP1), alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH), dihydrolipoyl S-succinyltransferase (DLST), tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6), nitric oxide synthase (NOS3), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE), Fe65 (APBB1), oestrogen receptor alpha (ESR1), cathepsin D (CTSD), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and interleukin 1A (IL1A). We found no strong evidence of association for any of these loci with AD in this population. While the possibility exists that the genes analysed are involved in AD (ie they have weak effects and/or are population specific), results reinforce the need for extensive replication studies if we are to be successful in defining true risk factors in complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Prince
- Center for Genomics Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Gibson GE, Haroutunian V, Zhang H, Park LCH, Shi Q, Lesser M, Mohs RC, Sheu RKF, Blass JP. Mitochondrial damage in Alzheimer's disease varies with apolipoprotein E genotype. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(200009)48:3<297::aid-ana3>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Sheu KFR, Brown AM, Haroutunian V, Kristal BS, Thaler H, Lesser M, Kalaria RN, Relkin NR, Mohs RC, Lilius L, Lannfelt L, Blass JP. Modulation byDLST of the genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease in a very elderly population. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(199901)45:1<48::aid-art9>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Blass JP, Sheu RK, Gibson GE. Inherent abnormalities in energy metabolism in Alzheimer disease. Interaction with cerebrovascular compromise. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 903:204-21. [PMID: 10818509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a form of the dementia syndrome. AD appears to have a variety of fundamental etiologies that lead to the neuropathological manifestations which define the disease. Patients who are at high risk to develop AD typically show impairments of cerebral metabolic rate in vivo even before they show any evidence of the clinical disease on neuropsychological, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging examinations. Therefore, impairment in energy metabolism in AD can not be attributed to loss of brain substance or to electrophysiological abnormalities. Among the characteristic abnormalities in the AD brain are deficiencies in several enzyme complexes which participate in the mitochondrial oxidation of substrates to yield energy. There include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), and Complex IV of the electron transport chain (COX). The deficiency of KGDHC may be due to a mixture of causes including damage by free radicals and perhaps to genetic variation in the DLST gene encoding the core protein of this complex. Inherent impairment of glucose oxidation by the AD brain may reasonably be expected to interact synergistically with an impaired supply of oxygen and glucose to the AD brain, in causing brain damage. These considerations lead to the hypothesis that cerebrovascular compromise and inherent abnormalities in the brain's ability to oxidize substrates can interact to favor the development of AD, in individuals who are genetically predisposed to develop neuritic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Blass
- Dementia Research Service, Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, New York 10605, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) is an important mitochondrial constituent, and deficiency of KGDHC is associated with a number of neurological disorders. KGDHC is composed of three proteins, each encoded on a different and well-characterized gene. The sequences of the human proteins are known. The organization of the proteins into a large, ordered multienzyme complex (a "metabolon") has been well studied in prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. KGDHC catalyzes a critical step in the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle, which is also a step in the metabolism of the potentially excitotoxic neurotransmitter glutamate. A number of metabolites modify the activity of KGDHC, including inactivation by 4-hydroxynonenal and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). In human brain, the activity of KGDHC is lower than that of any other enzyme of energy metabolism, including phosphofructokinase, aconitase, and the electron transport complexes. Deficiencies of KGDHC are likely to impair brain energy metabolism and therefore brain function, and lead to manifestations of brain disease. In general, the clinical manifestations of KGDHC deficiency relate to the severity of the deficiency. Several such disorders have been recognized: infantile lactic acidosis, psychomotor retardation in childhood, intermittent neuropsychiatric disease with ataxia and other motor manifestations, Friedreich's and other spinocerebellar ataxias, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). A KGDHC gene has been associated with the first two and last two of these disorders. KGDHC is not uniformly distributed in human brain, and the neurons that appear selectively vulnerable in human temporal cortex in AD are enriched in KGDHC. We hypothesize that variations in KGDHC that are not deleterious during reproductive life become deleterious with aging, perhaps by predisposing this mitochondrial metabolon to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Sheu
- Dementia Research Service, Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, New York 10605, USA
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14
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Gibson GE, Park LC, Sheu KF, Blass JP, Calingasan NY. The alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in neurodegeneration. Neurochem Int 2000; 36:97-112. [PMID: 10676873 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(99)00114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Altered energy metabolism is characteristic of many neurodegenerative disorders. Reductions in the key mitochondrial enzyme complex, the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), occur in a number of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The reductions in KGDHC activity may be responsible for the decreases in brain metabolism, which occur in these disorders. KGDHC can be inactivated by several mechanisms, including the actions of free radicals (Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS). Other studies have associated specific forms of one of the genes encoding KGDHC (namely the DLST gene) with AD, Parkinson's disease, as well as other neurodegenerative diseases. Reductions in KGDHC activity can be plausibly linked to several aspects of brain dysfunction and neuropathology in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies are needed to assess mechanisms underlying the sensitivity of KGDHC to oxidative stress and the relation of KGDHC deficiency to selective vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Gibson
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have many features in common and, in many respects, both conditions only differ by quantitative criteria. A variety of genetic, medical and environmental factors modulate the ageing-related processes leading the brain into the devastation of AD. In accordance with the concept that AD is a metabolic disease, these risk factors deteriorate the homeostasis of the Ca(2+)-energy-redox triangle and disrupt the cerebral reserve capacity under metabolic stress. The major genetic risk factors (APP and presenilin mutations, Down's syndrome, apolipoprotein E4) are associated with a compromise of the homeostatic triangle. The pathophysiological processes leading to this vulnerability remain elusive at present, while mitochondrial mutations can be plausibly integrated into the metabolic scenario. The metabolic leitmotif is particularly evident with medical risk factors which are associated with an impaired cerebral perfusion, such as cerebrovascular diseases including stroke, cardiovascular diseases, hypo- and hypertension. Traumatic brain injury represents another example due to the persistent metabolic stress following the acute event. Thyroid diseases have detrimental sequela for cerebral metabolism as well. Furthermore, major depression and presumably chronic stress endanger susceptible brain areas mediated by a host of hormonal imbalances, particularly the HPA-axis dysregulation. Sociocultural and lifestyle factors like education, physical activity, diet and smoking may also modulate the individual risk affecting both reserve capacity and vulnerability. The pathophysiological relevance of trace metals, including aluminum and iron, is highly controversial; at any rate, they may adversely affect cellular defences, antioxidant competence in particular. The relative contribution of these factors, however, is as individual as the pattern of the factors. In familial AD, the genetic factors clearly drive the sequence of events. A strong interaction of fat metabolism and apoE polymorphism is suggested by intercultural epidemiological findings. In cultures, less plagued by the 'blessings' of the 'cafeteria diet-sedentary' Western lifestyle, apoE4 appears to be not a risk factor for AD. This intriguing evidence suggests that, analogous to cardiovascular diseases, apoE4 requires a hyperlipidaemic lifestyle to manifest as AD risk factor. Overall, the etiology of AD is a key paradigm for a gene-environment interaction. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Heininger
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Gibson GE, Zhang H, Sheu KF, Bogdanovich N, Lindsay JG, Lannfelt L, Vestling M, Cowburn RF. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in Alzheimer brains bearing the APP670/671 mutation. Ann Neurol 1998; 44:676-81. [PMID: 9778267 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410440414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with a striking reduction in the activity of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC). The deficiency occurs in brains from AD patients of undefined etiology, and in fibroblasts from both sporadic and familial AD cases. To further assess the nature of the abnormality of KGDHC in AD, KGDHC activities and immunoreactivities were analyzed in brains from AD patients bearing the Swedish APP670/671 mutation. This gene defect causes overproduction of the amyloid beta peptide. KGDHC activities were reduced by 55 to 57% compared with control values in the mutation-bearing AD cases in the medial temporal and superior frontal cortices. The immunochemical levels of KGDHC subunits Elk (-51%) and E2k (-76%) declined, whereas E3 concentrations were unchanged. The results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is a part of the pathophysiological process in AD even when the primary pathogenic cause is nonmitochondrial.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Gibson
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Cornell University Medical College, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
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