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Almehmadi M, Alqahtani JS. Healthcare Research in Mass Religious Gatherings and Emergency Management: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11020244. [PMID: 36673612 PMCID: PMC9859393 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Religious mass gatherings, especially pilgrimages of various faiths, involve overcrowding and the international movement of people, exposing individuals to significant health risks, such as the spread of infectious diseases, crowds, exposure to bad weather, physical stress, or risks due to pre-existing medical conditions. This paper aims to review the literature related to health care research on religious mass gatherings, with special reference to the role of awareness creation, training, and risk awareness for individuals during Hajj. The results indicated that the research on health risks associated with large-scale gatherings showed that some countries (which witness religious gatherings) follow effective preventive measures to reduce health risks, while some countries did not (and linked this to its poor infrastructure and the low standard of living in it, such as India). It also showed that most studies overlooked identifying the causes of infectious diseases and determining the perceptions of participants in mass gatherings. While it showed that environmental factors strongly influence the emergence of infectious diseases among individuals, the results also showed the scarcity of research that revolves around the awareness of community members, the health risks of mass gatherings, preventive measures against diseases, and the main effects on individuals' perceptions of risks. The results also showed a lack of research evidence on how pilgrims perceive risks, adopt information, and interact with their willingness to be trained in preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mater Almehmadi
- UCL Institute for Risk and Disaster, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaber S. Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam 34313, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Infectious diseases threats at the Arba'een - a neglected but one of the largest annually recurring mass gathering religious events. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 123:210-211. [PMID: 36108958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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3
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Petersen E, Asogun D, Ntoumi F, Zumla A. Infection control at mass religious gatherings. BMJ 2022; 378:e072884. [PMID: 36028232 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eskild Petersen
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Danny Asogun
- Irrua Specialized Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK
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Elias HI, Chicanequisso EM, Nhantumbo B, Braga JM, Gurjal L, Luis M, Dimas T, Baltazar CS, Rossetto EV. Profile of people seeking health services during Pope Francis' visit to Mozambique, 2019. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 35:95. [PMID: 32636993 PMCID: PMC7320787 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.35.95.21611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pope Francis visited Mozambique from September 4-6, 2019. During the visit, a real-time surveillance system for mass gathering events was implemented in all places where people gathered in Maputo City for early detection of possible outbreaks and other health-related events. The system was implemented at four sites were mass gathering events occurred over the three-day visit. Data were collected by administering a simple questionnaire on a tablet, which collected information about sociodemographics, syndromic diagnoses, and outcomes of the patients that sought medical care. Additionally, a descriptive epidemiological assessment was performed during the event. A total of 150 individuals were attended at the designated places during the event. Of these, 56.7% were female and 90.7% aged > 15 years. The majority of the patients (74.7%) sought care on the third day of the event, which was held at the Zimpeto National Stadium. The most common diagnoses were hypertension (20.7%), hypothermia (15.3%), and headache (11.3%). Almost all cases (95.0%) were discharged, (4.0%) cases were transferred and (1.0%) case resulted in death on the way to the health facility. The surveillance system strategy developed to detect real-time public health events during the Pope?s visit was successfully implemented. No outbreak was identified during the event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio Inácio Elias
- Mozambique Field Epidemiology Training Program, Instituto Nacional de Sade, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Beatriz Nhantumbo
- Mozambique Field Epidemiology Training Program, Instituto Nacional de Sade, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Judite Monteiro Braga
- Mozambique Field Epidemiology Training Program, Instituto Nacional de Sade, Maputo, Mozambique.,Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lorna Gurjal
- Epidemiology Department, National Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Maiumuna Luis
- Epidemiology Department, National Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Tomas Dimas
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Erika Valeska Rossetto
- MassGenics assigned to Mozambique Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Maputo, Mozambique
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Memish ZA, Steffen R, White P, Dar O, Azhar EI, Sharma A, Zumla A. Mass gatherings medicine: public health issues arising from mass gathering religious and sporting events. Lancet 2019; 393:2073-2084. [PMID: 31106753 PMCID: PMC7159069 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mass gathering events are associated with major public health challenges. The 2014 Lancet Series on the new discipline of mass gatherings medicine was launched at the World Health Assembly of Ministers of Health in Geneva in May, 2014. The Series covered the planning and surveillance systems used to monitor public health risks, public health threats, and experiences of health-care providers from mass gathering events in 2012 and 2013. This follow-up Review focuses on the main public health issues arising from planned mass gathering events held between 2013 and 2018. We highlight public health and research data on transmission of infectious diseases and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, mass casualty incidents, and non-communicable diseases, including thermal disorders. In the events discussed in this Review, the combination of a large influx of people, many from countries with outbreak-prone infectious diseases, with a high degree of crowd interactions imposed substantial burdens on host countries' health systems. The detection and transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in pilgrims attending the Kumbh Mela and the Hajj raise concern of possible globalisation from mass-gathering religious events. Priorities for further investments and opportunities for research into prevention, surveillance, and management of these public health issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad A Memish
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Research, Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Steffen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul White
- Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity Program, Public Health & Hospital Emergency Preparedness Program, Commonwealth Health Care Corporation, Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands, USA
| | - Osman Dar
- Public Health England and Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, UK
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Avinash Sharma
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, Pune, Maharashtra, India; National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection, University College London, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Al Faraidy KA, Thalib L, Al Shammeri O, Bokhari F, Hersi A, Alfaleh H, Kashour T. A Tailored, Bundle Care Intervention Strategy to Reduce Cardiac Mortality During the Hajj: A Population-Based, Before and After Study. Angiology 2019; 70:547-553. [PMID: 30630345 DOI: 10.1177/0003319718822630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hajj is the largest human gathering with over 2 million people. We evaluated the effect of bundle care intervention on mortality. METHODS A population-based, before and after study compared the effect of an intervention on mortality. The intervention included recruitment of cardiac team, introducing 24/7 catheterization service, cardiac coordination, standardized cardiac care pathways, and establishment of an effective transportation system. RESULTS Cardiac mortality accounted for about 52% of all in-hospital deaths before intervention in 2009. This decreased significantly to 43.3%, 32.5%, and 19.7% in 2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively. In-hospital mortality of acute coronary syndromes was 4.7%, 4.6%, and 3.0%, in the years 2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively. Mortality due to other causes remained largely unaffected. There was no significant change in the national mortality due to cardiac causes over the same period provided a reassurance that the observed improvement in in-hospital acute coronary syndrome mortality was not due to overall improvement in health care. The numbers of cardiac catheterization procedures increased 3-fold and cardiac surgical procedures increased 5-fold between 2009 and 2011. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that an evidence-based intensive bundle care intervention substantially reduced the cardiac mortality among the pilgrims assembling for Hajj in Makkah.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukman Thalib
- 2 Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Fayez Bokhari
- 4 Cardiac Department, King Fahd Military Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Hersi
- 5 Cardiac Sciences Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University-Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussam Alfaleh
- 5 Cardiac Sciences Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University-Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Kashour
- 5 Cardiac Sciences Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University-Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in international medical conference attendees. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 52:242-247. [PMID: 30181097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with its transmission. International travels and massive gatherings may accelerate such transmission. MRSA carriage was surveyed among the attendees of two international medical conferences held in Taipei in 2010. METHODS A total of 209 attendees from 23 countries were recruited. Nasal specimens were collected from each volunteer and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection for MRSA. Molecular analysis, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), typing of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and staphylococcal protein A (spa) genes, and detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and sasX genes, was performed. RESULTS MRSA carriage was detected in 10 (4.8%) attendees from Vietnam (3/8, 37.5%), Korea (2/6, 33.3%), Japan (2/41, 4.9%), Philippines (2/52, 3.8%), and Bangladesh (1/4, 25.0%). The proportion of MRSA colonizers was significantly higher in the local hospital group compared to those from the other groups (3/17 vs. 7/192, p < 0.05). Six MRSA isolates were available for molecular analysis. They all carried a type IV SCCmec gene. Five pulsotypes were identified; four genotypes, respectively, were identified by MLST and spa typing. None of the isolates carried either PVL or sasX genes. None of common molecular characteristics was shared by isolates from different countries. Most of these isolates were local endemic community clone in each country. CONCLUSIONS As healthcare workers, a certain proportion of international medical conference attendees harbored MRSA in their nares, mostly local endemic community clones in each country, which has the potential of spread among attendees.
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Yezli S, Yassin Y, Awam A, Attar A, Al-Jahdali E, Alotaibi B. Umrah. An opportunity for mass gatherings health research. Saudi Med J 2018; 38:868-871. [PMID: 28762442 PMCID: PMC5556306 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.8.20124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saber Yezli
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Yezli
- The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Shafi S, Dar O, Khan M, Khan M, Azhar EI, McCloskey B, Zumla A, Petersen E. The annual Hajj pilgrimage-minimizing the risk of ill health in pilgrims from Europe and opportunity for driving the best prevention and health promotion guidelines. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 47:79-82. [PMID: 27343984 PMCID: PMC7110525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass gatherings at religious events can pose major public health challenges, particularly the transmission of infectious diseases. Every year the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) hosts the Hajj pilgrimage, the largest gathering held on an annual basis where over 2 million people come to KSA from over 180 countries. Living together in crowded conditions exposes the pilgrims and the local population to a range infectious diseases. Respiratory and gastrointestinal tract bacterial and viral infections can spread rapidly and affect attendees of mass gatherings. Lethal infectious disease outbreaks were common during Hajj in the 19th and 20th centuries although they have now been controlled to a great extent by the huge investments made by the KSA into public health prevention and surveillance programs. The KSA provides regular updated Hajj travel advice and health regulations through international public health agencies such as the WHO, Public Health England, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Hajj travel agencies. During the Hajj, an additional 25 000 health workers are deployed; there are eight hospitals in Makkah and Mina complete with state-of-the-art surgical wards and intensive care units made specifically available for pilgrims. All medical facilities offer high quality of care, and services are offered free to Hajj pilgrims to ensure the risks of ill health to all pilgrims and KSA residents are minimal. A summary of the key health issues that arise in pilgrims from Europe during Hajj and of the KSA Hajj guidelines, together with other factors that may play a role in reducing the risks to pilgrims and to wider global health security, is provided herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuja Shafi
- Muslim Council of Great Britain, London, UK.
| | - Osman Dar
- Public Health England, London, UK; Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, UK
| | - Mishal Khan
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eskild Petersen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark; The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Zumla A, Saeed AB, Alotaibi B, Yezli S, Dar O, Bieh K, Bates M, Tayeb T, Mwaba P, Shafi S, McCloskey B, Petersen E, Azhar EI. Tuberculosis and mass gatherings-opportunities for defining burden, transmission risk, and the optimal surveillance, prevention, and control measures at the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 47:86-91. [PMID: 26873277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is now the most common infectious cause of death worldwide. In 2014, an estimated 9.6 million people developed active TB. There were an estimated three million people with active TB including 360000 with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) who were not diagnosed, and such people continue to fuel TB transmission in the community. Accurate data on the actual burden of TB and the transmission risk associated with mass gatherings are scarce and unreliable due to the small numbers studied and methodological issues. Every year, an estimated 10 million pilgrims from 184 countries travel to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to perform the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. A large majority of pilgrims come from high TB burden and MDR-TB endemic areas and thus many may have undiagnosed active TB, sub-clinical TB, and latent TB infection. The Hajj pilgrimage provides unique opportunities for the KSA and the 184 countries from which pilgrims originate, to conduct high quality priority research studies on TB under the remit of the Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine. Research opportunities are discussed, including those related to the definition of the TB burden, transmission risk, and the optimal surveillance, prevention, and control measures at the annual Hajj pilgrimage. The associated data are required to develop international recommendations and guidelines for TB management and control at mass gathering events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Global Centre for Mass Gatherings, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Global Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK; University of Zambia-University College London Medical School Research and Training Project University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Bin Saeed
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Global Centre for Mass Gatherings, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badriah Alotaibi
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saber Yezli
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman Dar
- Global Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Kingsley Bieh
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthew Bates
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; University of Zambia-University College London Medical School Research and Training Project University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Tamara Tayeb
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Mwaba
- University of Zambia-University College London Medical School Research and Training Project University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Shuja Shafi
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Muslim Council of Great Britain, London, UK
| | - Brian McCloskey
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Global Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Eskild Petersen
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Advancing the global health security agenda in light of the 2015 annual Hajj pilgrimage and other mass gatherings. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 40:133-4. [PMID: 26456568 PMCID: PMC7129509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Zumla A, Mwaba P, Bates M, Al‐Tawfiq JA, Maeurer M, Memish ZA. The Hajj pilgrimage and surveillance for Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus in pilgrims from African countries. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19:838-40. [PMID: 24750482 PMCID: PMC7169761 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alimuddin Zumla
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings MedicineMinistry of HealthRiyadhSaudi Arabia
- UNZA‐UCLMS Research and Training ProgrammeUniversity Teaching HospitalLusakaZambia
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Peter Mwaba
- UNZA‐UCLMS Research and Training ProgrammeUniversity Teaching HospitalLusakaZambia
| | - Matthew Bates
- UNZA‐UCLMS Research and Training ProgrammeUniversity Teaching HospitalLusakaZambia
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jaffar A. Al‐Tawfiq
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings MedicineMinistry of HealthRiyadhSaudi Arabia
- Saudi Aramco Medical Services OrganizationSaudi AramcoDhahranSaudi Arabia
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Therapeutic Immunology DivisionDepartment of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ziad A. Memish
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings MedicineMinistry of HealthRiyadhSaudi Arabia
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Memish ZA, Zumla A, McCloskey B, Heymann D, Al Rabeeah AA, Barbeschi M, Horton R. Mass gatherings medicine: international cooperation and progress. Lancet 2014; 383:2030-2032. [PMID: 24857704 PMCID: PMC7138069 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziad A Memish
- Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia; Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Brian McCloskey
- Global Health and WHO Collaborating Centre on Mass Gatherings, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - David Heymann
- Chatham House, London, UK; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Abdullah A Al Rabeeah
- Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Memish ZA, Zumla A, Alhakeem RF, Assiri A, Turkestani A, Al Harby KD, Alyemni M, Dhafar K, Gautret P, Barbeschi M, McCloskey B, Heymann D, Al Rabeeah AA, Al-Tawfiq JA. Hajj: infectious disease surveillance and control. Lancet 2014; 383:2073-2082. [PMID: 24857703 PMCID: PMC7137990 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Religious festivals attract a large number of pilgrims from worldwide and are a potential risk for the transmission of infectious diseases between pilgrims, and to the indigenous population. The gathering of a large number of pilgrims could compromise the health system of the host country. The threat to global health security posed by infectious diseases with epidemic potential shows the importance of advanced planning of public health surveillance and response at these religious events. Saudi Arabia has extensive experience of providing health care at mass gatherings acquired through decades of managing millions of pilgrims at the Hajj. In this report, we describe the extensive public health planning, surveillance systems used to monitor public health risks, and health services provided and accessed during Hajj 2012 and Hajj 2013 that together attracted more than 5 million pilgrims from 184 countries. We also describe the recent establishment of the Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, a Saudi Government partnership with the WHO Collaborating Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Gulf Co-operation Council states, UK universities, and public health institutions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad A Memish
- Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rafat F Alhakeem
- Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Gautret
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Inserm, and Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Maurizio Barbeschi
- Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Preparedness, Surveillance and Response, Global Capacity Alert and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brian McCloskey
- Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; WHO Collaborating Centre on Mass Gatherings and High Visibility/High Consequence Events, London, UK
| | - David Heymann
- Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Chatham House, London, UK; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Abdullah A Al Rabeeah
- Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Current trends and newer concepts on diagnosis, management and prevention of respiratory tract infections. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013; 19:189-91. [PMID: 23425919 PMCID: PMC4222804 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e32835f8265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McCloskey B, Zumla A, Stephens G, Heymann DL, Memish ZA. Applying lessons from SARS to a newly identified coronavirus. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:384-5. [PMID: 23523098 PMCID: PMC7128278 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian McCloskey
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Mass Gatherings and Health Protection Agency, UK
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gwen Stephens
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - David L Heymann
- Centre on Global Health Security Chatham House, and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ziad A Memish
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
- Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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